DOCSLIB.ORG

On the Second Dual of the Space of Continuous Functions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
On the Second Dual of the Space of Continuous Functions ON THE SECOND DUAL OF THE SPACE OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS BY SAMUEL KAPLAN Introduction. By "the space of continuous functions" we mean the Banach space C of real continuous functions on a compact Hausdorff space X. C, its first dual, and its second dual are not only Banach spaces, but also vector lattices, and this aspect of them plays a central role in our treatment. In §§1-3, we collect the properties of vector lattices which we need in the paper. In §4 we add some properties of the first dual of C—the space of Radon measures on X—denoted by L in the present paper. In §5 we imbed C in its second dual, denoted by M, and then identify the space of all bounded real functions on X with a quotient space of M, in fact with a topological direct summand. Thus each bounded function on X represents an entire class of elements of M. The value of an element/ of M on an element p. of L is denoted as usual by/(p.)- If/lies in C then of course f(u) =p(f) (usually written J fdp), and thus the multiplication between Afand P is an extension of the multiplication between L and C. Now in integration theory, for each pEL, there is a stand- ard "extension" of ffdu to certain of the bounded functions on X (we confine ourselves to bounded functions in this paper), which are consequently called u-integrable. The question arises: how is this "extension" related to the multi- plication between M and L. §§6—8 (and §12) are devoted to this question. We show that given a bounded function / on X the equivalence class of M repre- sented by /contains two distinguished elements, which we denote by/* and /*, such that for every Radon measure p., f*(u)=f*fdp and f*(u)=f*fdp, where /* and /* are the lower and upper integrals of / with respect to p. Moreover, if/is integrable for every Radon measure, then/* and/* coincide, and we have a unique element whose value on each p, is ffdp. In §9 we study order-convergence in M. It is in this area that M offers its most striking immediate gain in clarity over consideration of only the bounded functions on X. We cite two examples. The first example: The char- acteristic functions of finite subsets of the real interval O^x^l form a directed system which order-converges to the constant function 1, while their Lebesgue integrals, being all zero, do not converge to the Lebesgue integral of 1. In M, however, this directed system order-converges to an element different from 1, and the above unsatisfactory situation disappears. In point of fact, order-convergence is perfectly well-behaved in M: if a dir- ected system order converges, its values on every Radon measure converge Presented to the Society, October 27, 1956; received by the editors July 16, 1956. 70 License or copyright restrictions may apply to redistribution; see https://www.ams.org/journal-terms-of-use THE SPACE OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS 71 to the value of the limit element. The second example: Every bounded func- tion on X is the limit under order-convergence of some directed system of continuous functions; thus, unlike sequences, general directed systems seem to be useless for distinguishing "nice" functions (e.g. Borel) from completely arbitrary ones. If we turn to M, however, the elements which are limits under order-convergence of directed systems of continuous functions are precisely the unique elements discussed at the end of the last paragraph above. In §11 we examine a natural locally convex topology on M, first con- sidered, to our knowledge, by Dieudonne [4; 5]. It is essentially the coarsest topology on M which is related to the lattice properties of M [13]. M is com- plete under this topology [4]. Our principal result is that under the topology C is dense in M. §12 makes a beginning on the detailed relationship between M and inte- gration theory as it is usually carried out on the bounded functions on X. Part of the work on this paper was done during the summer of 1955, while the author was a guest of the Mathematics Department at the Univer- sity of Chicago. 