Section VI the JUDICIARY 1. Judical Systems and Legal Procedures ^

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Section VI '^ THE JUDICIARY

1. Judical Systems and Legal Procedures ^

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.) Jtidicial Systems and Legal Procedures

STATE JUDICIAL SYSTEMS* fe-

V HE LEADING development In the judi- . meeting, but has not been abandoned by

Tcial world during the past bierinium its-sponsors. The coniprehensive proposJals was the adoption of a new constitu- of the Judiciary Commission of Colorado tion by the voters of New Jersey in Novern- met a similar fate in the legislature, except** ber, 1947, and the reorgaiiizationvOf that for much-amended bills for judiciaVsalary state's judiciary under it, efFecti\j)^eptem- increases and pensions. Court reorganiza- ber 15, 1948. The riew^diciiP structure tion proposials of varying scope are under is as simple as the old one was complex. It consideration in Florida, Georgia, Ohio, consists of a seven-man Supreme Court, and Texas. superseding the former sixteen-man Court There have been no changes in methods of Errors and Appeals; a unified Superior of selecting judges, in spite of much effort Court, superseding the former Supreme to that end throughout the country. Defi- Court, Court of Chancery, Prerogative nite proposals for jiidicial selection reform Court, and Circuit Courts; and the County were being agitated for in Alabama, Ar- Court, superseding and succeeding to the kansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho,' jurisdiction of the former Common Pleas, Indiana, iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Ne- Orphans, Oyer and Terminer, Quarter braska. New York, iennsylvania, Texas, Sessions, and Special Sessions Courts. The Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wy- Supenor Court has a Law Division of eley- oming. Measures for Missouri-type plans, en judkes, a Chancery Division of nine providing for "appointment of judges upon judges,^nd an Appellate Division consist- nomination of a commission subject to sub- ing of two parts of three judges each. The sequent periodic confirmation at the polls, County Court h^s Law and Probate Divi- were introduced in the legislatures of Golo- sions, and may grant both legal (civil and rado and New York, but failed to pass, criminal) and equitable relief. The office Similar plans had been drafted and were of justice of the peace was completely abbl- being pushed by judicial councils, bar as- ished effective December 31, 1948.; sociations, or bar committees in Alabama, . A plan for just about as thorough an Arkansas,* Florida, Indiana, Pennsylvania, overhauling of the state judicial prganiza- Texas, and Wisconsin. In the other states tion of Arkansas, on which a special com- mentioned, individuals and groups were, mission had been at work for three years, attempting to stir up interest in the subject, failed to win the approval of the Bar Asso- Judicial salary increases were proposed, ciation! of Arkansas at its 1949 annual in manmosty ostatesf them, an. dThe wery e wercarriee nod tthroug so nuh •Prepared by Glenn R. Winters, Secretary- Treasurer, American Judicature Society. For a merous as in the last biennium, indicating more detailed account of state judicial systems, see less pressure for them after the large num The BoQk of the States, 7948-49, ,pp, 495-^. ber then., granted, as well as somewhat 505 ^^FF. _ J T "i

isa o 506 THE BOOK OF THE STATES greater resistarice at this tirhe in the legis tive mandate, or by the court alone under latures. The most conspicuous'single ad its inherent power to regulate the practice vance in this respect was in Kentucky, of law. North Dakota was the first, in where judges, along with all other state 1923, and California was the; first big officials, were limited by the state constitu state, in 1926. Florida became th©»twenty- tion to a maximum of S5,000 a year. The fifth on June 7, 1949, when its Supreme 1948 legislature granted expense allow Court handed down a decision granting ances of $150 a year to the judges and com- the petition of the state bar association for rnissioners of the Court of Appeals to reim integration by rule of court. That was the burse them for the expenditures they would first addition to the list since the VVest Vir have to make if they commuted from their ginia bar was integrated in 1945. Other homes to Frankfort for the court sessionSj states in which interest in bar integration and $100 a month to the circuit judges to is or recently has been manifest include cover a long list of miscellaneous expenses, i Arkansas (which already has a partial inte A special Court of Appeals, necessary be-.; gration for disciplinary purposes only), cause of the disqualification of all the regu- '• Colorado, Connecticut, Maryland, Massa lar judges as interested parties, held the chusetts, Minnesota, Montana, New Jer legislation constitutional.. sey, and Wisconsin. Iowa, Texas, Utah, and West Virginia A generation ago a half-dozen states de brought to thirty-six the number of states parted from the overwhelming majority to providing retirement pensions for their provide for less than unanimous jury veir- judges; Colorado broadened its pension pro dicts in certain cases; Their number .has visions to include more judges. Definite grown with the years until today they are eflforts to-that end failed in Indiana, Mich far in the majority. Most of t|iese provi igan; South Dakota, and, Wisconsin. Fur sions apply only to civil cases, on the theory ther efforts will be made in these states and . that a conviction by a less than unanimous also in Missouri, Ohio, and Virginia. verdict is not conviction beyond a reason No new judicial councils were established able doubt, as required by the criminal in the biennium, but the inactive councils law; but five of the states—Idaho, Louisi of Idaho and Virginia were revitalized. A ana, Montana, Oklahoma, and Oregon— bill for a judicial council was introduced iii have succeeded in applying them to minor the Colorado legislature, but did ftot pass. criminarcases as well. Latest addition to For the first time, state bar integration the list is New Jersey, which passed a stat data and references are here presented. An ute in June, 1948, providing for five-sixths integrated bar is a state-widb organization verdicts in civil cases. A list of the states, of vail the lawyers of a state, established by with tabular details of their varying provi act of the legislature, by rule of the state's sions, and statutory references, concludes highest court in compliance with a legisla the data here presented for the biennium.

