DOCSLIB.ORG

Psychological Distress in Kashmiri Diaspora Due to Total Communication Blockade in Kashmir

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Psychological Distress in Kashmiri Diaspora Due to Total Communication Blockade in Kashmir JK-Practitioner original article PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS IN KASHMIRI DIASPORA DUE TO TOTAL . COMMUNICATION BLOCKADE IN KASHMIR Afifa Qazi, Mudasir Firdosi, Farida Jan, Aaliya Majeed Abstract Author Affiliation On 5th August 2019, India imposed a complete communication Afifa Qazi blockade in Kashmir including telephones, mobiles, and Internet Consultant Psychiatrist services. Kashmiris living across the world were unable to Kent and Medway NHS Partnership communicate with families back in Kashmir. We conducted an online Trust ,KENT study using the HADS (Hospital anxiety and Depression) rating scale to measure the psychological distress in Kashmiri diaspora due to Mudasir Firdosi communication blackout and conflict in their country of origin. An Consultant Psychiatrist & Honorary online survey questionnaire using the HADS rating scale was circulated Senior Lecturer, St George's, to consenting Kashmiri participants over 18 years of age using social University of London networks. A total of 465 responses were anonymously received over 4 Farida Jan weeks. The results show very high scores for both anxiety and depressive Consultant Psychiatrist symptoms across the whole sample. The results on the anxiety sub-scale Northamptonshire NHS Healthcare showed 89% of the sample scoring above the cut off for “caseness” or Foundation Trust ,Rushden “abnormal”. The scores on the depression subscale showed that 88% of the sample fell within the abnormal range. The consequences of conflict Aaliya Majeed are far reaching and can cause significant psychological distress to the Consultant Psychiatrist diaspora. Our study shows very high rates of both Anxiety and KENT and Medway NHS and Social Depressive symptoms in the respondents, who were unable to contact Care Partnership Trust, KENT their families due to information blackout. To the best of our knowledge, Correspondence: there is hardly any such study conducted before. Further research is Mudasir Firdosi needed to understand the full extent of such conflict situations and Consultant Psychiatrist & Honorary communication blackout on diaspora population. Senior Lecturer, St George's, University of London JK-Practitioner2020;25(1-4):1-5 Email: [email protected] [email protected] Indexed: Scopus, IndMED, EBSCO & Google Scholar among others Introduction Kashmir, a verdant valley nestled in the lap of the Himalayas has remained a conflict zone from many decades with resultant negative Cite this Article as: psychological effects on the local population and on Kashmiris living Qazi A, Firdosi M , Jan F, Majeed outside the valley. Studies suggest that more than 60% of the population A: Psychological distress in has been exposed directly to trauma with high rates of Post-Traumatic Kashmiri diaspora due to total stress disorder, depression and other anxiety disorders1-2 . Community communication blockade in Kashmir surveys by many international organisations have also shown increased JK-Practitioner2020;25(1-4):1-5 rates of psychiatric morbidity with concerns around access to services and treatment for the same3-4 . The persistent conflict situation also means that people are not able to recover due to continuous exposure to trauma and its Full length article available at ensuing sequelae.5 jkpractitioner.com one month after On 5th August 2019, Indian government revoked the Article 370 of publication the Indian constitution which gave the erstwhile state a special status6 . At the same time, around 8 million people living in the Kashmir valley were Key words: Psychological distress, completely cut off from the outside world by a total blockade of phones, communication blockade, diaspora, conflict mobiles, internet, and postal service. A strict curfew with restrictions on the freedom of movement resulting in difficulty accessing medical care and other essential services was imposed. Concerns were raised by various international organisations about the impending humanitarian and health care crisis 7-8. Internet shutdowns are not new to Kashmir, but JK-Practitioner Vol.25, No (1-4) January-December 2020 1 JK-Practitioner the complete shutdown of all communication links is origin aged over 18 years and resident in various the first of its kind in modern times. Reports suggest countries around the world. They were contacted that India ranked highest on shutdowns in the world through various social media platforms and via between April 2017 and May 2018 with half of all email, using Kashmiri diaspora organisations to internet shutdowns reported from the Kashmir facilitate contact, including the British Kashmiri Valley9 . As a result of the shut-down,Kashmiri Medical Association.The Kashmiri diaspora is diaspora