The Annals of Valahia University of Târgovişte, Geographical Series, Tome 11 / 2011 ______

ROMANIAN PERMANENCY AND CONTINUITY IN THE DEPRESSION TÂRGU SECUIESC

Claudia CĂPĂŢÎNĂ1

1National Institute of Statistics

Abstract: The establishment of the adequate framework for the living and the solidity of the human settlements in the Depression Târgu Secuiesc, according to historical realities and with the various writings of the times, proving the ancient, permanency and continuity of the in this area have concerned over time the Romanians and the in the same time. Compelling testimonies highlighted by numerous archaeological discoveries are dating from the Paleolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron and Feudalism, showing continuous occupation of this territory since ancient times and the absence of a population vacuum, even temporarily, at the coming migrants Hungarian, Szeklers (Székely) or other migratory. The Romanism aspect of the area is and was subject to controversy created especially by the Roesler's theory that the vacuum ethnic to the coming of Hungarians, theory "removed" not only by Romanian, but also by the representatives of the ethnic groups inhabiting, even by Hungarian ethnicity.

Keywords: ancient, permanency, continuity, archaeological discoveries, autochthonous

1. Location and limits of the Depression Secuiesc Through the politico-administrative perspective, the Depression Târgu Secuiesc is part of County, occupying the north-eastern marginal part of , being crossed by the Râul Negru (Black River) and its tributaries and surrounded on three sides by mountains. It presents a significant height, in the north part having 600 m, 530-550 m in the southern part, being stretched from north to south on about 35 km and from east to west on about 15-20 km.

Fig. 1 The position of the Depression Târgu Secuiesc in the Covasna County - administrative map

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From geographically point of view, the Depression Târgu Secuiesc, known from ancient as the Depression Breţcu or the Depression Black River, is individuality in the Depression Braşov, and represents the eastern section of the Depression Braşov. It is limited in the north-west and north part by Nemira Mountains and Bodoc Mountains, in the south and south-east part by Întorsurii Mountains and Breţcului Mountains and in the south-west by the piedmont corridor, which delimits the Depression Târgu Secuiesc by the Depression Sfântu Gheorghe. Between these limits, the depression occupies an area of 600 square kilometers or 640 square kilometers according to some authors, having the largest extension within the Depression Braşov, being dominated by the Brateş plains and and by the fields of lacustrine terraces from the right of Râul Negru, from Lunga to Moacşa (Székely, Zs., 1997, p. 12).

Fig. 2 The position of the Depression Târgu Secuiesc within the Depression Braşov (Source: Google Earth)

Currently, the Târgu Secuiesc Depression consists of a number of two cities: Târgu Secuiesc (with component locality Lunga) and Covasna (with component locality Chiuruş) and nineteen Commons: Boroşneu Mare (with villages: Boroşneu Mare, Boroşneu Mic, Dobolii de Sus, Leţ, Ţufalău and Valea Mică), Brateş (with localities: Brateş, Pachia, Telechia), Breţcu (with villages: Breţcu, Mărtănuş and Oituz), Catalina (with villages: Catalina, Hătuica, Imeni, Mărcuşa, Mărtineni), Cernat (with villages: Cernat, Albiş and Icafalău), Ghelinţa (with villages: Ghelinţa and Harale), with homonymous village, Mereni (with Mereni and Lutoasa), with homonymous village, Moacşa (with villages Moacşa and Pădureni), (with localities Ojdula and Hilib), (with localities Poian and Belani), Estelnic (with localities Estelnic, Cărpinenii and Valea Scurtă), Reci (with villages Reci, Aninoasa, Bita and Saciova), Sânzieni (with villages Sânzieni, Caşinul Mic, Petriceni şi Valea Seacă), Turia (with villages Turia and Alungeni), Valea Mare with the homonymous locality, Zăbala (with villages Zăbala, Peteni, Surcea, Tamaşfalău) and (with villages: Zagon and Păpăuţi).