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• THE JUDICIARr 507 CLASSIFICATION OF COURTS AND TERMS OF JUDGES*

Matis- Su- 'Court Chan Cir Dis Su Pro trate Munici- Jus- preme of cery cuit trict perior bate County or Police pal ticis Other Slate Court Appeals Court Court Court Court Court . Court Court Court. Court Courts Alabama...;.... 6 6 6 . Arlxona.. 6 4 4 • Arkansas 8 4* "2' 2 •"id California 12 '6* 1 .4-2 (0 Colorado.-. ;-rr;:r.--10 («) 2 (••) -Connecticut;-.-.. 8- 8 2 2 4' Ddaware 12 121 12 12k 41 . Florida 6 •(•)• 4 4"* 6 6 4-1 4 Idaho...... 6 2 2 Illinois.. 9 6 6 4 •(•)' 4 6 .4 6 4 .4 4 Iowa...;...... 6 4 4 2 6 « 4 2 2P 2 2 Kentucky...,. "8^ 4 4 12 ...... er '4h6 4 (•) Maine 7 ...... 7 4 4 (') Maryland...... IS" 15^ ...-" 15 4» 2- 2 Massachusetts.. Life ..., : ...... Life life Life - Life 7 Michigan...... 8 .... 6 4 4 4 MinnMota 6 . .... 6 4 2 Mississippi...... 8 4 4 ..., (0) 4 Missouri 12 12 .... 6 4 Montana...... 6 ...... 4

Nebraska 6 ...... 4 . (') • 4. Nerada 6 ;... .' 4 (^) 2 New Hampshire. (•) (.). (•) 5 New jersey..... 7« 7",»'> 7 (i) : 5 New Mexico..... 8 ...... 6 2 2 New York. 14« lit ...... '6«i 14.6" M 4 9»i North Carolina.. 8 ..." .... ; $') 4 2 6-4 North Dakota... 10 •••• 6 • («) 2 2 Ohio...... 6 6 .... 6ib .... 4 4-6 4 Oklahoma 6 6*> ...... 4 4 2 2 Or^on 6 .... 6 {•> 4 2 Pennsylvania.... 21 ...... -10»'' id' (•") 10 • 5 Rhode Island.".. Life ...... 3 Life (•') 5 , South Carolina.. 10 ...... : 4 •4 • . 2 South Dakota... 6 4 .... (») •2 •' 2 Tennessee 8 8 8 , 8 6 Texas..... 6 6 ...... 4 2 Utah. 10 ..;. -6 4 4. Vermont .... 2 ...... 2 .12 2 2 Virginia... l>-»^ .... 8 8BO 6«p Washington..... 6 ;...... 4 4-2 West Virginia... 12 8 (») 4 Wisconsin. . . 10 6 («) 2 Wyoming ... 8 ...... 7^. 6 (y) 2 .•In certain counties. The probate judge is judge and cleric of ' y Probate jurisdiction exercised by district courts. the county court. • To age 70. 'i Recorder's courts—municipal jurisdiction in certain towns. *» First term—life tenure on reappointment, retirement at 70. ' Probate jurisdiction exercised by chancery courts. »>> Appellate Division of Superior Court. ^ Common pleas courts in certain counties. »« There is ah Appellate Division of the Supreme Court, serving . " Probate jurisdiction exercised by superior courts. ' as an intermediate appellate court. Itsjudges are appointed ' Juvenile courts. from among the judges of theSupreme Court by the governor ( Probate jurisdiction exercised by county courts. . for five-year terms, except the presiding justices who remain .h Small claims courts in citie's over 100,000. for the duration of their term m the Supreme Court. f Common pleas. . . " Surrogates' Courts. Where no separate surrogate is elected, ' Chancellor. Vice-chancellor serves during pleasure of chan county judge is surtogate. cellor. *• Fourteen years in Brdhz. Kings, Queens, and Richmond k Court of Common Pleas, New Castle County. Coimties, elsewhere 6 years. ' Court of Common Pleas, Kent County. »' -Court of Special Sessions. " Civil and Criminal Courts of Record. : , ' »« Court of Claims. " Known as Court of Ordinary. »•" Court of Commod'Pleas. <• Chicago and Evanston. • 1 Criminal Court of Appeals. \ ,». p Probate judge is judge of county court. •1 Probate jurisdiction exercised by circuit court in four coun •> Highest court. ties, elsewhere by county court>, ' Outside of Orleans, 12 years in Orleans Parish. M. Orphans Courts. In most counties judge of common pleas ' Juvenile courts—Orleans Parish 8 years, Caddo Parish 6 • court is judge of orphans court. yeara. »' Town council is probate court. '/ ~-« Trial jiistlcea. • •»n> Certain large counties only. o Supreme Bench of Baltimore City. »" Probate jurisdiction exercised by circuit'and corjwration , " Orphans Courts. . courts. " People's Court of Baltimore City. *° Known as corixiration courts. . » Land Court—Ufe tenure. •p Trial justices. • Prepared by'Glenn R. Winters, Secretary-Treasurer, American Judicature Society. • ' ' 508 THE BOOK OF THE STATES « SELECTION OF JUDGES*