settled across the globe were unable to comprised by economic migrants who are usually contact their families, including aged and ailing well settled socially and economically. parents, siblings and close friends with no news Children and young people were excluded as the whatsoever of their safety and wellbeing. There was HADS has not been validated for use in this age hardly any news coming out of the valley via the group. local media due to the curbs and international media reports suggested that people were having great Data Collection difficulty in accessing emergency care; there was Data was collected via an anonymous online survey lack of essential medication and difficulty with which included the HADS questionnaire and travelling to hospitals10 . demographic information including age, gender, This led to a situation of uncertainty for occupation and country of residence of the Kashmiri diaspora with huge concerns for their respondents. The participants were informed about loved ones as they were not able to contact them. the anonymous nature of the data collection and use There were numerous reports of emotional distress, of the data as per GDPR. Submitting the data via the despondency, insomnia, and anxiety symptoms in online link was taken as consent to take part in the Kashmiris living outside Kashmir on various media study. The survey was started 2 weeks after the outlets, international newspapers and social beginning of the communication blockade in media.11-12 The current study was undertaken to assess Kashmir and responses were collected over a four the psychological impact of this communication week period. The respondents completed the survey blockade on the Kashmiri diaspora settled around the online via a link. globe. There are numerous studies about the The participants were advised to seek support emotional impact of on-going conflict situations on from their local health care providers if they felt in populations living in war zones.13 However total need of help or felt unable to cope with the stress due communication blockade of a whole population is to the on-going situation. new in the age of internet, and there is no published research on the psychological impact of a total Outcome Measure communication blockade on diaspora not being able The HADS was chosen for its user friendliness and to reach their families and friends living inside the practicality. It was initially used to establish cases of Lockdown zone. anxiety and depression in non-psychiatric outpatient clinics17 . It is a self-assessment tool with its brevity, Material and Methods:- the ability to identify both anxiety and depression We devised a web based questionnaire using the and its intuitive format being the main highlights. Hospital Anxiety & Depression Scale (HADS). The scale has been demonstrated to have similar There is extensive evidence for use of HADS in sensitivity and specificity as longer questionnaires various adult age groups14 including use for assessing like GHQ (General Health Questionnaire)18 . Its psychological distress among 65 to 80 year olds15 . concurrent validity is noted to be good to very good The questionnaire consisted of all the items on the in comparison to other questionnaires like BDI HADS in addition to which socio-demographic (Beck Depression Inventory) and MADRS information was collected. We chose the online (Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale) 19. method over paper based data collection due to its The HADS consists of 14 questions with 7 questions efficiency in reaching a large and geographically for each anxiety and depression sub- scales.Each dispersed population and the ease and accessibility question is rated on a scale from 0 (not at all) to 3 of online methods. Participants were able to (worst end of the spectrum).The total score on each complete the questionnaire on smartphones via an sub scale ranges from 0-21, and the score ranges are online link. Use of online tools is becoming classified as: 0-7 = Normal, 8 to 10 = Borderline increasingly popular as a method of collecting data abnormal (Borderline case) and 11-21 = Abnormal with good reliability and validity 16. (case) 16. Participants The participants included diaspora of Kashmiri 2 JK-Practitioner Vol.25, No (1-4) January-December 2020 JK-Practitioner Analysis D), “I feel as if I am slowed down” was the highest Data were described using summary statistics and scored symptom with a mean of 2.15, followed by “I graphs and statistical tests were performed using feel cheerful” showing a negative mean score of SPSS. 2.05 (Table 1). Since, there were only three respondents over Results the age of sixty-five; the differences in presentations A total of 465 responses were received over a period in older age groups could not be studied. In our of 4 weeks. 60% of the sample was male, 35% sample
Load more

Recommended publications
  • India’S Disputed Borderland Regions: Xinjiang, Tibet, Kashmir and the Indian Northeast
