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Abalone, Haliotis Mariae (Wood, 1828), Hatchery and Seed Production Trials in Oman

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Abalone, Haliotis Mariae (Wood, 1828), Hatchery and Seed Production Trials in Oman Agricultural and Marine Sciences, 13:53-63 (2008) ©2008 Sultan Qaboos University Abalone, Haliotis mariae (Wood, 1828), Hatchery and Seed Production Trials in Oman Khalfan M. Al-Rashdi*1 and Tsueno Iwao2 1Ministry of Fisheries Wealth, Aquaculture Center, P.O. Box 427, PC 100, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman 2Japan International Cooperation Agency, Fisheries Department, Japan ﺗﺠﺎرب ﺗﻔﺮﯾﺦ وإﻧﺘﺎج ﺻﻐﺎر اﻟﺼﻔﯿﻠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺔ ﻋﻤﺎن ﺧﻠﻔﺎن م. اﻟﺮاﺷﺪي و ت. إواو اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ: أﺟﺮﯾﺖ ﺗﺠﺎرب ﺗﻔﺮﯾﺦ واﻧﺘﺎج ﺻﻐﺎر اﻟﺼﻔﯿﻠﺢ اﻟﻌﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻤﺤﻄﺔ إﻧﺘﺎج ﺻﻐﺎر اﻟﺼﻔﯿﻠﺢ ﺑﻮﻻﯾﺔ ﻣﺮﺑﺎط ﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻣﺎﺑﯿﻦ ١٩٩٩ و٢٠٠٠م. ّﺗﻮﺿﺢ ھﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻨﻀﺞ اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ، واﻟﺘﻠﻘﯿﺢ اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ، واﻹﺧﺼﺎب، وإدارة ﯾﺮﻗﺎت وﺻﻐﺎر اﻟﺼﻔﯿﻠﺢ، وﻗﺪ أﺛﺒﺘﺖ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻀﺞ اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ أن اﻷﻣﮭﺎتاﻟﻤﻜﯿّﻔﺔ اﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﯿﺎ واﻟﺘﻲُﺟﻤﻌﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮة اﻷﻣﻄﺎر اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻤﯿﺔ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ أﺳﺮع ﻧﻀﺠﺎ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﮭﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﮭﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻓﺘﺮة اﻷﻣﻄﺎر اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻤﯿﺔ، وأﻇﮭﺮت اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺑﺄن ّﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﻠﻘﯿﺢ اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺬﻛﻮر واﻹﻧﺎث ھﻮ ٦٣٪ و ١١٪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ. ﻛﻤﺎ أوﺿﺤﺖ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮات اﻟﻤﻈﮭﺮﯾﺔ واﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﯿﺮﻗﺎت اﻟﺼﻔﯿﻠﺢ، وأنّﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺒﻘﺎء ﻟﯿﺮﻗﺎت اﻟﺼﻔﯿﻠﺢ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﺗﺮاوﺣﺖ ﻣﺎ ﺑﯿﻦ ٣٥،٩٪ اﻟﻰ ٧٣،٧٪، ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺮاوحّﻣﻌﺪل ﺑﻘﺎﺋﮭﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﻣﻦ ١٪ اﻟﻰ ٣،٦٪. ﯾﺮﺟﻊ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﻓﯿﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻧﻤﻮ اﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء اﻟﺨﯿﻄﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﯿﻘﺔ واﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء اﻟﻤﺮﺟﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﻮح اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﯿﻜﯿﺔ، إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺟﻮدة وﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺪاﯾﺎﺗﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ّﺗﻌﺪ اﻟﻐﺬاء اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﯿﺮﻗﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺮة. وﺗﺸﯿﺮ دراﺳﺔ ﺗﺨﺪﯾﺮ ﺻﻐﺎر اﻟﺼﻔﯿﻠﺢ ﺑﺄن ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ٢٪ ﻣﻦّﻣﺨﺪر إﯾﺜﯿﻞ اﻟﻜﺤﻮل ﻣﻦ أﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﺪﯾﺮ ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺨﺪﯾﺮ اﻟﺼﻐﺎر ﺧﻼل ٤ دﻗﺎﺋﻖ واﺳﺘﺮداد وﻋﯿﮭﻢ ﺧﻼل ١٧ دﻗﯿﻘﺔ. ﯾﺼﻞّﻣﻌﺪل ﻃﻮل اﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻐﺎر اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺰرﻋﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ١٣ ﺷﮭﺮا ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ٥٢،٩ ﻣﻠﻢ وﺑﻮزن ١٩،٩ ﻏﺮام وﺑﺰﯾﺎدة ﺷﮭﺮﯾﺔ ّﺗﻘﺪر ب٤،١ ﻣﻠﻢ و ١،٥ ﻏﺮام، ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ. أﺛﺒﺘﺖ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ أﯾﻀﺎ ﻧﺠﺎح اﺳﺘﺰراع اﻟﺼﻔﯿﻠﺢ اﻟﻌﻤﺎﻧﻲ وأن إﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺰارع ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ أﻣﺮ ﺟﯿﺮ ﺑﺄن ﯾﺆﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر. ABSTRACT: Hatchery and seed production trials for the Omani endemic abalone Haliotis mariae were carried out at the land-based Mirbat Abalone Seed Production Station in Oman between 1999 and 2000. The methods developed for broodstock conditioning, induction of spawning and fertilization, larval settlement, and the handling of small juveniles are shown. Abalone collected in the post-monsoon period and held for 2 months matured faster than those collected before the monsoon and held for 6 months. Spawning induction of males and females had 63% and 11% success rates respectively, and the morphology of early larval stages is shown. Survival rates of veliger larvae introduced to settlement plates ranged from 35.9% to 73.7%, but the survival of post-larvae was low at 0.1% to 3.6%. The high mortality rate was attributed to invasions of filamentous green- and coralline algae on settlement plates and occurrence of low quantity of diatoms as food. Juveniles reacted best to 2% ethanol as anaesthetic, dropping off culture plates within 4 min and recovering within 17 min. Cultured abalone reached an average shell length of 52.9 mm over 13 months, which translates to an increment of 4.1 mm.mon-1. The overall conclusion of these preliminary research trials confirms that H. mariae can be cultured successfully in Oman. Further studies on the standardization of the techniques would help in stock enhancement programmes and commercial farming. Keywords: Haliotis mariae, aquaculture, seed production, larval settlement, growth, Oman Introduction subtidal rocky substrates down to 20 m depth (Bosch The abalone Haliotis mariae (locally called and Bosch, 1982; Johnson et al., 1992). In this habitat, As’sufailah) is endemic to the subtropical Arabian Sea abalone shelter among rocks and in crevices during coast of southern Oman, where it inhabits inter- and daytime and forage nocturnally. Larger individuals *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] / [email protected] 53 Al-Rashdi and Iwao Abalone, hatchery and seed production trials in Oman Figure 1. Map of Oman with important locations for abalone fisheries at Dhofar Region. occur in deeper areas than smaller animals (Anon, January, and a gradual decrease during February and 1984). March as algae become scarce (Al-Hafidh, 2006). Sea The life cycle of H. mariae is related to the urchins appear to be a competitor for food (Tripneutes southwest monsoon driven upwelling that occurs gratilla) and living space (Diadema spp.), and natural from June to August (Johnson et al., 1992), which predators on abalone include scalloped spiny lobster decreases seawater temperature and increases nutrient (Panulirus homarus), seastars (Asterias spp.), octopus concentrations (Barratt et al., 1986). During the pre- (Octopus aegina), cuttlefish (Sepia spp.) and finfishes monsoon (March-May) and monsoon period, the brown like morays (Gymnothorax spp.). and red algae on which H. mariae predominantly feed A fishery for H. mariae is concentrated around are scarce or absent (Barratt et al., 1984; Jupp, 2002). Sadah, with catches declining towards Sharbithat in In the post-monsoon months of September to February, the East and Mirbat to the West (Fig. 1). The annual abalone move into shallower waters to reproduce and production of abalone from a two-month fishing feed (Al-Hafidh, 2006). Females appear to spawn once season (Table 1) was estimated at 50 t in 2006, a year with a peak spawning during December and valued at more than US$ 8 million (MAF, 2007). 54 55 Al-Rashdi and Iwao Abalone, hatchery and seed production trials in Oman Table 1. Total catch (tons) and value (Oman Rial) data closed, opens to the Arabian Sea in an eastward in the Arabian abalone fishery, 1997-2006. (MAF, direction, and is only moderately affected by wind and 2007). adverse sea conditions during the monsoon season. It has clean and unpolluted coastal waters. Several Year Catch (t) Value (O.R) seaweed species are available in the vicinity as abalone food, and Mirbat town is close to markets and other 1997 40 2384330 existing infrastructure. 