Facies Distribution, Depositional Environments, Provenance and Reservoir Characters of Upper Cretaceous Succession Kirthar Fold Belt Pakistan
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FACIES DISTRIBUTION, DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS, PROVENANCE AND RESERVOIR CHARACTERS OF UPPER CRETACEOUS SUCCESSION KIRTHAR FOLD BELT PAKISTAN BY MUHAMMAD UMAR THESIS PRESENTED TO THE CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE IN MINERALOGY UNIVERSITY OF BALOCHISTAN QUETTA FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY NOVEMBER 2007. CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this thesis titled “Facies Distribution, Depositional Environments, Provenance and Reservoir Characters of Upper Cretaceous succession Kirthar Fold Belt Pakistan” presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Centre of Excellence of Mineralogy, University of Balochistan, Quetta, is based on the original research work carried out by me. The thesis has been prepared and written by me. This research work has not been submitted for higher degree in any other institution. Muhammad Umar Student of Ph.D. Centre of Excellence in Mineralogy University of Balochistan Quetta CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. Muhammad Umar has been engaged in Ph.D. research in the Centre of Excellence in Mineralogy, University of Balochistan Quetta, under the supervision of undersigned. He has fulfilled all the requirements regarding his registration and examination for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in accordance with the rules and regulations of the University of Balochistan. Dr. Abdul Salam Khan Research Supervisor Dr. AKhtar Muhammad Kassi Co- Supervisor Director Centre of Excellence in Minerology University of Balochistan, Quetta. Dean Faculty of Physical Science University of Balochistan Quetta I CONTENTS Page No. LIST OF CONTENTS I LIST OF FIGURES V LIST OF TABLES XIV LIST OF APPENDICES XIV ACKNOWLEDGEMENT XV ABSTRACT XVI CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1 1.2 LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY 3 1.3 PREVIOUS WORK 4 1.4 METHODS OF STUDY 5 CHAPTER 2- GEOLOGIC SETTING AND STRATIGRAPHY 6 2.1 GEOLOGIC SETTING 6 2.2 STRATIGRAPHY OF THE KIRTHAR FOLD BELT 12 2.2.1 Ferozabad Group 12 2.2.1.1 Kharrari Formation 14 2.2.1.2 Malikhore Formation 15 2.2.1.3 Anjira Formation 15 2.2.2 Parh Group 16 2.2.2.1 Sembar Formation 16 2.2.2.2 Goru Formation 18 2.2.2.3 Parh Limestone 19 2.2.3 Mughal Kot Formation 22 2.2.4 Pab Formation 23 2.2.5 Rani Kot Group 25 2.2.5.1 Khadro Formation 25 2.2.5.2 Bara Formation 26 2.2.5.3 Lakhra Formation 27 2.2.6 Ghazij Formation 29 2.2.7 Kirthar Formation 30 2.2.8 Nari Formation 30 2.2.9 Gaj Formation 31 2.2.10 Manchar Formation 32 2.2.11 Dada Conglomerate 33 CHAPTER 3 - FACIES DESCRIPTION, INTERPRETATION AND 34 DISTRIBUTION 3.1 INTRODUCTION 34 3.2 FACIES DESCRIPTION AND INTERPRETATION 36 3.2.1 Trough Cross-bedded Sandstone Facies (F1) 36 3.2.1.1 Description 36 II 3.2.1.2 Interpretation 36 3.2.2 Parallel-to Cross–laminated Sandstone Facies(F2) 36 3.2.2.1 Description 36 3.2.2.2 Interpretation 37 3.2.3 Massive Sandstone Facies (F3) 38 3.2.3.1 Description 38 3.2.3.2 Interpretation 38 3.2.4 Bioturbated sandstone Facies (F4) 41 3.2.4.1 Description 41 3.2.4.2 Interpretation 42 3.2.5 Hummocky Sandstone Facies (F5) 42 3.2.5.1 Description 42 3.2.5.1y Small-Scale hummocky cross- 42 stratified sandstone Facies (F5y) 3.2.5.1y.1 Description 42 3.2.5.1b Sandstones with hummocky-type 44 bedforms (F5z) 3.2.5.1b.1 Description 44 3.2.5.2 Interpretation 44 3.2.6 Mudstones, Marls with Sandstones interbeds (F6) 46 3.2.6.1 Description 46 3.2.6.2 Interpretation 46 3.2.7 Laterally Continuous graded Sandstone Facies 47 (F7) 3.2.7.1 Description 47 3.2.7.2 Interpretation 49 3.2.8 Lenticular Graded Sandstone Facies (F8) 49 3.2.8.1 Description 49 3.2.8.2 Interpretation 50 3.2.9 Mudstones interbedded with thin lenticular 50 sandstones, associated with submarine fan turbidites (F9) 3.2.9.1 Description 50 3.2.9.2 Interpretation 50 3.2.10 Mudstones with occasional sandstones and marls 51 (F10) 3.2.10.1 Description 51 3.2.10.2 Interpretation 51 3.2.11 Large scale Planner cross-bedded sandstones 52 (F11) 3.2.11.1 Description 52 3.2.11.2 Interpretation 52 3.2.12 Chaotic Units (F12) 52 3.2.12.1 Description 52 3.2.12.2 Interpretation 55 III 3.3 FACIES ASSOCIATIONS: THEIR NATURE AND 55 DESCRIPTION 3.3.1 Shoreface facies Association 55 3.3.2 Shelfal Delta lobe Association 59 3.3.3 Deeper Shelf or Ramp Association 59 3.3.4 Submarine channels facies Association 68 3.3.5 Levee facies