1. Ideals. We assume a knowledge of the basic definitions and elementary properties of vector lattices [l; 2]. As we have stated in the introduction, in this section and the following two sections we collect, without proofs, the standard properties of vector lattices which we will require. We will call a linear subspace / of a vector lattice £ an ideal if it satisfies the condition (1.1) a G 7, | b | = | a | implies b G I. It follows immediately that for every aGI, \a\, a+, a~ are all in /; hence that for every aGI, bGI, we have a\/bGI, a/\bGI- Thus / is itself a vector lattice. We also have (1.2) Given a collection of ideals in a vector lattice, the linear subspace gener- ated by their set-union is again an ideal. A linear subspace F of a vector lattice £ will be called closed if for every subset A of F, b= VA or b = t\A implies bGF; it will be called a-closed if the condition is satisfied for every countable subset of F. For an ideal / to be closed it is sufficient that for every subset A of /+ (the positive cone of /), b = VA implies bGI', and similarly for c-closed. We will call two elements a, b of a vector lattice £ disjoint if | a\ A | b\ =0. Given a set A in £, the set of elements of £ each disjoint from all elements of A is denoted by A'. We have (1.3) For any set A in a vector lattice E, A' is a closed ideal. (1.4) Let a vector lattice E be the direct sum of two ideals /i, /2: /i-|-/2 = £, IiC\Ii = 0. For each aGE denote the component of a in Ii by at (*=1, 2). Then: (1°) For every aGE, bGE, a^b if and only if at^bu i=l, 2; (2°) If b=VA, then bi=VAi, whereAi= {ai\aGA} (i=l,2); License or copyright restrictions may apply to redistribution; see https://www.ams.org/journal-terms-of-use 72 SAMUEL KAPLAN [September (3°) For each a^0, a,- = VWbSa b (i=l, 2); (4°) h=(Ii)',Il=(I2y. Corollary. Under the above hypotheses, for every aEE, bEE, we have (a\/b)i = ai\/bi and (aAb)i = atAbi (t=l, 2). In particular, (a+)i=(ai)+, (a-)i = (ai)~, |a|,-=|fl<|. A subset A of a vector lattice P is said to be bounded above (below) ii there exists bEE such that a^b(a^b) for everyaEA. If it is bounded above and below, it is simply called bounded. Alternatively, A is bounded if there exists 6^0 such that \a\ ^6 for every aEA. E will be called complete if for every set A bounded above, VA exists in P (and hence for every set A bounded below, AA exists in P). Given a subset A of a vector lattice P, the intersection of all ideals (closed ideals) containing A is called the ideal (closed ideal) generated by A. (1.5) (The Riesz theorem). Let E be a complete vector lattice. Then if A is any subset of E, (1°) (A')' is the closed ideal generated by A; (2°) E is the direct sum of A' and (A')'. A proof of this theorem can be found in [2, Chapter II, §1, Theoreme 1]. 2. The bounded linear functionals. Given a vector lattice P, a partial order is defined in the space of linear functionals on P as follows: For two such linear functionals 0, 0, we have 0^0 if 0(a) ^ 0(a) for all aEE+. In particular 0=^0 (the zero functional) if <p(a) ^0 for all a£P+; such a linear functional is called positive. A linear functional 0 will be called bounded if supae.4 | 0(a) | < °° for every bounded set A. Under the above partial order, the set Q(P) (or simply fi) of bounded linear functionals forms a complete vector lattice whose positive cone is the set of positive linear functionals [2, pp. 34-36]. The following two theorems give the lattice properties of fi explicitly. (2.1) Given 0Gfi, 0£fi, then for every aEE+, (0V0)(a)= sup [0(6) + 0(c)]. 