, *' Non-par- Chosen ' I • ', r-Vacancies ^ .' Partisan tisan by Legis- .• ,.''.• ' • \Gov.' . State Etectiori Election lature 'Norn'/ . App.' Cfm.' Other Nam. App. Other Alabama .' AT» :... j" J" 1° ...: ..rf ;.... AT .... Arizona .;...... AT ...... ;.. AT Arkansas AT. k... •....' .... AT Callfomla...... T ...... A^ , A-i ...... A-i,T ;... Colorado....;...; ' AT« ...... ' PC ...... PM« . PM«- :...... AT Cb ConnecHcut. PJP J .... I .... AT^ AT^ .... AT .... Delaware...... RW / AT« ATi VC .-\T Florida AI ...... Tl T« T« ...... AT ..... Georgia AT* ...... CM« CM« .... i... AT Idaho... " AT AT .... UUnols. ....:...... AT« ...... " F« F« AT AT^ Indiana... AT" ...... , M» ....,,.... AT Iowa - AT* .•...... ;.. ..^7.^ "AT Kansas. AT" .... .- .... .AT .... Kentucky ...... :-.. AT» AT C" Louisiana. .:.. AT...... •<' ^ ., .... AT • .... Maine.;. P ...... AT" . AT" .\T Maryland. AT .;...... JP« JP« ...... AT Massachusetts...... AT" AT" AT"" Michigan.....:^ •••••• •••• ATi ...... AT .... Minnesota AT ...... -AT Mississippi .AT .... , .... AT Missouri ..:...... TI .... AT" AT" y .ATo .AT" •/: Montana AT;, .... ' • ...... -AT .... Nebraska !...... AT ...s ...... • AT .... Nevada. .AT ... .^ .*... .AT New Hampshire •••JmLi'--- AT" AT" .AT" New'Jersey ....^W.... AT« .AT« AT New Mexico..'...... AT ...... AT New York.. AT.« ...... IP .... * .... .AT 1P NorthCarolina AT CDR' .AT North Dakota.. •.... AT .AT Ohio... .f... AT .... ,...... X.-.Vv ...... AT .... Oklahoma.... AT* . ;...... AT Oregon..: :., AT .... • .... AT Pennsylvania AT ,... •••. ....; .AT' Rhodelsland .... .A T» Ti JP' AT .... South Carolina CP .... AT .... JP« JP« AT South Dakota AT ...... AT .... Teimessee AT* ...... AT"^ .... Texas..i AT* ...... ,...... AT ...: '-"^a Utah. AT ..% ...... - ...... AT . .... Vermont .... I AT .... M' AT .... Virginia.... I .... AT •••• TJi ;... AT .... Washington.... AT .... "...... v .... AT v West'Virginta A% ...... AT (•) Wisconsin: .... AT ....'. .... AT Wyoming • AT .^.,:,...... AT /• Explanation of symbols: : ' .• . acting jointly. / A. Appellate court judges. , .

iP. Justices of the peace. . i Nominations by political parties. I. Municipal courts. it Special election it more than one year until next general elec- P. Probate judges or surrogates. tion. PC. Police courts: ' Appointed by governor without confirmation. . PM. Police magistrates courts. ° Vote of justices of the peace of the county. RW. Register of wills. ° Appointed by governor, confirmed by council. . S. . Superior court. ° Judges of appellate'courts and circuit courts of St. Louis and T.--~.Tnal court judges. Kansas City are appointed by governor from nominations.by TJ. Trial justices. a non-partisan commission; tenure subject to periodic non- VC. Vice-chancellor. competitive vote of. the people. Appointed by county commissioners.' P Justices of the Court of Special Sessions, the city magistrates Judges of the-juvenile courts are generally elected by the - (police courts), and justices of the chiIdren'»court, appointed senate, but in some counties are appointed by a Juvenile by the mayor of New York City. '. Court Commission and in others are appointed by the gover- i Apixiinted by circuit judge. nor from a list of nominations submitted by the County ' Special election. Board of Education and the County Child Welfare Board • Special election if more than two years of term left. . Prepared by Glenn R. Winters, Secretary-Treasurer. American Judicature Society.

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> THE JUDICIARY 509 \ QUALIFICATIONS OF JUlfGES*

^U. S. Citiunshipf-, 'is'* • • • * 5 5 . .... • • (0 2 2 30 30 . • Connecticut ;!!.' "si '.'.'.'. '•' .".•.'.' ^orida 5^ '2S' 2S' '251 Georgia. • • 3 3 ..;. . 30 30 30 •" .... . 2 2- .... 30 30 30 lUinols 5 S 5 ••. 30 25 25 51 30i > 'W 'W (k) 36' • • • * • • W 'io' 35 • ••> ... .5 2 .... 35 • • • •.'.;". • •'' S 21 35 •b ....

• • • • • "' *' '''" • * "s" "s* "s' "36' 36" '36" • .... • Massachusetts.... '•b '.'.'.'.

(k.') io' 26" '26* 5 5 25 • • • 9 3 (k) 30 30 8 • • 2 1 .... 30 , 25 '•" • • • 3 3 30 30 • ...^ 2 2 -2 25 25 25*. New Hampshire...