Association 78 3.3.6 Submarine fan lobe facies Association 78 3.3.7 Submarine base of slope mud lobe facies 81 Association 3.3.8 Submarine slope sandstones facies Association 81 3.3.9 Fluviodeltaic to shoreface facies association 82 3.4 FACIES VARIATIONS 82 3.4.1 Facies variations in the northern sequences 82 3.4.2 Facies Variations in the southern sequences 84 CHAPTER 4 –PETROGRAPHY, GEOCHEMISTRY AND 86 PROVENANCE 4.1 INTRODUCTION 86 4.1.1 Methods Used 87 4.2 SANDSTONE PETROLOGY 88 4.2.1 Texture 88 4.2.2 Characters of framework grains 89 4.2.2.1 Quartz 89 4.2.2.2 Feldspar 89 4.2.2.3 Lithic fragments 92 4.2.3 Cement/matrix 92 4.2.4 Modal Analysis 96 4.3 COMPARISON BETWEEN NORTHERN AND 98 SOUTHERN DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEMS 4.3.1 Lower Unit 98 4.3.2 Upper Unit 101 4.4 GEOCHEMISTRY OF MUDSTONE AND 101 SANDSTONE 4.5 DEFICIENCY OF FELDSPAR 108 4.6 PROVENANCE 109 4.7 SUMMARY 115 CHAPTER 5 –DIAGENESIS OF SANDSTONE 117 5.1 INTRODUCTION 117 5.2 METHODS 117 5.3 BURRIAL HISTORY 120 5.4 DIAGENESIS OF SANDSTONE 122 5.4.1 Compaction 122 5.4.2 Authigenic components 122 5.4.3 Microfractures 143 IV 5.4.4 Paragenetic sequence 146 5.5 RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS 151 5.6 SUMMARY 159 CHAPTER 6 –DEPOSITIONAL MODEL 160 6.1 INTRODUCTION 160 6.2 NORTHERN DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEM 160 6.3 SOUTHERN DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEM 164 6.3.1 Mughal Kot Turbidites 166 6.3.2 Pab Turbidites 168 6.4 SUMMARY 173 CHAPTER 7 –CONCLUSIONS 174 REFERENCES 176 V Figure LIST OF FIGURES Page No. No. 1.1 Map showing location of the study area in Kirthar Fold Belt. 2 2.1 Map showing generalized major tectonic zones of Pakistan 7 and location of Kirthar Fold Belt (modified after Kazmi and Snee, 1989). 2.2 The map showing major tectonic features of Kirthar Fold 8 Belt Pakistan and location of the study area (modified after Bannert et al., 1992). 2.3 Geological map of the study area showing important tectonic 9 location of measured stratigraphic sections (modified after Bakr and Jackson, 1964). 2.4 Disconformable contact between the Sembar Formation 17 (arrow) and Anjira Formation (dip direction is shown by symbols) of the Ferozabad Group section-5. 2.5 Bioturbation (arrow) in shale of Sembar Formation section 17 16. 2.6 Parallel-lamination (arrows) in limestone of Goru Formation 20 section-9. 2.7 Contacts between the Goru Formation, Parh Limestone, 20 Mughal Kot Formation and Pab Formation section-9. 2.8 Parallel-lamination (arrows) in limestone of the Parh 21 Limestone section-16. 2.9 Gradational and conformable contact between the Mughal 21 Kot Formation and Pab Formation section-9, two persons in the circle are shown for scale. 2.10 Pelecypods (arrow) on top of limestone bed of the Mughal 24 Kot Formation section-1. 2.11 Close up view of nautilus (arrow) at the top most limestone 24 bed of the Mughal Kot Formation section-1. 2.12 Far view of the contacts between Lakhra Formation of Rani 28 Kot Group, Ghazij Formation and Kirthar Formation section- 1. VI 3.1 Field Photograph of parallel lamination (arrow) in sandstone 39 (F 2), section-7; after Khan et al., 2002). 3.2 Field Photograph showing amalgamated, thick, massive 39 (arrow) sandstone bed (F 3), section-5 (after Khan et al., 2002). 3.3 Field Photograph of mottled (Bioturbated) sandstone bed 43 (F 4), section-6 (after Khan et al., 2002). 3.4 Field Photograph of small scale hummocky cross stratified 43 (arrow) sandstone subfacies (F5a), section-9 (after Khan et al., 2002). 3.5 Field Photograph of sandstone with hummock-type bed 48 forms subfacies (F5b), section-15. 3.6 Field Photograph of Mudstones, Marls (arrows) with 48 Sandstone interbeds facies (F6), section-7 (after Khan et al., 2002). 3.7 Field Photograph of normally graded (arrow) sandstone (F8), 53 section-17. 3.8 Field Photograph of large scale planar cross-bedding (arrows) 53 in sandstone of fluviodeltaic facies (F11), section-11. 3.9 Field Photograph showing sandstone dikes and sills (F 12), 54 section-8 (after Khan et al., 2002) 3.10 Field Photograph showing rounded slumped bodies (F 12), 54 section-15 (after Khan et al., 2002). 3.11 Field Photograph of cross bedded sandstone in shoreface 56 facies association, section-1. 3.12 Field Photograph showing vertical cross cut burrows within 56 cross bedded sandstone of shoreface facies association, section-1. 3.13 Sedimentary log of section-1 measured at Langerchi, grid ref. 57 710190, showing shoreface facies association (see Fig. 2.3 for location). 3.14 Sedimentary log of section-2 measured at Karkh nala, grid 58 ref.