    COMPARING CHINA AND INDIA’S DISPUTED BORDERLAND REGIONS: XINJIANG, TIBET, KASHMIR AND THE INDIAN NORTHEAST INTRODUCTION: India and China are seen as the rising giants on the Asiatic mainland today. After the East Asian miracle or miracle of the Asian Tiger economies of the mid-nineties, attention has shifted from the peripheral parts of the Asia Pacific, towards the Asiatic mainland, mainly towards India and China. Both countries have been experiencing impressive economic growth rates since they opened up their economies and exposed their domestic markets to international competition. China opened up its markets in the late seventies, and India opened up its markets in the early nineties. Before the seventies, both economies were by and large protectionist, and had a sluggish economic growth rate. Now, of course, both countries are seen as exciting economic destinations for international investors due to their adventurous markets, which western investors feel the need to tap into and exploit. India, of course, also has the additional prestige of being the world’s largest democracy. However, one area that still remains quite under researched, or at least gets side-lined due to all the talk on economic growth and development is the political situation and the on-going conflicts in the borderland regions of these two emerging powers. Having an understanding of the political situation in the borderland regions is important because if the situation ever blows out of proportion, this could potentially have an adverse impact on the economy, which indirectly impacts on our lives in the west, since western governments have invested so much money in these two countries.
    [Show full text]
  • India/Pakistan Relations and Kashmir
    INDIA/PAKISTAN RELATIONS AND KASHMIR: STEPS TOWARD PEACE 24 June 2004 ICG Asia Report N°79 Islamabad/New Delhi/Brussels TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ i I. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................1 II. DIALOGUE.....................................................................................................................3 A. NORMALISATION OF RELATIONS...........................................................................................3 B. BETWEEN NEW DELHI AND SRINAGAR .................................................................................6 C. BETWEEN ISLAMABAD AND MUZAFFARABAD ..................................................................7 D. ON KASHMIR AND NORMALISATION .....................................................................................8 1. Within India...............................................................................................................8 2. Within Pakistan..........................................................................................................9 E. DIALOGUE WITH KASHMIR..................................................................................................11 1. Indian-administered Kashmir ..................................................................................11 2. Pakistan-administered Kashmir...............................................................................12
    [Show full text]
  • Azad Kashmir
    Azad Kashmir The home of British Kashmiris Waving flags of their countries of origin by some members of diaspora (overseas) communities in public space is one of the most common and visible expressions of their ‘other’ or ‘homeland’ identity or identities. In Britain, the South Asian diaspora communities are usually perceived as Indian, Pakistani, (since 1971) Bangladeshis and Sri Lankans. However, there is another flag that is sometimes sighted on such public gatherings as Eid festivals, Pakistani/Indian Cricket Matches or political protests across Britain. 1 This is the official flag of the government of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. 'Azad Kashmir' is a part of the divided state of Jammu Kashmir. Its future is yet to be determined along with rest of the state. As explained below in detail, Azad Kashmir is administered by Pakistan but it is not part of Pakistan like Punjab, Sindh, Pakhtoon Khuwa and Baluchistan. However, as a result of the invasion of India and Pakistan to capture Kashmir in October 1947 and the subsequent involvement of United Nations, Pakistan is responsible for the development and service provision including passports for the people of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan, another part of Kashmir that is not part of, but is controlled by, Pakistan. Under the same UN resolutions India is responsible for the Indian controlled part of Kashmir. In all parts of the divided Kashmir there are political movements of different intensity striving for greater rights and autonomy, self-rule and/or independence. The focus of this chapter, however, is primarily on Azad Kashmir, the home of nearly a million strong British Kashmiri community.