New Mexico 3 3- 30 30 30 • .... • — (°) (") .... 21 . 21 21 • (0) • "WC • • • • 1 1 .... 21 21 21 • C) North Dakota • 3 2 2 30 25 25 • Ohio....;...... (k) . 25* • • Oklahoma 2 2 ^2 'io' • 3 3 -3 • .... • • • 'if' 21' Pennsylvania..... • • 1 1 1 21' '•' • • • 12 2 ,2 • 21 21 21 South Carolina... • '5 5 26 26 '•' ;;;; South Dakota • •.. • 2 11 30 25 '25' • ,Q 5 5 5 35 30 30 • • •- ..... 2k .... •3d 25 25 5 3k .... 25 25 30 Virginia 'A- '.'.'.*. '(k)" :'.'.'. 71" '2!' '•* .'.'.'. '21' Washington...... 1 1 i 21 21 21 -k, y...'. West Virginia 5 5 5 30 30 30 • • • • • 1 1 1 25 25 25 . • •. • 3 2 30 28 • '•' ;!!!

Explanatio•pianaii n of. symbols: County._ A. JJudgeu s of appellate courts. No qualifications for county judges. T. TJudgeu s of trial courts. t New Castle County. O. judgeJu s of other courts. Civil Courts of Record. LL. Learned in the law. Civil and Criminal Courts of Record. LE. Legal experience, at the bar or on im Appellate Court CH. Good character. • Resident of district. Also one year's residence in the circuit. Probate—resident of county. Kzcept probate. . " Resident of state. County, qhancery, probate. . ' " Court of Claims. Circuit, chancery, probate. » Must believe in God. Prepared by Glenn R. Winters, Secretary-Treas'irer, American judlcatnre Society.

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510 THE BOOK OF THE STATES SALARIES OF JUDGES*

Intermfdiate Highest Appellate Chancery Circuit District ' Stale Court Court Court Court Court , Alabama.. $9,500 $9,000 $6,000-9 .poo Arizona... 8.500 Arkansas.. 9.000 $7,200 7.200' California 16.000K ['isiooo Colorado.:.., • 7.50O $6,000 Connecticut. 15.000* Delaware.... IS.OOO* 12.000= Florida. 10.000 7,500^12,500 Georgia. 8,000 8.000 ' Idaho... 7.500 4."oibo IlUnols. 18.000 . io.'oob'e lO.OOO" Indiana. 11.000 8,500-10,500

''^^ • !- • Iowa 10.000 1 7,000 . Kansas.. 8,000' 11,000 Kentucky. 6.800 { U,ooo 5,000-6,000' Louisiana. 14.000 J 6.000-10.000 Maine lO.OOOii Maryland 16.500«| 10,(X>(>--'l3,000 1^.000 Massachusetts. 17,000111 2,500-12.000 Michigan 15.000 9.000-18,500 Minnesota. ll.OOOt 8.500-10.000 Mississippi. 10.000 6.000 6.000 Missouri... 12.500 10.500 10.000 ,. Montana.. 9,000 is.'obb' Nebraska. .. 8.500 6.800 Nevada 8,000 ^^-^.Ai?.' 0 6.000-10,000 New Hampshire. 9.500 New Jersey 24.0001 26.'o()d New York 28.000*. 0 30.000*. p 28.000^ New Mexico 8.000 5,'2S0 North Carolina. 14,400 North Dakota.. 6.500 ! 5,000 Ohio 12,000« 12,000 Oklahoma... 12.500" 5,066^9,000 \ ' Oregon ...... 9.500 *8.s66 3,600 Pennsylvania: 23,000* Rhode Idand.. 13.000» 2,400-6,500 South Carolina. 10.0001 10.000 South Dakota.. 7,200 6.300 Tennessee 12,000»- 10,000t 7.500« 7.soot Texas 12,000 10,000 9,900 Utah.... 7,200 5,400 Vermont. 7,500* Virginia., rtflooi 7.000 Washington... 12,000 ; West Virginia. 12,500 6,000-8.500 Wisconsin.... 12,000«-" : 9,000" Wyoming 8.000 "*• 7,100 • Chief justice ^00 additional. « Chief justice $1,000 additional. '' Court of Common Pleas. •" Supreme Bench of Baltimore City.' ' «; Vice-chancellor. C.'.ancellor, $12,500. ' Plus expense allowance. .^ "• Court of Claims. i Boston Municipal'Court.- ""^ • $17,000 in Cook County. .'' Land court. • Plus expenses. ' Chief Justice $2,000 additional. I Municipal Courts and Dctioit Common Pleas Court. • Prepared by Glenn R. Winters, Secretary-Treasurer, American Judicature Society. wmm