4£E+, <:££+, »+c=o In particular, <b+(a) = sup 0(6) and \ <b\ (a) = sup 0(6). This last in turn gives us that for any aEE, \<p(a)\ ^ |0| (\a\). We will say a set A in a vector lattice is directed under ^ (^) if for every aEA, bEA, there exists cEA such that a^c, b^c (a^c, b^c). (2.2) Let A be a subset of fi and 0=VA. Then for every aEE+, <p(a) ^sup^gx 0(a)- If in addition A is directed under ^, then <p(a) =sup^ex 0(a). Similar statements hold for AA. License or copyright restrictions may apply to redistribution; see https://www.ams.org/journal-terms-of-use 1957] THE SPACE OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS 73 We will also need the following. (2.3) Let E be a complete vector lattice and I a closed ideal in E. Then IL and (I')x are closed ideals in ft and (I')1 = (I1)'. (IL is the set of elements in fi which have value zero on all elements of /).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Novel Dual Approach to Nonlinear Semigroups of Lipschitz Operators
    TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Volume 357, Number 1, Pages 409{424 S 0002-9947(04)03635-9 Article electronically published on August 11, 2004 A NOVEL DUAL APPROACH TO NONLINEAR SEMIGROUPS OF LIPSCHITZ OPERATORS JIGEN PENG AND ZONGBEN XU Abstract. Lipschitzian semigroup refers to a one-parameter semigroup of Lipschitz operators that is strongly continuous in the parameter. It con- tains C0-semigroup, nonlinear semigroup of contractions and uniformly k- Lipschitzian semigroup as special cases. In this paper, through developing a series of Lipschitz dual notions, we establish an analysis approach to Lips- chitzian semigroup. It is mainly proved that a (nonlinear) Lipschitzian semi- group can be isometrically embedded into a certain C0-semigroup. As ap- plication results, two representation formulas of Lipschitzian semigroup are established, and many asymptotic properties of C0-semigroup are generalized to Lipschitzian semigroup. 1. Introduction Let X and Y be Banach spaces over the same coefficient field K (= R or C), and let C ⊂ X and D ⊂ Y be their subsets. A mapping T from C into D is called Lipschitz operator if there exists a real constant M>0 such that (1.1) k Tx− Ty k≤ M k x − y k; 8x; y 2 C; where the constant M is commonly referred to as a Lipschitz constant of T . Clearly, if the mapping T is a constant (that is, there exists a vector y0 2 D such that Tx= y0 for all x 2 C), then T is a Lipschitz operator. Let Lip(C; D) denote the space of Lipschitz operators from C into D,andfor every T 2 Lip(C; D)letL(T ) denote the minimum Lipschitz constant of T , i.e., k Tx− Ty k (1.2) L(T )= sup : x;y2C;x=6 y k x − y k Then, it can be shown that the nonnegative functional L(·)isaseminormof Lip(C; D) and hence (Lip(C; D);L(·)) is a seminormed linear space.
    [Show full text]
  • Multilinear Algebra
    Appendix A Multilinear Algebra This chapter presents concepts from multilinear algebra based on the basic properties of finite dimensional vector spaces and linear maps. The primary aim of the chapter is to give a concise introduction to alternating tensors which are necessary to define differential forms on manifolds. Many of the stated definitions and propositions can be found in Lee [1], Chaps. 11, 12 and 14. Some definitions and propositions are complemented by short and simple examples. First, in Sect. A.1 dual and bidual vector spaces are discussed. Subsequently, in Sects. A.2–A.4, tensors and alternating tensors together with operations such as the tensor and wedge product are introduced. Lastly, in Sect. A.5, the concepts which are necessary to introduce the wedge product are summarized in eight steps. A.1 The Dual Space Let V be a real vector space of finite dimension dim V = n.Let(e1,...,en) be a basis of V . Then every v ∈ V can be uniquely represented as a linear combination i v = v ei , (A.1) where summation convention over repeated indices is applied. The coefficients vi ∈ R arereferredtoascomponents of the vector v. Throughout the whole chapter, only finite dimensional real vector spaces, typically denoted by V , are treated. When not stated differently, summation convention is applied. Definition A.1 (Dual Space)Thedual space of V is the set of real-valued linear functionals ∗ V := {ω : V → R : ω linear} . (A.2) The elements of the dual space V ∗ are called linear forms on V . © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 123 S.R.