    [Show full text]
  • Right of Self Determination and Kashmiris: a Conceptual Understanding and Perspective
    Orient Research Journal of Social Sciences ISSN Print 2616-7085 June, 2021, Vol.6, No. 1 [01-13] ISSN Online 2616-7093 Right of Self Determination and Kashmiris: A Conceptual Understanding and Perspective Dr. Maria Saifuddin Effendi 1 Dr. Marium Fatima 2 1. Assistant Professor, Department of Peace & Conflict Studies, National Defence University Islamabad, Pakistan 2. Lecturer, Department of Peace & Conflict Studies, National Defence University Islamabad, Pakistan Abstract The 73 years old conflict in Kashmir is defined in various ways by India, Pakistan and international authors yet none of the definition is accepted as concrete and final. Pakistan sees Kashmir in terms of an indigenous struggle of Kashmiris for their right of self-determination. It also expresses concern over constant human rights violation in Kashmir. India views Kashmir as an internal conflict and defines the freedom movement of Kashmiris as an insurgency. Kashmiris, the main conflict actor, define their struggle as a freedommovement to gain freedom from Indian governmenttoenjoy socio-political rights and consolidate their distinct identity of ‘Kashmiriyat’. For the past 10 years, the violence in Kashmir has taken its most brutal form where the victims are as young as a 3 month old infant and as old as 80 + years. This study attempts to define Kashmir conflict through its technical interpretation under legal framework whether it is a struggle for the right of self-determination, or an insurgency as described by Indian government, if not then wouldthe massive scale of human killings be termed as a genocide. Key Words: Freedom Movement, Genocide, India and Pakistan, Insurgency, International Law, Kashmir, Right of Self-Determination, UN Resolutions, UNGA Introduction Contemporary discourses on Peace Studies, Conflict Resolution and International Relations unfold concepts and definitions of terminologies and conflicts in various ways.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Kashmiri Diaspora in Community Development and Conflict Resolution
    The Role of Kashmiri Diaspora in Community Development and Conflict Resolution Workshops Report 19 th December 2010, Birmingham, United Kingdom and 6th March 2011, Rochdale, United Kingdom Organised by: Kashmir Development Foundation (KDF) and Conciliation Resource (CR) Kashmir Development Foundation 128 -A, Spotland Road, Rochdale, OL12 6PJ , United Kingdom E -mail: [email protected] The Role of Kashmiri Diaspora in Community Development of Conflict Resolution Introduction In the United Kingdom Kashmiri Diaspora community is one of the largest minority ethnic communities. Majority of the members of Kashmiri Diaspora Community are actively and fully linked with their place of origin through social, cultural, religious, business and family links. However, their true numerical strength has never been identified through existing official statistical monitoring systems within UK Census or other monitoring systems due to the legacy of Kashmir conflict and structural inequalities that exists to carry forward status quo on many policies/practices regarding immigration laws and socio-economic policies in this country. This official blackout of Kashmiri community in ethnic monitoring systems has created a huge gap in available information about the contributions, Kashmiri Diaspora community has made in the development of civic, economic and cultural life of United Kingdom in the available research, and their capacity to influence change in the UK, and in their place of origin. Kashmir Development Foundation (KDF) in association with Conciliation Resources (CR) has organised two workshops in December 2010, Birmingham and in March 2011 at Rochdale to explore baseline information and understanding among Kashmiri Diaspora Community members and their organisations about their role in influencing the change and community development in the United Kingdom as well in their place of origin, and potential contribution in peace building and conflict resolution programmes in Jammu and Kashmir.