THE JUDICIARr _ 511 SALARIES OF JUDGES-Continuea

Superior Probate County Municipal Other Court Court Court Court Courts l^ State Fees . .Alabama $7,000-7.500 .. .Arizona $600-5,000 .. Arkansas T.obcKislooo 8,000-12,500 .California . ....V $1,200-7,000 6.000 .. ..Colorado 15,000 is 12,5001' .Connecticut 15,000 5,000>' Delaware ...... Florida 6,000-10.000 .GeortUa $800-3.600 ...Idaho 2,400-17,000 1.00bH5',500 4.000<» . Illinois 8.sbb^ib',5oo 7,500 , Indiana 7.000 3,500-5,250 Iowa 5,400 ... Kansas Up to 5,000 . Kentucky i.sod-'e'.soo. .Louisiana 9.500 600-4,000- ...... Maine $6^$18per.day 12,500«. h Maryland i4,5od«. 8.000-13.000 ii."obb"«.i 12.0001' . Massachusetts 1.000-15.500 4,500-12.500' Mickigan 2.400-8.500 5.499-8.000 .Minnesota 7.500-16,000 . Mississippi ... Missouri 1.800 ,.. Montana 1.700-6.800 4,800 ... Nebraska Nevada 9,500 2,000-3.300 600-3,800 1 .New Hanxpshire 3.5()0-'l'5.000 •.... .New Jersey 3,500-21.000' 4,000-18.500 13.500d New York New Mexico 12.500 .. • .^ -. • • • . North Carolina / 2.obb^3;20o ...North Dakota 1.715-12,000 600-10,000 4.40O-12.000'' ..Ohio 1.500-4.800 . v;. Oklahoma 500-5,000 Oregon 21,000» ll,000-18,000b . Pennsylvania 12.000» . .Rhode Island . South Carolina 1,100-4,500 .2,000-4,500 . ..South Dakota Tennessee 9,900' .. .Texas Utah 7,000' . Vermont 1,500-5,000 .Virginia 9,000. . .Washington .West Virginia 1.500-10,000 Wisconsin .... .Wyoming "Vice-chancellors. Chancellor, $1,000 additional. ' Surrogate. " Including $3,000 expense allowance. • Chief justice $600 additional. P Appellate Division of- Supreme Court. First and Second De ' Effective September 1. 1950. partments. Other departments, $20,000 and $20,500. " Effective after expiration of present terms. •I Supreme Court (trial court of Keneral jurisdiction). First and ' After January I, 1951. l/ntil then. S5,0(XI maximum. Second Departments. Elsewhere, $18,000 plus $1,000 ex "After January 1. 1951. Until then, $7,500. pense allowance. ="• Maximum, larger counties.

, . Years Mini- mini- Amount Judges ^ 'mum mum ' of Judges' to whom Statutory State age service annuity contrib. applicable references Alabama 70 .15 .$4,0001 Supreme Code 1940 T 13 #31-33 70 15 $3,000' Circuit • Acts 1945 p478 (or 25 years' service, last 10 years continuous) Arkansas 70 10 H salary Supreme Acts 1941 p 641 H salary Chancery and Acts 1945 p 431 70 20 circuit continuous service) (or 24 years' H salary 2>^% Appellate Deering Vol 2, - California 65 20\ and trial .•\ct 5849a p 2252 70 10/ Up to 14 salary 5% Supreme, district; L 1949 c 145 juvenile, county'." Colorado 65 10 S7,000 or Appellate G S #2248. 5866, $8,000'. and trial Supp 1935 #l674c Connecticut.. . 70 Full salary Supreme Stats 1941 #25.12(4) ?3 salary. 2% . . Circuit Stats 1941 #38.1411 Florida...... r . 65 20« I % salary /Supreme and Ann Code Supp #24-2603(a), 60 12- \ appellate 24-3605(a), 24-4608 fa salary 5% Superior Georgia.... 70 10 )4 salary 3% Appellate and L 1947 c 104 p 210 ,' . 70 20 • trial Idaho.....*.... 70 . 10 . Up to H salary* 2J^% Appellate and R S 1947 c 37 #440-441 •• • ' . . V • or 5%» trial Illinois 60 12 Up to 40% last District, supreme L 1949 c 235 salary Iowa 65 6 Full salary* Ct. of appeals RS 1944 #21.150, J^ salarj- Appellate and Const. Art 7 Sec 8 as amended Kentucky .. 10 % salary trial .1938 Full salary Louisiana 65 20 70 15 % salary •Appellate and R S 1944 c 91 #5' 80 20- trial Maine. 70 7 Maryland...... > 60 • ^.. Up to §6,000 de Appellate and L 1943 c 966 #1 p 1657 pending on trial service Massachusetts. 70 10 Ji salary .•\ppellate and L 1937 c 409 p 495 . trial ,. Minnesota...... 70 15 H salary* Supreme, district L i949 c 640 Montana 65 30" (2) (2) • All state L 1945 c 212 employees; L 1947 c 297 judges optional Nevada. 65 20 ^ salary Appellate and Bill 96 app Mar 27, 1947; C L 65 16 H salary trial ,ft881.01-4881.05 •Section 98 of the Alabama constitution prohibits pensions to Hampshire. New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Utah, and Vermont, any state officer. The legislature has created the ofiice oi 3ui>er- both contributions and benefits are computed individually for numerary judge, holders of which perform limited services and each employee on an actuarial basis too complicated to be ex are paid the amount here shown. \ plained here. 'Illinois judges entering the plan prior to November 3.0,1947; 'Connecticut judges become state referees for life upon reaching pay 214 per cent of their salaries, and those entering thereafter age 70, and cases may be assigned lo them. The salary is $7,000 contribute 5 per cent, each for a maximum of 18 years. Under unless the judge has served 20 years, in which case it is • $8,000 the state eraployfees" retirement systems of; Montana, Newi (two-thirda of the salary of a judge of the Superior Court). •Prepared by Glenn R. Winters, Secretary-Treasurer, American Judicature Society.