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Fig. 3 The Depression Târgu Secuiesc – satellitaire image

2. Documents certifying the organic unity of the Romanian ethnic bloc "Since antiquity, geographers and historians have noticed that locals (Carpathian autochthonous) are related to the land of their country as the tree roots into the earth (montibus inhaerent Daci)" (Mehedinț i, S., 1943, p. 17), as the Roman scholar Annaeus Florus said. The organic unity of the Romanians in the Carpathian-Danubian-Pontic area was the subject of dispute and tinting, over time. Proof of uninterrupted continuity of the Romanians in these lands are the writings of the times, of which highlight some of the most significant. Abraham Ortelius was the one who, in Atlas "Theatrum Orbis Terrarum" made in sec. XVI, has developed a unique work as value because it brings together maps published until then isolated and known by the author, in a unitary form, text and graphics. The Atlas consists of 58 sheets with numerous maps, which encompass the entire territory of or components from its fundamental parts. It can be found here also the map namely Dacia prepared by Claudiu Ptolemeu. Ptolemeu (100 -170 AD) is the first scholar who devotes a map for Dacia unit, attesting mapping, through details, the complexity of the Carpathian area fundamentals, Danubian and Pontic, the political unity and territorial of the state (Cucu, V., S., p 115). In the work "Geography" of Ptolemeu (90-168 AD), the largest ancient cartographer of the Carpathian-Danubian area, is presented mapping the situation in the second century AD in this space, being played about 60 localities, most of them by Daco-Getae origin, but also the localities with purely Roman names like: Praetoria Augusta (in the central ) and Angustia (in the eastern Transylvania). In the Middle Ages, Ptolemeu's maps were circulated in manuscript, with the text of "Geography", by sec. XIV; they were published for the first time in Atlas in the Renaissance time, the late century XV (Şoneriu, I., 1984, p 242- 243).

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Pârvan, V., 1972, p. 226 states that in Breţcu, the camp, located at the entrance in the Oituz step in Transylvania, is identical with Angustia of Ptolemeu, the meaning of "strait" of the name of this town just referring to that step. In the atlas of Ortelius is also the map drawn by the cartographer of Venice, the Austrian army general, Jacobo Castaldo, "Romaniae que olim Thracia dicta", made in 1584. This map is a genuine historical-geographical document of the unit of land and the Romanian people, reaffirming its position in the Carpathians, the Danubian and Pontic space. The originality is arising from the author preoccupation to depict the Vlachs in Transylvania alongside the Vlachs of and the Wallachia. This is the first time in the cartography of times when the Transylvania is recorded as Wallachia, respectively Interior Wallachia that inside. It recognizes on the well-established grounds, the idea of common origin of all Romanians, the idea of national unity. Specifying the position of "interior", Castaldo highlights the geographically aspects in which was the old Romanian province - Transylvania, intra-Carpathians position, ie inside of Carpathians (Cucu, V., S., p. 116-117). The last important ancient cartographic document containing information on our lands is map-route "Tabula Peutingeriana" of Roman origin, probably dating back centuries III-IV and known as a copy made in sec. XII (the name comes from Konrad Peutinger which in 1507 received it in possession by will). The map, drawn on 12 sheets of parchment, contains the known world by the Romans (from the British Isles in the west to the Ganges delta in the east) representing, essentially, the Roman road network, together with their localities and with the indication of the respective distances, this content corresponding to the military and administrative requirements of the Romanian state; of less interest are indications of physical-geographical elements, played very briefly and distorted, with the contours compressed more on latitude (Şoneriu, I., 1984, p. 243). Augustino Gerando in his work La Transylvanie et ses habitants also specifies that "the Romanians are sons of the defeated Dacians and of the settlers brought by Traian". In 1778, Josephus Benkö considered "Vlachs descended from Romans, meaning of colonies that the Traian and the other emperors have brought in Dacia. Today, they have reached in a state of servitude to the nobles in Transylvania; although many centuries have passed in the middle, they not completely left no language, no ancestral customs" (Coja, I., 1990, p. 25). The cartography of periods of feudalism has shown frequent the name as "Vlach" for all Romanian lands, registration that is found also in documents of history of general culture. It is a natural recognition of a unit, of a homogeneous ethnic structure, in the area polarized of the Carpathians. Sitting on the edge of continental Europe we located "in the way of evils", in the way of the Eurasian steppes’ nomads, who created here crossing, transit corridors to the Central Europe and West. Simon de Kéza Chronicle - Gesta Hungarorum – the source of all Hungarian chronicles later, reminds by the Romanians of Transylvania Mountains who lived with Szeklers - descendants of the Huns (Milton, Transylvania, the Romanian land, p. 108). Simon de Kéza, a priest at the court of Ladislau IV, states that Szeklers would be descendants of the Huns, the rectum of the 3000 Huns who followed in Scythia on Csaba, Attila's son. These 3,000 Huns would be expected somewhere in the Carpathian Mountains for six centuries, the arrival of blood relatives, Hungarians, helping them to conquer Pannonia. "After the conquest of Pannonia, the Szeklers received a part of the country, not in the Pannonia plain, but have experienced the same fate, neighbors in mountains with blahii, which were mixed and from who is said to have borrowed the alphabet".The first historical document proving the existence of Hungarians is writing "De administrando imperio" by