    [Show full text]
  • Cascades of Violence War, Crime and Peacebuilding Across South Asia
    CASCADES OF VIOLENCE WAR, CRIME AND PEACEBUILDING ACROSS SOUTH ASIA CASCADES OF VIOLENCE WAR, CRIME AND PEACEBUILDING ACROSS SOUTH ASIA JOHN BRAITHWAITE AND BINA D’COSTA Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] Available to download for free at press.anu.edu.au A catalogue record for this book is available from the National Library of Australia ISBN (print): 9781760461898 ISBN (online): 9781760461904 WorldCat (print): 1031051140 WorldCat (online): 1031374482 DOI: 10.22459/CV.02.2018 This title is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). The full licence terms are available at creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode Cover design and layout by ANU Press. Cover image by Eli Vokounova, ‘Flow by Lucid Light’. This edition © 2018 ANU Press Contents Boxes and tables . vii Figures, maps and plates . ix Abbreviations . xiii Foreign terms . xix Preface . xxi Part I: Cascades on a broad canvas 1 . Introduction: Cascades of war and crime . 3 2 . Transnational cascades . 37 3 . Towards a micro–macro understanding of cascades . 93 4 . Cascades of domination . 135 Part II: South Asian cascades 5 . Recognising cascades in India and Kashmir . 177 6 . Mapping conflicts in Pakistan: State in turmoil . 271 7 . Macro to micro cascades: Bangladesh . .. 321 8 . Crime–war in Sri Lanka . 363 9 . Cascades to peripheries of South Asia . 393 Part III: Refining understanding of cascades 10 . Evaluating the propositions . 451 11 . Cascades of resistance to violence and domination . 487 12 . Conclusion: Cascades and complexity .
    [Show full text]
  • Nepali Canadians and the 2015 Earthquakes
    Forging Community through Disaster Response: Nepali Canadians and the 2015 Earthquakes Ramjee Parajulee, Sara Shneiderman, and Ratna Shrestha* n April and May 2015, Nepal experienced two devastating earth- quakes. Nearly ten thousand people died and over 600,000 homes were destroyed across this South Asian country that is home to nearly 30 million people.1 The earthquakes were at once a traumatic and I 14 390 galvanizing experience for the approximately , Nepalis in Canada, including at least 1,155 in British Columbia.2 As is well documented in global disaster studies literature, formal and informal disaster governance networks are crucial components of disaster response.3 Diaspora communities often rely on such governance networks (international organizations, non-governmental organizations, and informal social networks) and play an important role in responding to * This article emerged out of the collaborative research project, “Expertise, Labour and Mobility in Nepal’s Post-Conflict, Post-Disaster Reconstruction: Construction, Law and Finance as Domains of Social Transformation,” funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), Partnership Development Grant no. 890-2016-0011. See https://elmnr.arts.ubc.ca/ for details of the project. Shneiderman is principal investigator and Parajulee and Shrestha are collaborators on this grant. Additional support was provided by the Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies, the Faculty of Arts, the Institute of Asian Research, the School of Public Policy and Global Affairs, and the Department of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia (UBC); and Social Science Baha in Nepal. We are grateful for suggestions and feedback received from partnership members at three workshops held at UBC in September 2017; in Kathmandu, Nepal, in July 2018; and in Copenhagen, Denmark, in May 2019; as well as from colleagues at the University of the Fraser Valley’s South Asian Studies Institute in November 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • Collective Memory and Narrative: Ethnography of Social Trauma in Jammu and Kashmir