    [Show full text]
  • Fact Sheet Functional Analysis
    Fact Sheet Functional Analysis Literature: Hackbusch, W.: Theorie und Numerik elliptischer Differentialgleichungen. Teubner, 1986. Knabner, P., Angermann, L.: Numerik partieller Differentialgleichungen. Springer, 2000. Triebel, H.: H¨ohere Analysis. Harri Deutsch, 1980. Dobrowolski, M.: Angewandte Funktionalanalysis, Springer, 2010. 1. Banach- and Hilbert spaces Let V be a real vector space. Normed space: A norm is a mapping k · k : V ! [0; 1), such that: kuk = 0 , u = 0; (definiteness) kαuk = jαj · kuk; α 2 R; u 2 V; (positive scalability) ku + vk ≤ kuk + kvk; u; v 2 V: (triangle inequality) The pairing (V; k · k) is called a normed space. Seminorm: In contrast to a norm there may be elements u 6= 0 such that kuk = 0. It still holds kuk = 0 if u = 0. Comparison of two norms: Two norms k · k1, k · k2 are called equivalent if there is a constant C such that: −1 C kuk1 ≤ kuk2 ≤ Ckuk1; u 2 V: If only one of these inequalities can be fulfilled, e.g. kuk2 ≤ Ckuk1; u 2 V; the norm k · k1 is called stronger than the norm k · k2. k · k2 is called weaker than k · k1. Topology: In every normed space a canonical topology can be defined. A subset U ⊂ V is called open if for every u 2 U there exists a " > 0 such that B"(u) = fv 2 V : ku − vk < "g ⊂ U: Convergence: A sequence vn converges to v w.r.t. the norm k · k if lim kvn − vk = 0: n!1 1 A sequence vn ⊂ V is called Cauchy sequence, if supfkvn − vmk : n; m ≥ kg ! 0 for k ! 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Inner Product Spaces
    CHAPTER 6 Woman teaching geometry, from a fourteenth-century edition of Euclid’s geometry book. Inner Product Spaces In making the definition of a vector space, we generalized the linear structure (addition and scalar multiplication) of R2 and R3. We ignored other important features, such as the notions of length and angle. These ideas are embedded in the concept we now investigate, inner products. Our standing assumptions are as follows: 6.1 Notation F, V F denotes R or C. V denotes a vector space over F. LEARNING OBJECTIVES FOR THIS CHAPTER Cauchy–Schwarz Inequality Gram–Schmidt Procedure linear functionals on inner product spaces calculating minimum distance to a subspace Linear Algebra Done Right, third edition, by Sheldon Axler 164 CHAPTER 6 Inner Product Spaces 6.A Inner Products and Norms Inner Products To motivate the concept of inner prod- 2 3 x1 , x 2 uct, think of vectors in R and R as x arrows with initial point at the origin. x R2 R3 H L The length of a vector in or is called the norm of x, denoted x . 2 k k Thus for x .x1; x2/ R , we have The length of this vector x is p D2 2 2 x x1 x2 . p 2 2 x1 x2 . k k D C 3 C Similarly, if x .x1; x2; x3/ R , p 2D 2 2 2 then x x1 x2 x3 . k k D C C Even though we cannot draw pictures in higher dimensions, the gener- n n alization to R is obvious: we define the norm of x .x1; : : : ; xn/ R D 2 by p 2 2 x x1 xn : k k D C C The norm is not linear on Rn.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Isoperimetric Problem for the Laplacian with Robin and Wentzell Boundary Conditions
    On the Isoperimetric Problem for the Laplacian with Robin and Wentzell Boundary Conditions James B. Kennedy A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Mathematics and Statistics March 2010 Abstract We consider the problem of minimising the eigenvalues of the Laplacian with ∂u Robin boundary conditions ∂ν + αu = 0 and generalised Wentzell boundary condi- tions ∆u+β ∂u +γu = 0 with respect to the domain Ω RN on which the problem ∂ν ⊂ is defined. For the Robin problem, when α > 0 we extend the Faber-Krahn in- equality of Daners [Math. Ann. 335 (2006), 767–785], which states that the ball minimises the first eigenvalue, to prove that the minimiser is unique amongst do- mains of class C2. The method of proof uses a functional of the level sets to estimate the first eigenvalue from below, together with a rearrangement of the ball’s eigenfunction onto the domain Ω and the usual isoperimetric inequality. We then prove that the second eigenvalue attains its minimum only on the disjoint union of two equal balls, and set the proof up so it works for the Robin p-Laplacian. For the higher eigenvalues, we show that it is in general impossible for a minimiser to exist independently of α> 0. When α< 0, we prove that every eigenvalue behaves like α2 as α , provided only that Ω is bounded with C1 − → −∞ boundary. This generalises a result of Lou and Zhu [Pacific J. Math. 214 (2004), 323–334] for the first eigenvalue. For the Wentzell problem, we (re-)prove general operator properties, including for the less-studied case β < 0, where the problem is ill-posed in some sense.