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Constantin Porfirogenetul Emperor. In this document, the Hungarians are mentioned as the Turks and the war fought by the Manuel Comnenul Emperor against the Hungarians in 1161, is narrated by Byzantine chroniclers as a war against the Huns. Nestor's Chronicle, Russian chronicler (century XII), recalling the Hungarian conquest of European territories, states that, to conquer, Hungarians had to fight with Romanians, whom he called Volochi, and with Slavs (volohov i Slavian), who lived there (Milton, Transylvania, Romanian territory, p.108). The Anonymous chronicler of King Bela IV (Anonymus Belae regis notar) reminds in his chronicle, the oldest written chronicle of Hungarians in Latin and most important of the century XIII (Iozsef Fitz), that at the arrival of the Hungarians in Transylvania, there were blaşii and Slavs, who were organized into duchies (Latin name of voivodships). To conquer them, Hungarians fought battles with the three voivodships that are described in detail, and when gives priority to Blasi, takes into account the permanence, continuity, and especially the Blasi predominance. In 1256, King Bella IV gives the Archbishop of Gran, the right to charge a tenth of royal revenue from Szeklers and Romanians, but not from the Saxons, and anything from the Romanians (Dumitrescu, T., 1996, p. 205). In the document issued by Bella IV since 1259, states that Joachim, committees of Sibiu, with an army of Saxons, Vlachs, Szeklers and Pechenegs, waged war against Ascenus Burul - Borilă Asan - from Vidin (Dumitrescu , T., 1996, p. 205).

Fig. 4 The statue of Anonymous notary - Budapest

Anonymous brought very clear evidence to support precedence and continuity of the Romanians and Slavs against Hungarians, both in the provinces where these Romanians and Slavs were in majority and in (Pannonia Plain). Hence, the exacerbation of the