    COLLECTIVE MEMORY AND NARRATIVE: ETHNOGRAPHY OF SOCIAL TRAUMA IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR by TAMANNA MAQBOOL SHAH B.A., University of Pune, 2000 M.B.A., D.A.V. University, 2004 A THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Sociology College of Arts and Sciences KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2012 Approved by: Major Professor Laszlo Kulcsar Copyright TAMANNA MAQBOOL SHAH 2012 Abstract Kashmir has been in the throes of a civil war since late 1989. The armed conflict between Islamist militants and the Indian security forces has consumed over one hundred thousand civilian lives. Communities have been displaced from their centuries’ old heritage. Almost every household has lost a dear one to the bullet of either a security man or a militant. Deeply entrenched patterns of militarization of the Kashmiri society encompassing a range of material and discursive processes have produced horrific social suffering for local communities in the ostensible rhetoric of protecting national sovereignty. In a situation where Kashmiris have been identified as threats to national order and incarcerated, literally and figuratively, as prisoners of the state, they try hard to retain their sense of history since awareness of history enhances communal and national identity. However, in a society under siege the only tools to retain a sense of ‘social self’ and ethnic collectivity, are through narrative telling and recall to memory that help live trauma collectively to give vent to their plight. This thesis attempts to broadly review the problem in Kashmir and then describe in detail various techniques that Kashmiri society employs like commemoration, narrative telling, oral history, symbolism, theatre, language, and memory etc.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Kashmiri Diaspora in Conflict Transformation
    Journal of Political Studies, Vol. 25, Issue - 1, 2018, 157:167 The Role of Kashmiri Diaspora in Conflict Transformation Lubna Haroon Abstract Globalization has played a crucial role in growing number of migrants across the world. These migrants have been seen as a significant diplomatic and development agent in both their origin and host countries. Kashmiri migrants across the world have assumed importance in diplomatic discourse and transformation of their long-standing dispute. However, efforts by Jammu & Kashmir governments to engage the diaspora in conflict have not been followed by formulation and implementation of appropriate policies and strategies. There appears to be an unspoken mistrust between the intentions of governments and the members of Kashmiri diaspora, which has resulted in their low utilization. Subsequently, there is a need to create an interpretative framework to advocate and effectively engage the diaspora. Therefore, the diaspora should be consulted in national action plans and diplomatic initiatives to integrate and to stimulate their sustainable role in the protracted conflict of Kashmir. Keywords: Kashmiri diaspora, Conflict transformation, Diplomatic discourse, Protracted conflict Introduction It can be argued that Kashmir conflict is a major cause of instability in South Asia but it is very important to comprehend that how this protracted dispute can be transformed, as all national, bilateral and global efforts over mediation have failed. The governments of Jammu & Kashmir across the line of control seem unable to pursue the right of self-determination internationally and on diplomatic front due to their limited capacity and constitutional limits. Implications of these questions are correspondingly as imperative to Kashmiris in diaspora, from London to Washington, from Brussels to New York, as they are on both sides of Line of Control (LOC).
    [Show full text]
  • Arsala Nizami.Indd
    Vol 2, Number 5, May 2016 ISSN- 2454-3675 May 2016 Global Research Forum on Diaspora and17 Transnationalism TRANSNATIONAL DYNAMICS AND NEW POLITICS OF ENGAGEMENT ROLE OF DIASPORAS IN SOUTH ASIAN CONFLICTS Arsala Nizami GRFDT Research Monograph 17 , Vol 2, Number 5, May 2016 Research Monograph Series1 GRFDT Research Monograph Series GRFDT brings out Research Monograph series every month since January 2015. The Research Mono- graph covers current researches on Diaspora and International Migration issues. All the papers pub- lished in this research Monograph series are peer reviewed. There is no restriction in free use of the material in full or parts. However user must duly acknowledge the source. Editorial Board Dr. Anjali Sahay Associate Professor, International Relations and Political Science at Gannon University, Pennsylvania, USA Dr. Ankur Datta Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, South Asian University, New Delhi Dr. Els van Dongen Assistant Professor, Nanyang Technological university, Singapore Dr. Evans Stephen Osabuohien Dept. of Economics and Development Studies, Covenant University, Nigeria Prof. Guofu LIU School of Law, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing Dr. Kumar Mahabir