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:Math/0405137V1 [Math.RT] 7 May 2004 Oino Disbecniuu Ersnain Fsc Group)
    Draft: May 4, 2004 LOCALLY ANALYTIC VECTORS IN REPRESENTATIONS OF LOCALLY p-ADIC ANALYTIC GROUPS Matthew Emerton Northwestern University Contents 0. Terminology, notation and conventions 7 1. Non-archimedean functional analysis 10 2. Non-archimedean function theory 27 3. Continuous, analytic, and locally analytic vectors 43 4. Smooth, locally finite, and locally algebraic vectors 71 5. Rings of distributions 81 6. Admissible locally analytic representations 100 7. Representationsofcertainproductgroups 124 References 135 Recent years have seen the emergence of a new branch of representation theory: the theory of representations of locally p-adic analytic groups on locally convex p-adic topological vector spaces (or “locally analytic representation theory”, for short). Examples of such representations are provided by finite dimensional alge- braic representations of p-adic reductive groups, and also by smooth representations of such groups (on p-adic vector spaces). One might call these the “classical” ex- amples of such representations. One of the main interests of the theory (from the point of view of number theory) is that it provides a setting in which one can study p-adic completions of the classical representations [6], or construct “p-adic interpolations” of them (for example, by defining locally analytic analogues of the principal series, as in [20], or by constructing representations via the cohomology of arithmetic quotients of symmetric spaces, as in [9]). Locally analytic representation theory also plays an important role in the analysis of p-adic symmetric spaces; indeed, this analysis provided the original motivation for its development. The first “non-classical” examples in the theory were found by Morita, in his analysis of the p-adic upper half-plane (the p-adic symmetric arXiv:math/0405137v1 [math.RT] 7 May 2004 space attached to GL2(Qp)) [15], and further examples were found by Schneider and Teitelbaum in their analytic investigations of the p-adic symmetric spaces of GLn(Qp) (for arbitrary n) [19].
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 6. Duality 6.1
    6.1. Examples of Dual Spaces 1 Chapter 6. Duality 6.1. Examples of Dual Spaces Note. Recall that the dual space of a normed linear space X is the space of all bounded linear functionals from X to the scalar field F, originally denoted B(X, F), but more often denoted X∗. In this section we find the duals of the `p spaces for 1 ≤ p < ∞ and Lp for 1 ≤ p < ∞. Our lack of background in Lebesgue measure and integration does not allow us to give totally rigorous proofs for some of these results. In the following result, the verb “is” means that there is a surjective isometry between the two relevant spaces. Theorem 6.1. (a) The dual of c0 (the space of all sequences which converge to 0, with the sup norm) is `1. (b) The dual of `1 is `∞. 1 1 (c) The dual of `p for 1 <p< ∞ is `q where + = 1. p q Note. Our text is a little unclear (in my opinion) on some of the details of the proof of Theorem 6.1. Therefore, we present a proof that follows the technique of Reed and Simon’s Functional Analysis (see pages 73 and 74), but use the notation of Promislow. 6.1. Examples of Dual Spaces 2 1 Proof of Theorem 6.1(a). The dual of c0 is ` . 1 (1) Let f = (f(1),f(2),...) ∈ c0 and let g = (g(1), g(2),...) ∈ ` . Then we claim ∞ the mapping φg(f)= f(k)g(k) is a bounded linear functional on c0.