145 The Annals of Valahia University of Târgovişte, Geographical Series, Tome 11 / 2011 ______rejection reaction of the Anonymous work, reaction which peaked through Robert Roesler in 1871 (Pop, I., A., 1996, p. 70). The Hungarians mind in that time desired only to occupy the lands for itself and to use the warrior work. The Hungarians, at that time, enjoyed the human blood like the leech and if they had not done so, they would have not left behind their so many good lands (Tonciulescu, P., L., Chronicle Anonymous notary - Hungarian Acts (translation from the original photocopy of Vienna), 1996, p. 30). In fact, Saint Stephen has always supported the idea that "The country of one language and one character is weak and shaky." Hence result the Hungarian "lust" to conquer and rule over other territories and other migratory. Grigore Ureche (Chronicle of Moldavia by Aron Vodă 1359-1515, compiled after Grigore Ureche magistrate, Istrate Logofătul and others, by Simion Dascălul, 1916, p.118) in 1650 said: "In the Ardeal (Transylvania) does not live only many Hungarians and Saxons, and Romanians everywhere, so the country is more widened with Romanians than Hungarians. In Pannonia, only Hungarians live, and if there are Romanians also, they still hold the Hungarian law." Also, Nicolae Iorga concluded: "That we have been here before Szeklers and at the same time that we were more numerous than they can be seen from what we have borrowed them. They had received too much from the Romanians in all to can characterize an ethnic unity and too little we from them that may believe that Szeklers were before the Romanians in the East Transylvanian and everywhere in Transylvania ". In response to certain assumptions, Sextil Puşcariu (Romanian language, vol I, 1940, p. 325) stated: "In chronics, the events were noted, not uniform flow of time, invasions of the new people, not the permanency of the indigenous peoples, wars, not peaceful life, the organizations of new states, not the lack of organization of the conquered people. The first news about Romanians appears only when they begin to move, when they revolt, and taking part in warlike expeditions or they have some relations with some historical figures." The Spanish writer Jesús Pardo, in his book "Conversations with Transylvania", subtitled "Travel over fifteen centuries", written during 1968-1987, says: "The conclusion that my studies have led me is that always Latins- existed in Transylvania: the number, organization and their refuge may be questionable, but not in my opinion, their continued presence there. In any case, that of Hungary in Transylvania was an undoubtedly colonial when was stripped of victories powers in 1918 "(Pop, G., P., 2000, p. 23). Saxon scholar E. A. Bielz, in his "Handbuch der LandesKunde Siebenbürgens", said the following: "we consider the Romanians not only most numerous, but the oldest today inhabitants of Transylvania and that concerning the alleged immigration cannot be real with no historical evidence." Martin Hochmeister said: "The Getae descendants live today also and live there where their parents lived, speak the language in which their parents spoke". And Ubicinii Abdolonyne in his work "Les Origines de L'histoire roumaine" concludes: "The truth is that the left of Dacia under Aurelian had no character of generality that Roesler assigned to it." Also, Augustino Gerando, in "La Transylvanie et ses habitants," says: "Romanians are sons of defeated Dacians and of the settlers brought by Trajan ... If Dacia is the result of conquest, Romanians in turn, are the oldest inhabitants, who like to find elsewhere the memories of their ancestors. Despite all historic adversities and migratory peoples that crossed the Romanians country, the people that Aurelian did not take with him, permanent resisted. Romanians had their national leaders when they were subjugated by Hungarians or Magyars, who led by Arpad already conquered Pannonia”.