i^ P- te . THE JUDICIART i 513 JUDICIAL RETIREMENT AND PENSIONS—Continued

1 Years .1 Mini mini Amoitnl Judges mum mum Judges' to whom - Statutory, stale 1 age service annuity conlrib. applicable references \ Ne^Hampshlre 65 Up to H salary, See All state . L 1945 c 183 • • depending on note 2 employees ' service'- 70 10 Ji salary Appellate and L 1948 c 391 trial New \fexlco 64 101 $3,000 .4% Appellate and L1947 c132 p 241 60 18/ trial . New York...... 60_ .. Up to H salary, All state Pamphlet, State Employees Re (SS op depending on employees tirement System, 1946 tional) service* Noi-th Carolina. 65 • 12 % salary Supreme GS 1943 c 7 #7-51 p 457 65 IS % salary Appellate, trial Ohio...... 60 5 Individually See All state employ Gen Code fi486-32 to 486-71 55 30 computed' note 2 ees (judges op Page 1947 T S p 19 any 36 tional) 70 17 $3,000 3% Appellate, trial Laws 1947 c 504 Pennsylvania...' 60 Up to'H salary, See All state Pamphlet, State Employees Re / depending.on note 2 employees • tirement Board of Pa. service' Rhode Island.. yo 151 $7,500 to S9.000 Appellate and . G L 1938 c 497 #2 afiy 25/ trial South Carolina. am 251 $3,0007 Appellate and .•\cts 1945 No 136 p 185 (Sep • 65\ 201 trial . : note 7) 70\ 15f 72 \ 10) ! . • " • ' • Tennessee..... 65 . }^ salary* _ ,.. PA 1947 c 64 \ ^* .•\ppellate, trial Texas 65 \io J^ of state District, and ap- L1949. Ch99; any • 15 . " salar/ " petlate judges and ! Vernon's .-Xnn.- . commissioners i Civ. St; Art. 6228b Utah... ;... 65 isV Up to SlOO" z% Supreme, L 1^49 c 90 60 20 \ per month' District 55 25 \ any 30 \

65 I • ' \p to i4 salary, See .Ml state Pamphlet, Vermont Employees \ depending on note 2 employees Retirement System, . \service' Virjlinla.,....;. 70 10 H salary / • Supreme Code .i?3464 amended 1944; 70 15 ?^ salary Trial if5978a amended 1946 Washington..'.. 70 101 H salkry . 2M% .\ppellatc and Remington's R. S. #11054. 1-10 any 18/ trial West Virginia.: . 65 16S Up. to h last 6% Courts of record L1949 c 34 1 . .-,. . salary\ • Wyoming...... 70 24 $4,000 Supreme CS 1945 i?l;114 United States.. 70 10 Full salary .-\ppeltate, trial USCA Title 28 #375 ' *Under a 1947 act, a Florida supreme court justice who has 'A 1947 appropriation bill increased these to $4,500, but this served an aggregate of 20 years as supreme court justice and is not a permanent law. circuit judge may elect to retire on two-thirds salary. 'Under Chapter 44, Tennessee Public Acts of 1941. any judge 'The Couot of Appeals.of Kentucky may appoint as a com who completes 24 years of service prior to September I, 1950, . missioner of that court any jud,!e of that court who has served may retire at full salary. ' ^ continuously for at least ten years. Such commissioners receive 'West Virginia counts service in the armed forces in computing the same salary as judges, and may be called upon to assist the minimum judicial service. court. . • ^In counties of more than 20,000 population. 'Minnesota judges receive full salary until.end of term and "Earlier retirement permitted witfi lower allowance. thereafter half salary. • Retirement compulsory at 70. , 514 . THE BOOK 0^ THE STATES <| HIGHEST COURTS OF APPEAL* / .

