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Andrew Johnston Phd Thesis WILLIAM PAGET AND THE LATE-HENRICAN POLITY, 1543- 1547 Andrew Johnston A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St. Andrews 2004 Full metadata for this item is available in Research@StAndrews:FullText at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2762 This item is protected by original copyright William Paget and the late-Henrican polity, 1543-1547 Andrew Johnston A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of St Andrews December 2003 Paginated blank pages are scanned as found in original thesis No information • • • IS missing Declarations (i) I, Andrew Johnston, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately one hundred thousand words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. Date; signature of candidate; (ii) I was admitted as a research student in October 1998 and as a candidate for the degree of Ph.D. in October 1999; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 1999 and 2003. - -- ...... _- --.-.:.. - - ..:... --._---- :-,.:. -.:. Date; signature of candidate; - ...- - ~,~.~~~- ~.~:.:. - . (iii) I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. signature of supervisor; (iv) In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews I understand that I am giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby. I also understand that the title and an abstract of the work will be published, and that a copy of the work may be made and supplied to any bona fide library or research worker. - - - . - - Date; I 11 2... ) () 1 signature of candidate; ~ - .- -_. - ~ ---- Abstract This thesis explores the late-Henrican polity through the archive and perspective of William Paget, Henry VIII's secretary at the end of his reign. Paget's papers as secretary (1543-1547), that form the basis of the thesis, are an extensive, unique and relatively under-used source. From this starting-point Paget's role as secretary is explored and he is revealed as the personal servant of the king, whose natural environment was the court. As such he was an influential source of counsel and perhaps the key patronage-broker at court. In this context Paget also had a significant influence over the operation of the dry stamp at the end of the reign. Equally, Paget's role in shaping the function of the secretary and his relations with the recently formed privy council was of considerable importance, providing the template for later Tudor secretaries. Diplomacy in the uncertain world of the 1540s was one of Paget's primary concerns and his priorities can be seen as trying to provide security and stability for the realm. This is revealed not only in his 'Consultation' of August 1546 but also in his diplomacy with the French, the Schmalkaldic League and the Papacy. In this he sometimes found himself at odds with the king and leading a privy council united in a desire for peace. Politically Paget has traditionally been cast as an ambitious politique, the 'master of practices' and part of the earl of Hertford's reform party. Whilst acknowledging Paget's close relations with Hertford this thesis questions the factional interpretation of the last years of the reign and argues that the predominant concern of Paget and his fellow privy councillors was a peaceful succession in which unanimity rather than conflict was the key-note. CONTENTS Acknowledgements 11 Abbreviations 111 References VI Introduction V11 1. William Paget's secretarial archive 2. King's secretary 28 3. Counselling the king; Henry VIII, Paget and the privy council 67 4. The late-Henrican secretariat 104 5. Policy and diplomacy 1543-1547 141 6. Paget and his 'circle' 1543-1547 174 7. Paget and conciliar politics 1543-1547 208 Conclusion 238 Appendices 245 Bibliography 307 Acknowledgements The greatest academic debt lowe is to my supervisor, Professor John Guy. Throughout the process he has been supportive, encouraging and frequently able to see what I could not. Over my time at St Andrews I have also benefited from the teaching and advice of, amongst others, Dr John Hudson, Dr Norman Reid, Professor Andrew Pettegree and Professor Hamish Scott. Equally, life has always been brightened by the cheeriness and efficiency of Lorna Harris, Norma Porter, Elsie Johnstone and Marjory Bruce, secretaries in the School of History. To them all I am most grateful. For financial assistance I would like to thank: the Carnegie Trust; the Royal Historical Society; the School of History at St Andrews; and the Russell Trust. On a more personal level I have many debts. Jon Cook