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Brevipalpus Chilensis Baker (Acari: Tenuipalpidae)

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Brevipalpus Chilensis Baker (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) Capítulo 11 Brevipalpus chilensis Baker (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) Denise Navia, Renata Santos de Mendonça, Roberto Trincado Identificação da praga • Nome científico: Brevipalpus chilensis Baker, 1949. Posição taxonômica: • Filo: Arthropoda. • Subfilo: Chelicerata. • Classe: Arachnida. • Subclasse: Acari. • Ordem: Trombidiformes (Prostigmata). • Superfamília: Tetranychoidea. • Família: Tenuipalpidae Berlese. • Subfamília: Tenuipalpinae Sayed. 156 PRIORIZAÇÃO DE PRAGAS QUARENTENÁRIAS AUSENTES NO BRASIL • Tribo: Tenuipalpini Berlese. • Gênero: Brevipalpus Donnadieu. Sinonímias: não tem sinonímias. Hospedeiros Brevipalpus chilensis é um ácaro fitófago polífago, sendo relatado em cerca de 40 plantas hospedeiras, pertencentes a 24 famílias (em sua maioria Rosaceae, Rutaceae e Oleaceae), incluindo frutíferas, ornamentais e flores- tais (Tabela 1). Os principais hospedeiros de B. chilensis, considerando-se os níveis populacionais dos ácaros e a importância econômica do hospedeiro, são a uva, os citros, o kiwi e a cherimoia. Entre as variedades de videiras, as populações de B. chilensis são mais altas nas de origem francesa, em particular as cultivares Cot Rouge, Semillón- Sauvignon e Cabernet (González, 1983a; Zavieso; Palma, 2002). No Chile foram observadas infestações em um hospedeiro nativo, Cestrum parqui, em áreas urbanas e agrícolas, em plantas próximas a hospedeiros cultivados (Trincado et al., 2003). Brevipalpus chilensis havia sido relatado também sobre Ribes punctatum (previamente identificado como R. georgianus), entretanto uma identificação morfológica mais detalhada desses espécimes, incluindo a quetotaxia de forma imaturas, evidenciou que os mesmos pertenciam a outra espécie. Tabela 1. Plantas hospedeiras de Brevipalpus chilensis. Hospedeiro Família Hospedeiro Referência(s) nome científico nome comum Actinidia arguta Actinidaceae baby kiwi SAG, 2006 Actinidia deliciosa González, 1983a; Actinidaceae kiwi (= A. chinensis) USDA, 2006 Ampelopsis spp. 3 Vitaceae ampelopsis González, 1958 Annona cherimola Annonaceae chirimoia González, 1958 Continua... CAPÍTULO 11 – BREVIPALPUS CHILENSIS BAKER (AcARI: TENUIPALPIDAE) 157 Tabela 1. Continuação. Hospedeiro Família Hospedeiro Referência(s) nome científico nome comum Antirrhinium sp. Plantaginaceae boca de leão González, 1983a Apium graveolens3 Apiaceae salsão González, 1958 Catalpa speciosa Bignoniaceae catalpa González, 1983a González, 1983a; Cestrum parqui Solanaceae cestrum Trincado et al., 2003 Citrus aurantifolia Rutaceae limão ácido González, 2006 Citrus aurantium Rutaceae laranja amarga González, 1958 Baker, 1949; Citrus limon Rutaceae limão Prado, 19911 González, 2006; Citrus sinensis Rutaceae laranja doce Prado, 19911 Citrus x clementina Rutaceae clementina González, 2006 Convolvulus arvensis Convolvulaceae corriola González, 1958 Crataegus sp. Rosaceae espinheiro Navia et al., 2013 González, 1983a; Cydonia oblonga3 Rosaceae marmelo USDA, 2006 Chrysanthemum sp.3 Asteraceae crisântemo González, 1958 Dianthus caryophyllus3 Caryophyllaceae cravo SAG, 2006 Prado, 19911; Diospyros kaki Ebenaceae caqui SAG, 2006 Dysphania ambrosioides erva de González, 2006; Amaranthaceae (= Chenopodium ambrosiodes) santa maria USDA, 2006 Euonymus sp.3 Celastraceae SAG, 2006 Ficus carica Moraceae figo González, 1958 Geranium sp. 3 Geraniaceae geranium SAG, 2006 Juglans regia Juglandaceae noz Navia et al., 2013 Ligaria cuneifolia erva de Loranthaceae González, 2006 (=Psittacanthus cuneifolia) passarinho Continua... 158 PRIORIZAÇÃO DE PRAGAS QUARENTENÁRIAS AUSENTES NO BRASIL Tabela 1. Continuação. Hospedeiro Família Hospedeiro Referência(s) nome científico nome comum Ligustrum japonicum Oleaceae ligustro do Japão Vargas et al., 1998 Ligustrum sinensis Oleaceae ligustro, alfeneiro González, 1958 Ligustrum spp. Oleaceae ligustro, alfeneiro González, 1961 González, 1961; Malus domestica3 Rosaceae maçã USDA, 2006 Pelargonium sp. Geraniaceae gerânio González, 1958 Plantago lanceolata Plantaginaceae tanchagem González, 2006 Prunus armeniaca3 Rosaceae damasco González, 2006 Prunus dulcis (= P. González, 1958; Rosaceae amêndoa amygdalus) 2,3 SAG, 2006 González, 2006; Prunus persica Rosaceae pêssego González e Barria, 1999 Punica granatum Lythraceae romã SAG, 2006 González, 1961; Pyrus communis3 Rosaceae pera Prado, 1991;Trincado et al., 2003 Pyrus pyrifolia Rosaceae pera asiática Curkovic et al., 1994 Prado, 19911; Rubus idaeus3 Rosaceae framboesa SAG, 2006 Viburnum sp. Adoxaceae viburno Gonzaléz, 1983a Vinca rosea Apocynaceae vinca Zavieso e Palma 2002 Vinca sp.3 Apocynaceae vinca González, 1958 Baker, 1949; Pritchard Vitis vinifera Vitaceae uva e Baker, 1958 1referências indiretas (citação de citação) 2necessita confirmação, suspeita de contaminação a partir de outros hospedeiros (SAG, 2006) 3relatos pontuais (SAG, 2006) CAPÍTULO 11 – BREVIPALPUS CHILENSIS BAKER (AcARI: TENUIPALPIDAE) 159 Distribuição geográfica da praga A distribuição de B. chilensis é restrita a dois países da América do Sul – Chile e Argentina. Este ácaro provavelmente é originário do Chile, considerando sua distribuição geográfica, até há pouco restrita a este país, bem como o elevado número de plantas hospedeiras no país, incluindo uma espécie nativa. Cerca de 60 anos após sua descrição no Chile, a presença de B. chilensis é confirmada na Argentina. Uma suspeita de interceptação desta praga em frutos procedentes da Argentina levou à realização de levantamentos de ácaros Brevipalpus entre 2009-2010 e entre 2012-2013 por todas as regiões de produção de uvas deste país. A presença de B.chilensis foi confirmada, até o momento, unicamente na Província de Rio Negro, ao norte da Patagônia (Beard et al., 2012; Regonat et al., 2016). Brevipalpus chilensis havia sido relatado em videiras de Mendoza, Argentina, por Vergani em 1964, mas estes espécimes foram posteriormente identificados como Brevipalpus pseudocuneatus (Blanchard), espécie atualmente considerada sinônimo de B. obovatus. Foto: Marcelo Negrini Marcelo Foto: Figura 1. Distribuição geográfica deBrevipalpus chilensis. 160 PRIORIZAÇÃO DE PRAGAS QUARENTENÁRIAS AUSENTES NO BRASIL Biologia da praga Ciclo biológico da praga Estudos sobre a biologia de B. chilensis foram realizados no Chile. Estes ácaros passam por quatro estágios subsequentes de desenvolvimento até o adulto: ovo, larva (hexápoda), protoninfa e deutoninfa. Após 10 a 12 dias da oviposição, ocorre a eclosão das larvas. Dois dias após a eclosão as larvas iniciam a alimentação, aumentando gradativamente a sua tonalidade avermelhada e sua mobilidade. Os estágios de desenvolvimento são intercalados por períodos de repouso, que duram em média de 3 a 4 dias cada um. As fases de ovo, larva, protoninfa e deutoninfa duram cerca de 8; 5 a 7; 7 a 8; e 4 a 5 dias, respectivamente. De acordo com González (1958), o tempo médio de desenvolvimento requerido para completar uma geração é de 25,3 dias, variando de 18 a 59 dias. Durante o período ativo, da primavera até o final de março, quatro gerações completas são produzidas, mais uma quinta geração parcial que não efetua a postura. Essa geração corresponde às fêmeas que passarão o inverno hibernadas (González, 1958). No final do inverno ou início da primavera, com emissão de brotos novos, as fêmeas hibernantes movimentam-se lentamente para a parte superior da planta, começam a se alimentar por um período de quatro a seis dias e, em seguida, iniciam a postura nas gemas, brotos e junto às nervuras na face inferior das folhas. Os ovos normalmente são colocados individualmente, não agrupados. As fêmeas hibernantes depositam entre 130 e 140 ovos por 30 dias, período que coincide com a sua longevidade (González, 1958), enquanto que as fêmeas das gerações subsequentes apresentam potencial reprodutivo mais elevado, com cerca de 250 ovos/fêmea (Zavieso; Palma, 2002). As gerações que se desenvolvem nos meses de verão apresentam o ciclo biológico de 18 a 25 dias para as fêmeas e de 15 a 20 dias para os machos, enquanto as demais gerações são mais longas (González, 1958, 1983a). Estratégias reprodutivas da praga A reprodução de B. chilensis pode ser partenogenética ou sexuada. As fêmeas da primeira geração (na primavera) se reproduzem principalmente CAPÍTULO 11 – BREVIPALPUS CHILENSIS BAKER (AcARI: TENUIPALPIDAE) 161 por partenogênese arrenótoca, quando as populações são constituídas por 98% de fêmeas e não se observa cópula. Portanto, observa-se que uma única fêmea pode dar origem a uma colônia. Nas gerações subsequentes, de primavera e verão, ocorre também reprodução sexuada, observando-se um número maior de machos, sendo a razão sexual (fêmeas/machos) de 7:3 e 6:4, respectivamente. A quarta geração caracteriza-se por apresentar um maior número de machos, o que garante a fertilização das fêmeas que passarão o inverno hibernando (González, 1958, 1983a). Tipo de dispersão A curtas distâncias, a dispersão de B. chilensis pode ocorrer através da movimentação dos ácaros entre plantas hospedeiras, através do contato direto entre folhas; e pelo material vegetativo que cai no solo, carregando ácaros vivos. A longas distâncias, a disseminação ocorre principalmente atra- vés da atividade humana- do comércio de frutos, do comércio ou intercâm- bio de material de propagação vegetativa (estacas, mudas) e através da dis- tribuição de plantas enxertadas (González, 1983a). A médias distâncias, assim como relatado para outros ácaros fitófagos (Moraes; Flechtmann, 2008), a dispersão desta espécie seguramente ocorre também por meios naturais (vento, insetos, aves, água etc). Mecanismos de sobrevivência em condições
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