\—• ^Judges Chosen—^ ,—•—Sessions——^ /—Chiej Justice—^ • Name of No. of at by Capital Other Divi- How State Courts • Judges Large Dist. Only Places^ • sions' Chosen^ . Term* Alabama sTc! 7 ""• ~TT~~" • .... . S-U A (0~ Arizona....;.., S. C. • 3 • .... • S B (•) Arkansas S. C.. 7 • .... •*• .... C A (•) CaUfornla S. C. 7 • 3 C D (*) Colorado...... S. C. 7 • • .... C C C) , Ck)nnectlcut S. C. E. ,5 • • • A (») . Delaware S. C. .6 • • ...."/ D (•) Florida...... S. C. 7 • .... • .... C-Uf E 2 yrs. Georgia S. C. 7 • .... • S E (•) Idaho S. C. 5 • 2 ...; C (•) Illlnola..... S. C. 7 . 7 • ...... B 1 yr. Indiana S. C. 5 5 • ' .... B 6 mo. Iowa. S. C. 9 • .... • S E 6 mo. Kansas.... S. C. 7 • .... • . C B (•). Kentucky C. A. . 7« .... 7 • C-U B 1 yr. Louisiana S. C. 7 .... 6' .... (•=) C B {•) Maine.. S. J. C. 6^ • 2 .... D (•) Maryland C. A. - - S .... 4 (i) D (•) Massachusetts S, J. C. 7 * . * ...... D (•) Michigan.... S. C. 8 * ...• * B • 1 yr. Minnesota.... . S. C, 7 • ..;. • ...... A («) Mississippi..:...... S. C. 6 3 • C-U B (•) Missouri ^...;.... S. C; 7« • .... • C-U E 4 yrs. Montana S. C. 5 • ...; • A (») Nebraska... S. C. • 7 .... 6' • .... C A (•) Nevada S, C. 3 • .... • ...... B 2 yrs. New Hampshire S. C. S •. • D (•) New Jersey.. S. C. 7 • •*• D . 7yrs.° New Mexico S. C. 5 • .... . • . C 2 yrs. New York C. A. 7 • .... • .... A (•) North CaroUna...... S. C. 7 • • • .... C A - (•) ... NorthDakota...... S. C. 5 • • .... C 2 yrs. •• ' Ohio.....'.... . S.C. 7 • .... • ...... A -. .(').. Oklahoma S. C.i 9i .... 9 • .... S A (•) Oregon.... S. C. I .... 7 .... 2 S C (•) Pennsylvania... S. C. 7 • 3 F (•) Rhode Island S. C. 5 • • '^ G (•) South Carolina S. C. S • • .... G (•) South Dakota. S. C. 5 5 • E 1 yr. Tennessee S. C. 5 .... 3 3 E (.«) Texas. S. C.i 9«i • .... . • .... A {•) Utah S.C. 5 • • .... C (•) , Vermont S.C. 5 • .... 2 A (•) Virginia. S. C. .A. 7 ' • ...... 2 "~C B (•) Washington.... " S. C. 9 • .... • ...... C 2 yrs. West Virginia.... S. C. A. 5 • • E (•) _^ Wisconsin S.C. 7 • • '...... B («) % - . Wyoming...... S.C. 3 • .... • ...... C (') » Explanation of symbols: • C. The member of the court having the shortest length of S.C. -• Supreme Court. time left to serve, but not holding office by appointment S. C.- E. Supreme Court of Errors. or election to fill a vacancy. C. A. Cour"-. of Appeals. D. Appointed to the chief justiceship by the governor. S. J. C. Supreme Judicial Court. . E. By vote of the judges of the court. S. C. A. Supreme Court of Appeals. , F. The judge who.ie commission shall first expire. •> The figure shows the total number of places of holding court, G. Elected to the chief justiceship by the legislature. including the capital. • Term in the office of chief justice as distinguished from term " Ejcplanation of syihbols: . of office as judge of the court. Where the symbol "•" appears, C. Court authorized by constitution to sit in divisions. ' the term as chief justice lasts as long as the holder's term as S. Court authorized by statute to sit in divisions.. judge of the court;'wl»re a term of months or years is shown. . U. Court uses such author-ty and does sit in divisions. -the chief .justice at its expiration returns to the position of • ** Explanation of symbols: associate justice. A. Chief justiceship is a separate judicial office, to which ' Chief justice elected at large, candidates are separately elected for full term. * Plus commissioners as follows: Kentucky 4, Missouri 6, B. Chief justiceship determined by seniority. Where the , Texas (Court of Criminal Appeals) 2. symbol "•" appears in the next column, the oldest mem- , Plus two "active retired" justices, ber of the court in point of service is always chief . Holds court in Annapolis. justice; where a term of years is shown, at the end of ' There is also a three-judge Court of Criminal App<|als, which each term, the office goes to the individual with highest is the court of last resort in criminal cases. • •» • seniority among the remainder of the court. "^ Holds court in New Orleans. ° Uf>on reappointment may hold office until retirement at 70.' •Prepared by Glenn R. Winters, Secretary-Treasurer, American Judicature Society. . ' '• ' . -, . THE JUDICIARY ' .: ; 515 USE OF MAJORITY VERDICTS IN THE UNITED STATES*

State Cases Courts Majority Conditions Const. . Statute-. • Arkansas •civil 9/12 II-7. Const, amended, 1928 civil Superior any consent 11-23 Code 1939, 21-1001. 21-1003 civil 3/4 1-7 Deering, C.C. 613 civil any consent ^ Rules C.P., 48 Connecticut'.. . civil 9/i;2 consent 1-21 . G.S. 1949. 7971 Idaho civil 3/4: 1-7 Code 1947, 2-104 niisdeineanor 5/6' 1-7 Code 1947, 19-1902 Iowa..;...... civil , any consent 1-9 Code 1946, R.C.P. 203 civil Circuit 3/4 248 Rev. Stat. 1948, 29i330 civil 9/t2 CPC 527. 532:10; G.S. 1948 crim., less than 9/12 VI1-41 Crim. Code, J38 • death penalty civil Of record 5/6 12 hrs. delib 1^1-4 Stat. Ann.,. 1945, 546.17 eration Mississippi.... civil Circuitr - —• ••-3/4-- ' ^ 111-31 Code. .1942, 1801 Chancery civil Not oi record 2/3 " 11-28 Rev. Stat. 1939, 2662 civil Of record 3/4 11-28 Rev. Slat. 1939, 719 Montana ^ civil and below .2/3 111-23 Rev. Code. 1935, 9358 • felony Nebraska...... civil • - •5/6 6 hrs. delib 1-6 Rev. Stat. 1943, 25-1125 eration- Nevada civil •^-— 3/4 ; 1-3 Coifip. Laws 1929, 8776 New Jersey civil 5/6 • Rev. Stat; Supp. 1948, 2:27- 233.1 New Mexico.,.." civil . 10/12 12 R. C. P., 48 civil ;...... 5/6 • 1-2 Cahill X.Y.C.P.. 1946. ,463a Ohio. civil ' 3/4 1-5 Throckmorton's Code -\nn. 1948, 10350 Oklahoma civil and .below 3/4 11-19 felony - civil 3'/4 •.,., VI1-5 criin., other tlian Circuit 10/12 I-II 1st deg. murder South Dakota.. civil J.P. and 3/4 Vl-6 Code 1939, 33.1334. 33.2808 Municipal civil All others 10/12 Vl-6 Code 1939, 33.1333 Utah.. civil 3/4 1-10 Code Aiin. 1943, 104-24-27 Virfiinla civil . . 2/3 consent Code Ann. 1942, 6012 Washington.... civil Superior 10/12 1-21 Rem. Rev. Slat.. 1931, .358 Wisconsin... . civil • S/6 1-5 Stat 1947, 270.25 Hawaii...... " civil any consent 13 Haw. 705 (1901) civil • • , C 7 Cofle 4-467 Federal i civil any consent F"ed R.C.P 48