The University of Trinidad and Tobago, Corinth Teachers College, UTT Dr. M. Mahalingam Research Fellow, Centre For Policy Analysis, New Delhi Dr. Nandini C. Sen Associate Professor. Cluster Innovation Centre, University of Delhi, New Delhi Dr. Nayeem Sultana Associate Professor, Department of Development Studies, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh Dr. Ned Bertz Assistant Professor of History, University of Hawaii Dr. Raj Bourdouille Migration and Development Researcher, Centre for Refugee Studies, York University, Toronto, Canada Dr. Smita Tiwari Research Fellow, Indian Council of World Affairs, New Delhi Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Souvenir 2017 Final for Web Mar (1).Pdf
    CONTENTS Vice Chancellor’s Message Message from Secretary, MEA Message from the Director Brief Overview of the Conference Abstracts Migration and Diasporic Dynamics 1 Identity and Citizenship 4 Reimagining Development: Migration and Diaspora 7 Mobility, Knowledge and Skills 10 Business/Trade and Technology 14 Migration and Diaspora Policy 17 Diaspora Remittances and Development 21 Migration and Refugee 25 Education, Skill and Capacity Building 29 Issues, Challenges and Diversities 32 Migration and Diasporic Literature 35 Multiculturalism and Hybridity 40 Issues and challenges of migration 1 44 Issues and challenges of migration 2 49 Forced migration/Illegal migration/ Human Trafficking 1 53 Migrant and Diaspora Engagement: Home and Host 56 Gender and Migration 1 60 Forced migration/Illegal migration/ Human Trafficking 2 64 Displacement and Migration 68 Diaspora and Development 72 South Asia 1 75 Migration and Diasporic Literature 80 Forced migration/Illegal migration/ Human Trafficking 3 84 Gender and Migration 2 87 South Asia 2 90 Migration and Labour Issues 94 Internal Migration in India 98 Regional Diasporas and Diasporas in India 102 Profile of the Participants 107 Message from the Director Migration is certainly an area that deserves interdisciplinary focus of inquiry. It is too diverse in character and composition. The phenomenon is also very dynamic. All the regions as well as countries have their uniqueness in experiencing the migration. Country like India that has massive internal as well as international migration certainly require more research focus. Dispersion of people is an age-old practice of all human society in the quest for progress. Often dispersions are result of many natural disaster, unemployment, conflicts etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Pakistani Diaspora: US and UK
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Bradford Scholars The University of Bradford Institutional Repository http://bradscholars.brad.ac.uk This work is made available online in accordance with publisher policies. Please refer to the repository record for this item and our Policy Document available from the repository home page for further information. To see the final version of this work please visit the publisher’s website. Where available, access to the published online version may require a subscription. Author(s): Samad, A. Yunas Title: Pakistani Diaspora in the UK and USA Publication year: 2012 Book title: Routledge Handbook of the South Asian Diaspora Editor(s): Chatterji, J. and Washbrook, D. ISBN: 0415480108 Publisher: Routledge Citation: Samad, A.Y. (2012). Pakistani Diaspora in the UK and USA. In: South Asian Diaspora by Chatterji, J. and Washbrook, D. (Eds.). Routledge. Copyright statement: © 2012 Routledge. Reproduced in accordance with the publisher’s self-archiving policy. Pakistani Diaspora: US and UK Introduction The global Pakistani diaspora contains most of features elaborated in Cohen’s (2008) comprehensive typology of diaspora but primarily consist of labour migrations, high- end workers, trading networks, long-distance nationalists and cultural producers. In spatial terms the largest concentration of Pakistanis in the diasapora is found in the Middle East, Europe and North America. There are no accurate records of numbers for the Pakistani diaspora but the Government of Pakistan claims that there are just fewer than four million Pakistanis living aboard and under 1.9 million in the Middle East (with the largest contingent found in Saudi Arabia), under 1.7 million in Europe (largest settlement found in Great Britain) and around 0.85 million in North America with largest aggregation found in the USA) (GOP Year Book 2004-5).
    [Show full text]