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3. History and continuity Physical-geographical conditions favored human existence in this region since ancient times, as attested by the discovery of many remains from the Neolithic Age. Written sources and archaeological discoveries have helped to prove our existence and continuity in this region. The Eastern Carpathians were of old, the bridge between Transylvania and Moldova. Any of the events or phenomena that occurred on one side of slopes had resonance and correspondent on the other side. This area of the Eastern Carpathians bend has been inhabited since ancient times and provided a favorable environment - food and shelter - for the development of most of the known civilizations in the country territory. In the Depression Târgu Secuiesc are mentioned archaeological discoveries attributed to the Paleolithic and early Neolithic settlements have been investigated, settlements in the Bronze Age and subsequent periods. The important Palaeolithic traces and Epipaleolithic, falling chronologically around 23,400 BC, have been referred to the Leț . The Early Neolithic (after the year 6000 BC) is represented by the discoveries of the Leț , Turia and Cernat. From the Middle Neolithic are recorded discoveries at Turia. The Late Neolithic phase is represented by the discoveries at Cernat, Covasna, Reci, Turia (Boian culture), while Precucuteni culture relics are found in Turia and Moacşa. The Ariuşd culture settlements, contemporary and influenced by Cucuteni culture carriers are located on high places and headlands (Cernat, Leț , Moacşa, Sânzieni, Reci). For the second half of the fourth millennium, the discoveries of the Reci, Turia, Ojdula, Poian, Pădureni, Covasna, Sânzieni falling in Tisza-Polgar cultural area, are another evidence of the level of housing here. For the Bronze Age (about 2500-1200 BC), this evidence is more consistent, as represented by discoveries from Turia, Reci, Zăbala, Sânzieni, Moacşa, Peteni, Poian, Albiş, Valea Seacă, Valea Scurtă. The violent events that marked the end of the Bronze Age (invasion of the "sea people") have decisively influenced the historical development throughout the Eurasian space. Now the formation and evolution of ancient peoples are shaped, including the Thracians certified in northern Carpathians to the south of the Balkans will have an important role in the geopolitical equation of the area. Since the early Iron Age (XII century BC), Dacian civilization is documented until the Roman conquest, through the discoveries from Caşinu Nou, Boroşneu Mic, Covasna, Cernat, Peteni, Reci, Târgu Secuiesc, Turia , Zagon, Ţufalău, Boroşneu Mare, Oituz, Catalina, Mărtineni, Moacşa, Hilib, Surcea, Turia, Valea Seacă, Pădureni, Poian, Ghelinţa. Organization of the Dacia province by the Romans (the year 106 AD) modified and spurred the development of local society. Through the discoveries from Breţcu and Boroşneu Mare can capture the phenomenon of Romanization of the Dacians, while lifting the Roman camp from Breţcu - Angustia, expresses the importance which the Roman authorities gave to the circulation, safety and protection of the main ways of communication in the Eastern Carpathians, through the step Oituz. In the Postroman Age (fourth century), with the majority Daco-Romans, the Carps and Goths settled, historical realities proven by the hoard at Cernat and through the objects identified in Reci. Other relics from the same period come from Cernatu de Sus, Dalnic, Pădureni, Turia. The Romanians Ethnogenesis has long been a subject of national debate and international, the experts stating their opinion about the centuries-old phenomenon that led to