*Prepareti by Glenn R. Winters, Secretary-Treasurer. American Judicature Society.

'^ftat'

ia»- 516 THE BOOK OF THE STATES STATE BAR INTEGRATION DATA AND CITATIONS*

Year of Basis of State Integration •Integration Citations. Alabama^ .... . 1923 Statute Code. 1940, Title 46, Sees. 21-62 Arizona....;. 1933 Statute Ann. Code. 1939, Sees, 32-301 to 32^:353 . Arkansas...:...,... 1938 Const, amendment' Amendment No. 28 (Court rule not- published) and court rule California 1927 Statute . Deering's Code, 1944, Sees. 6000-6154 (Business and Profession Code) Florida...... 1949 . Court rule * "Supreme court opinion, June 7, 1949 Idaho ..... 1923 Statute Ann. Code. 1947. Vol. 2, Title 3. Chaps. 1.to 4, Sees. 3-101 to 3-420 Kentucky. " 1934 Statute and court Rev. Statutes, 1948, Title IV. Chap. 30. Sees. 30.010 to 30.990 rule (Sec. 30.170^G,t. rules to govern State Bar); Carroll's Ky. • Codes, Russell's Revision, 1948, Chap. XII of .Appendix, Rules 3.010 to 3.600 Louisiana...... 1940 Statute and court Ann. Statutes, 1947 (Pocket Supplement), Title 6, Chap. 2, Sees' • rule 449.48 to 449.53; 195 La. xiv to xlvii (1940) Michigan 1935 Statute and court Compiled Statutes, 1948, Chap. 691, Judicature.Act (Supple . rule mental Chap.), Sections 691.51-691.52; 273 Mich, xxxv to xlv (1935) ; . Mississippi..; 1930 Statute Ann. Code, 1942; Title 32, Chap. 2, Div.- 2, Sees. 8685 to 8724 Missouri...... 1944 Court rule 352 Missouri xxsi to xxxvi (1944) Nebraska...... 1937 Court decision In re Integration of Nebraska Stale Bar, 133 Neb. 283, 275 N.W. 265, 114 A.L.R. 151 (1937) Nevada...;...... 1929 Statute Compiled Laws. 1929, Sees. 540-590, .Amended: Compiled Laws Supplement, 1942, State Bar .Act, Sees. 540 to 588 New Mexico...... 1925 Statute* Ann. Statutes, 1941. Chap! 18, Sees. 18-101 to 18-127 North Carolina... 1933 Statute Statutes 1943, Chap. 84,'Art. 4, Sees. 84-15 to 84-37 North Dakota,... 1921 Statute Rev. Code, 1943, Title 27-. Chap. 27-12, Sees. 27-1201 to 27-1207 (Refers to Statutes of 1921 as source) - • . . " • Oklahoma.. 1939 Court decision In re Integration of Stale Bar of Oklahoma, 185 Okla. 505, 95 S.W. (2d) 113 (1939) Oregon... 1935 Statute-. Ann. Compiled Laws. 1939, Title 47. Chap. 2,. Sees. 47-201 to 47-226 ' South Dakota,... 1931 Statute Code. 1939,Title32, Chap.32.11, Sees.32.1113 to32.1124 (Refers to Statutes of 1931 as source) """ • Texas...... 1939 Statute and. court Vernon's Civil Statutes Ann. 1947. Title 14, Art. 320a, Sections rule 1 to 7 (Court rule. Feb. 22. 1940, booklet) Utah...... 1931 Statute Ann. Code, 1943, Title 6, Sees. 6-0-1 to 6-0-25 ; Statute arid court Ann. Code, 1942, Title 28. Chap. 133, Sees. 3430a to 3430c; 171 Virginia 1938 rule Va. xvii to Ivii (1938) Statute . Remington's Rev. Statutes 1940 (.Ann. Pocket Part for Vol. 2), Washington...... 1933 Title 1, Chap. 10-a, Sees. 138-1 to 138-17 Statute and court 1947 Supp. to West Va. Code of 1943, Ann., Chap. 51, Sec. 5183 West Virginia.... 1945 rule (1); 128 West Va. liii to Ixiii (1947) Statute arid, court Compiled Statutes Ann. 1945, Chap. 2, .Arts. 4 and 5, Sees. 2-401 Wyoming .... 1939 rule to 2-511 (Court rule hot published) Statute Laws 1932, Act No. 43. p. 522 . ^^ Puerto Rico;.' 1932 •Prepared by Glenn R. Winters, Secretary-Treasurer, American Judicature Society.