1998 32 1703784 A Land-Based (L-B) culture system with seawater 1999 29 1434116 pumped and filtered on a 24 h basis from 270 m -1 2000 44 2249273 offshore at a maximum capacity of about 120 t.h -1 2001 51 2477000 (only 20 t.h utilized) was installed. Water was filtered to 40 µm to prevent invasion of fouling organisms. 2002 50 2597000 2003 56 3101000 Broodstock collection and conditioning 2004 57 3146000 H. mariae broodstock of 60–120 mm shell length (SL) 2005 49 2649000 were collected from the wild in May (pre-monsoon) 2006 50 3171000 and September (post-monsoon) by SCUBA diving during the daytime at depths of 5–20 m. Care was taken not to damage the foot while dislodging them Economically, it has the highest yield per kg of all from the substratum. Animals were transported to the Omani fisheries products. Intense fishing by locals hatchery within 4h using a cool box containing a wet using free diving methods have led to sharp decline sponge to absorb excretory products and ice to reduce in catches, and abalone stock is presently regarded as temperature and metabolic rates. The total SL and overfished (Al-Hafidh, 2006). weight of each abalone were measured using a vernier The aquaculture of abalone on a commercial scale caliper (±0.1 mm) and electronic balance (±0.1 g). has developed rapidly in several countries including Artificial conditioning trials were carried out in the USA, Mexico, South Africa, Australia, New 1000 l capacity rectangular fiberglass tanks over 4- Zealand, Japan, China, Taiwan, Ireland and Iceland month and 6-month periods, respectively for abalone (Hahn, 1989; Gordon and Cook, 2001). Specific collected before and after the monsoon period. culture techniques need to be developed or adapted for Densities in tanks were limited to 25-60 individuals each abalone species. The geography and subtropical per tank. Inverted V-shaped Glass Reinforced Plastic climate of Oman with warm clean coastal waters lends (GRP) structures were placed at the bottom of the itself to aquaculture, and H. mariae furthermore has a tanks as shelters. The water was filtered through unique yellow foot and excellent meat texture. Given three layers of sand and then recycled at an ambient the high value of abalone products on international temperature of 26–28oC. The water was re-circulated markets and the decline of wild stocks, the aquaculture and re-filtered to allow microorganisms to eliminate of H. mariae in Oman was investigated in a series ammonia, and aeration was provided. An artificial of projects since 1994, the resources of which are photoperiod (12L:12D) was maintained with a light available in several internal- and unpublished reports intensity of approximately 150 lux at the bottom of the (Ogawa, 1994, 1997; Iwao, 2000; Al-Rashdi, 2001; tank during the daylight hours. Broodstock were fed Endo, 2005), but have not appeared in the peer- daily with green alga, Ulva fasciata, at a rate of 10% reviewed literature. This paper reviews the progress of of the total body weight. A gonad maturity stage was the abalone aquaculture trials in Oman, with emphasis defined by visual assessment as follows: stage (0) - no on the development of the culture facilities, hatchery gonadal development visible: stage (1) - immature, and handling techniques, and constrains to the culture with the level of the shell edge higher than the gonad of H. mariae. coverage: stage (2) - mature, with the level of the shell edge equal to the level of the gonad coverage: and Materials and Methods stage (3) - fully mature, with the shell edge lower than the gonad coverage (Fig. 2). The collected broodstock Study site and culture system had mostly immature gonads (stage 1) at the onset of Mirbat bay was selected as the site for the Mirbat conditioning. A maturity index was calculated as the Abalone Seed Production Station (MASPS) based average of individual gonad maturity stages in each on several criteria. The bay is characterized as semi- month.
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