read all of this thesis with remarkable attention to detail at the end of a busy term. Kate Marsden and James Pile offered invaluable help with Latin. Alan Bryson has read various drafts of most of the chapters and has always been a source of advice and friendship. Equally Natalie Mears and Lisa Ford have been generous fellow travellers and office-mates as Tudor Ph.D. students at St Andrews. On frequent trips to London I must thank Sam Burridge, Marc Ragot, Martin and Vicki Barnet, Brandon Gardner and Matt Mullaly for floor space, sofa space or even, sometimes, a bed. If they wondered what I was doing with my life, occasionally betrayed by incredulous looks as I explained the existence of a history Ph.D. student, at least they never said so. The same applies to Anne and Nick May who have been constantly supportive and generous. Several individuals require special thanks. My parents first made me realise the importance of education and I am very grateful for all they have done for me. Dave Verner-Jeffreys has been a good friend for many years and his presence only a couple of hours away during my time at St Andrews was invaluable. I can measure how long this thesis has been in progress by Stanley'S lifetime. He has always provided light relief. Finally, only Juliet knows what she has had to put up with over the last few years. If you can dedicate a Ph.D. then this is dedicated to her with love and affection. 11 Abbreviatiolls APC Acts ofthe privy council ofEngland, eds. J.R. Dasent et al (n.s., xxxxvi vols.; London, 1890-1964). BL British Library, London. Bindoff S.T. Bindoff(ed.), The history ofparliament. The House of Commons, 1509-1558 (iii vols.; London, 1982). Briquet C.M. Briquet, Les jiligranes. Dictionnaire historique des marques du papier depuis leur apparition vers 1282 jusqu 'en 1600. Avec 39 jigures dans Ie texte et 16, 122 facsimiles de jiligranes (iv vols.; Paris, 1907). Caius Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge CSPSpanish Letters, despatches, and state papers, relating to the negotiations between England and Spain, preserved in the archives at Vienna, Brussels, Simancas and elsewhere, eds. M.A.S. Hume, R. Tyler et al (xv vols.; London, 1862-1954). C Chancery Carr. Pol. Correspondence Politique DKR Deputy keeper's reports. Reports of the deputy keeper of the Public Record Office (London, 1840- ). DNB Dictionary ofnational biography, eds. L. Stephen and S. Lee (lxiii vols.; London, 1885-1900). DL Duchy of Lancaster. III E Exchequer. foes). folio(s). GLRO Greater London Record Office, London. Hatfield, Cecil Hatfield House, Hertfordshire, Cecil Papers. HO A collection of ordinances and regulations for the government of the royal household (Society of Antiquaries, London, 1790). Letters and papers Letters and papers, foreign and domestic, ofthe reign ofHenry VIII, 1509-1547, eds. J.S. Brewer, J. Gairdner and R.H. Brodie (xxi vols. and Addenda; London, 1862-1932). Longleat Longleat House, Wiltshire. LC Lord Chamberlain's Department. MS(S) Manuscript( s) MPI Maps and Plans n.s. new series n(s). note(s) NRO Northamptonshire Record Office, Northamptonshire OBS Obsolete o.s. old series IV PPC Proceedings and ordinances of the privy council ofEngland, 1368-1542, ed. N.H. Nicholas et al (vii vols.; London, 1834- 1837). PRO Public Record Office, London PSO Privy Seal Office ser. series SO Signet Office SP State Paper State papers ofHenry VIII State papers during the reign of Henry VIII (xi vols.; London, 1830-1852). STC A short-title catalogue of books printed in England, Scotland, & Ireland and ofEnglish books printed abroad, 1475-1640, eds. W.A. Jackson, F.S. Ferguson and K.F. Panzer (iii vols.; London, 1986-1991). StaffRO Staffordshire Record Office, Stafford v Note on quotations and references All quotations are in the original spelling, the thorn has been transcribed as in the original, 'u', 'v', 'i' and 'j' have been transcribed as individual writers or printers used them and contractions have been expanded using italics (maiestie). Capitalisation has been modernised, where necessary. Textual additions above the line are shown using /\marks/\. Conjectural reconstruction, where the manuscript has been damaged or where the words are not fully legible or have been omitted, is shown in [square brackets]. All dates are New Style. Certain manuscripts have been refoliated a number of times, though not consistently. References to PRO, SP 1 are to the foliation at the bottom right corner. For PRO, SP 4 the foliation is to the ink stamp found on each page.
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