147 The Annals of Valahia University of Târgovişte, Geographical Series, Tome 11 / 2011 ______the birth of the Romanian people, the sole representative of Latinity in Eastern Europe. In this historical process occurred around year 1000, "popular Romanic - Romanii" premedieval, local political parties; the existence of "countries" principalities and voivodships, European and Asian migrants, alien colonization of the West and the formation of independent feudal states, are realities observed and documented in the contemporary historical literature and subsequent related events. Archaeological discoveries and the interdisciplinary researches identifies for this period, the elements of continuity which are the core of the formation and sustainability of the Romanian people in the Carpathian-Danubian and sustainability of the Romanian people in the Carpathian-Danubian and the more prominent in the Depression Târgu Secuiesc, with a high density of Daco-Roman settlements and old Romanian settlements (Albiş, Breţcu, Cernat, Covasna, Moacşa, Poian, Peteni, Petriceni, Reci, Târgu Secuiesc, Zăbala). The Romanian people has created the own socio-political "countries", kniezates, voivodships on the valleys of rivers, and in the natural depressions. There were actually unions of village communities in which peasants were free and they owned the house in the center of the village with a family right to use plot and property of common use (pastures, forests, waters). There is a parallelism between the formation process of the Romanian people and other neo-Latin nations. All are based on a strong substrate: Gauls, Celtic-beer (celti-beri) and Basques for Spanish and Portuguese, Gallo-Celtic for French, Daco-Getae for Romanians. In all cases, the elements that led to the Latin peoples’ creation were the Romans, the Latin language and their culture. Also, intervened the factor represented by the migratory ethnics, which were settled in the territory of creation of neo-Latin peoples. The Slavic population of the second wave of migration (VII-IX century), situated in the Carpathian-Danubian area had lived with Romanians, influencing their social and political organization, but ending up being assimilated by Romanians. On the other hand, it was found that here the Christianity of Latin expression was spread organically, naturally, within the Romanized indigenous population. The examples are numerous. The Christianity spread throughout the Carpathian- Danubian area; the paleo-Christian inscriptions (IV-VII century) were reported in our area at Poian and Târgu Secuiesc. Patterns to achieve the crosses and oil lamps with Christian symbols (V-VII century) were found at Poian. In the Middle Ages (VIII-XIII century), in the south-eastern Transylvania one of the groups of settlements is on the left bank of the , extending on the valley Breţcu. From this period (IX-XI century), the number of deposits with charred grain increased significantly, among which are those mentioned to Cernat, Poian, and Oituz being certified agricultural occupations that were practiced by the people who already were Christians at this time and who could be only Romanians. At Peteni and Zăbala were fully dug two cemeteries including elements of sedentarization and Christianization of the Hungarians (XI-XII century), in which the inventory is not unitary ethnic, including many Romanian Christian remains, a situation explained by the fact that Romanians were Christians much earlier. Such early feudal Romanian settlements were found in Turia, Cernat, Poian, Reci. Simon de Keza chronicler, in his chronicle written in 1282-1283, said that Szeklers were placed between Romanians, in the "mountains on the outskirts of the country," observation on coming back Cronicom Pictum Vindobonense (XIV century). Transylvania whether was principality and voivodship included in the Hungarian Empire, abolished by the Turks at Mohacs in 1526, or as autonomous voivodship, as were the other Romanian “countries”, or as a big principality in the Austrian Empire, remained one of the symbols of Romanianism.

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Fig. 5 The Iosefin Map of Transylvania, 1769-1773 – p. 271 (localities: Aninoasa, Boroşneu Mare, Ţufalău, Pachia, Covasna, Chiuruş, Boroşneu Mic, Saciova, Dobolii de Sus, Păpăuţi, Zagon)

In south-eastern Transylvania, more than elsewhere, interculturality proved to be an alternative which allowed to the Romanians to coexist with Szeklers, Hungarians, Gypsies, with the Orthodox, Catholics, Reformed, exceeding the moments of tension, caused over time by the policy makers interested. The effects of allogeneic infiltration (of the Hungarians) consisted, on the one hand, in a policy of oppression of the Romanian population in the area, and on the other hand, the intensification of emigration process of the native population in the Romanian provinces untouched by allogeneic claims. In the Age of occurrence industries, Muntenia (Wallachia) was offered as a second "country" more generous to the poor, while in the Middle Ages was greater exodus to Moldova. Desire for freedom has led many of the Romanians, whether they were pastors or simply knowing the harsh realities, not renounce to the faith and Romanian feelings and choose the way of emigration than the loss of language and ancestral faith due to the politico- religious constraints imposed by the allogeneic element.

4. Conclusions In conclusion, we can say that the permanent existence of Romanian native element in the Depression Târgu Secuiesc’ space cannot be questioned, although some still believe in the Roessler’s theory. Historical documents attest to this fact, exposed by many other professionals not just of Romanian origin, plus archaeological discoveries in the area that actually authenticate historical reality. Our great historian and archaeologist, C. Daicoviciu, concluded: "What could be more alien to historical thinking than denying the life of a nation under a new dominion, what could be more absurd for the objective historical than the theory on total uprooting of a strong people, deeply embedded ancestral; what could be devoid of

149 The Annals of Valahia University of Târgovişte, Geographical Series, Tome 11 / 2011 ______understanding than the artificial creation of goals of life and people on a blessed land as that of our country?”

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