    [Show full text]
  • The First Eigenvalue for the $P$-Laplacian Operator
    Journal of Inequalities in Pure and Applied Mathematics http://jipam.vu.edu.au/ Volume 6, Issue 3, Article 91, 2005 THE FIRST EIGENVALUE FOR THE p-LAPLACIAN OPERATOR IDRISSA LY LABORATOIRE DE MATHÉMATIQUES ET APPLICATIONS DE METZ ILE DU SAULCY, 57045 METZ CEDEX 01, FRANCE. [email protected] Received 12 February, 2005; accepted 17 June, 2005 Communicated by S.S. Dragomir ABSTRACT. In this paper, using the Hausdorff topology in the space of open sets under some capacity constraints on geometrical domains we prove the strong continuity with respect to the moving domain of the solutions of a p-Laplacian Dirichlet problem. We are also interested in the minimization of the first eigenvalue of the p-Laplacian with Dirichlet boundary conditions among open sets and quasi open sets of given measure. Key words and phrases: p-Laplacian, Nonlinear eigenvalue problems, Shape optimization. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. 35J70, 35P30, 35R35. 1. INTRODUCTION Let Ω be an open subset of a fixed ball D in RN ,N ≥ 2 and 1 < p < +∞. Consider the 1,p ∞ Sobolev space W0 (Ω) which is the closure of C functions compactly supported in Ω for the norm Z Z p p p ||u||1,p = |u(x)| dx + |∇u(x)| dx. Ω Ω The p-Laplacian is the operator defined by 1,p −1,q ∆p : W0 (Ω) −→ W (Ω) p−2 u 7−→ ∆pu = div(|∇u| ∇u), −1,q 1,p 1 1 where W (Ω) is the dual space of W0 (Ω) and we have 1 < p, q < ∞, p + q = 1. We are interested in the nonlinear eigenvalue problem ( p−2 −∆pu − λ|u| u = 0 in Ω, (1.1) u = 0 on ∂Ω.
    [Show full text]
  • Existence, Uniqueness, Optimization and Stability for Low Eigenvalues of Some Nonlinear Operators
    UNIVERSITA` DEGLI STUDI DI TRENTO Dipartimento di Matematica DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN MATEMATICA XXV CICLO A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Giovanni Franzina Existence, Uniqueness, Optimization and Stability for low Eigenvalues of some Nonlinear Operators Supervisor: Prof. Peter Lindqvist Existence, uniqueness, optimization and stability for low eigenvalues of some nonlinear operators Ph.D. Thesis Giovanni Franzina November 12th, 2012 Members of the jury: Lorenzo Brasco – Universit´eAix-Marseille Filippo Gazzola – Politecnico di Milano Peter Lindqvist – Norwegian Institute of Technology Francesco Serra Cassano – Universit`adi Trento Creative Commons License Attribution 2.5 Generic (CC BY 2.5x) Contents Introduction v Chapter 1. Basic preliminaries on nonlinear eigenvalues 1 1. Differentiable functions 1 2. Constrained critical levels and eigenvalues 4 3. Existence of eigenvalues: minimization and global analysis 6 4. Existence of eigenvalues for variational integrals 19 Chapter 2. Classical elliptic regularity for eigenfunctions 25 1. L∞ bounds 25 2. H¨older continuity of eigenfunctions 30 Chapter 3. Hidden convexity for eigenfunctions and applications 35 1. Hidden convexity Lemma 35 2. Uniqueness of positive eigenfunctions 39 3. Uniqueness of ground states 43 4. Uniqueness of positive fractional eigenfunctions 45 Chapter 4. Spectral gap 49 1. A Mountain Pass lemma 49 2. Low variational eigenvalues on disconnected domains 54 3. The Spectral gap theorem 56 Chapter 5. Optimization of low Dirichlet p-eigenvalues 61 1. Faber-Krahn inequality 63 2. The Hong-Krahn-Szego inequality 65 3. The stability issue 66 4. Extremal cases: p = 1 and p = 70 5. Sharpness of the estimates: examples∞ and open problems 73 Chapter 6.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dual Space
    October 3, 2014 III. THE DUAL SPACE BASED ON NOTES BY RODICA D. COSTIN Contents 1. The dual of a vector space 1 1.1. Linear functionals 1 1.2. The dual space 2 1.3. Dual basis 3 1.4. Linear functionals as covectors; change of basis 4 1.5. Functionals and hyperplanes 5 1.6. Application: Spline interpolation of sampled data (Based on Prof. Gerlach's notes) 5 1.7. The bidual 8 1.8. Orthogonality 8 1.9. The transpose 9 1.10. Eigenvalues of the transpose 11 1. The dual of a vector space 1.1. Linear functionals. Let V be a vector space over the scalar field F = R or C. Recall that linear functionals are particular cases of linear transformation, namely those whose values are in the scalar field (which is a one dimensional vector space): Definition 1. A linear functional on V is a linear transformation with scalar values: φ : V ! F . A simple example is the first component functional: φ(x) = x1. We denote φ(x) ≡ (φ; x). Example in finite dimensions. If M is a row matrix, M = [a1; : : : ; an] n where aj 2 F , then φ : F ! F defined by matrix multiplication, φ(x) = Mx, is a linear functional on F n. These are, essentially, all the linear func- tionals on a finite dimensional vector space. Indeed, the matrix associated to a linear functional φ : V ! F in a basis BV = fv1;:::; vng of V , and the (standard) basis f1g of F is the row vector (1) [φ1; : : : ; φn]; where φj = (φ; vj) 1 2 BASED ON NOTES BY RODICA D.
    [Show full text]
  • 54 (2002), 111-115 on the THREE-SPACE-PROBLEM for Df
    MATEMATHQKHBECHHK UDK 517.982.2 54 (2002), 111-115 oprrr-anaznra HaY'-IHVl pazr research paper ON THE THREE-SPACE-PROBLEM FOR dF SPACES AND THEIR DUALS Zoran Kadelburg and Stojan Radonovic Abstract. It is shown that dF spaces of K. Brauner behave more regularly than DF spaces in connection with the three-space-problem. In particular, this problem has a positive answer in the class of Frechet spaces for the property of being the strong dual of a barrelled dF space. Thus, a partial positive answer to a question of D. Vogt is obtained. 1. Introduction K. Brauner introduced in [4] the class of dF spaces which have some similar properties as more familiar DF spaces of A. Grothendieck, but are also significantly different. Thus, for example, this class is stable under passing to an arbitrary closed subspace, which is not the case for DF spaces. Also, each Frechet space is the strong dual of a dF space, which is not true for DF spaces. In this paper we shall prove some more properties of dF spaces, particularly those connected with the three­ space-problem for dF and dual spaces. A Frechet space is usually called a dual space if it is the strong dual of a barrelled DF space. D. Vogt posed the question in [18] whether the property of being a dual space is three-space-stable, i.e., whether if in a short exact sequence (1) of Frechet spaces, F and G are dual spaces, the same must be true for E. It was proved in [6; Examples 1 and 2] that the answer is negative; it is negative also in the class of Banach spaces [5].
    [Show full text]
  • Dual Space of a Quaternion Hilbert Space
    FACTA UNIVERSITATIS (NIS)ˇ Ser. Math. Inform. 14 (1999), 71–77 DUAL SPACE OF A QUATERNION HILBERT SPACE Aleksandar Torgaˇsev Abstract. In this paper we prove some facts known from the real and complex Hilbert spaces, for the left quaternion Hilbert spaces (called Wachs spaces). Among other things we prove that everyWachs space is reflexive. Difficulties arising in proofs are due to the noncommutativityof the ring of quaternions Q. Several constructions have no analogywith the commutative case, and are specific for quaternions. Let Q = {α = a + bi + cj + dk | a, b, c, d ∈ R} be the noncommutative division ring of real√ quaternions. α = a−bi−cj−dk will denote the conjugate of α and |α| = a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 the absolute value of α. R = {α|b = c = d =0} can be identified with the real field and C = {α|c = d =0} with the complex field. If α = a + bi + cj + dk ∈ Q, then a =Re(α) is called the real part of α. Every quaternion α satisfies the identity α =Re(α)+i Re(−iα)+j Re(−jα)+k Re(−kα). Next, let H be an arbitrary left quaternion Hilbert space, which is some- times called a left Wachs space. The quaternion scalar product (x, y) → x, y has all usual properties of a complex scalar product, but in view of the noncommutativity of the ring Q,itholdsx, αy = x, yα for arbitrary vectors x, y ∈ H and α ∈ Q. So far, quaternion Hilbert and Banach spaces have been considered several times in the literature. See, for instance [1], [4], [5], [6], [7], and the other papers quoted in [1 ; Ch.13].
    [Show full text]