Tykistön Ja Kranaatinheittimistön 2010-Luvun Ampumatarvikkeet Ja Niiden Mahdollisuudet Tulenkäytön Kehittämiselle

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Tykistön Ja Kranaatinheittimistön 2010-Luvun Ampumatarvikkeet Ja Niiden Mahdollisuudet Tulenkäytön Kehittämiselle TYKISTÖN JA KRANAATINHEITTIMISTÖN 2010-LUVUN AMPUMATARVIKKEET JA NIIDEN MAHDOLLISUUDET TULENKÄYTÖN KEHITTÄMISELLE ILKKA IKONEN Kirjaoittaja on kapteeni ja DI ja opiskelee yleisesiupseerikurssilla ABSTRACT In this article we look briefly at the evolution with a large variety of fuzes. In the beginning and revolution of munitions development the fuzes were mainly percussions fuzes even between 20th and 21st centuries by though some of them had delay action. The introducing state of the art munitions for next evolutional step was the use of airburst guns and mortars. More interesting part fuzes. The technology behind airbursts of article demonstrates, with the help traces back to powder train. Clockwork of simulations, how new munitions can mechanisms appeared at the beginning of change the way how we use fire support the 20th Century and electronic time fuzes tactics and techniques. With the help of appeared in the 1980s. The latest evolution the simulation article merges technical of airburst fuzes has been radar fuze which progress and tactics and also attempts to came into service mainly in the 1990s. The close gap between the technical and tactical state of the art fuzes in the 2010s are thinking models. Too often soldiers are course correcting fuzes (CCF), which fit afraid of the technical and maybe the more standard HE projectiles. theory based world and at the same time All in all, the development of fuzes has the technical experts are afraid of taking been mainly evolutional. However, the 1980s steps to the practical world where the revolutionized the artillery and mortar soldiers mostly operate. From history we ammunition development. The process of can learn what this kind on disintegration in ammunition development was practically fields of study has caused. In the American reinvented. These new munitions developed Civil War infantry tactics did not change then offer sensor and course correcting even when the firepower of weapons was abilities. An early example was the United superior against massive infantry attacks. In States ‘Seek and Destroy Armour’ (SA- the beginning of World War I mortars were DARM) in the 1980s. Subsequent Europe- seen in some countries more as toys than a an developments, such as the BONUS and vital tool in new combat tactics. SMArt 155, are 155 mm calibre and include Overall since the 1700s until today, advanced electronics. Russia has also been technological development speed has been working in this field since 1980s with laser increasing all the time. This can be seen in guided munitions for guns and mortars. all areas of human life. The development of Furthermore, in the article’s main section weaponry and munitions is no exception to is a description of comparison of the this trend. Traditional ammunition for guns effectiveness of conventional HE projectiles has been a HE (High-explosive) projectile with HE projectiles with course correcting 249 fuzes attained with the help of a simple TIIVISTELMÄ simulation program. The target is an infantry platoon with three MICVs (mechanized Artikkeli jakaantuu kahteen osaan. Ensim- infantry combat vehicle) marching on the mäisessä osassa käsitellään tykistön ja kra- road and it is ambushed by the defending naatinheittimistön ampumatarvikkeiden ke- troops. The infantry targets are considered hittymistä 1800-luvun lopulta aina nykypäi- to be soft, so the HE projectiles are effective vään asti. Painopiste käsittelyssä on nykyai- against them. The MICVs are considered kaisissa erikoisampumatarvikkeissa. Artik- semihard targets and they need to score kelin toisessa osassa verrataan tykistön ja a top or close impact hit (3 m radius with kranaatinheittimistön tuliyksiköiden tulen- artillery and direct hit with mortar) to tehon eroa perinteinen sirpalekranaatti vs. create some armor penetrating shrapnel lentorataa korjaava erikoisammus. Tykistöl- pieces. According to the simulation 15 lä tuliyksikköinä simulaatiossa on patteristo, mortar projectiles with course correction patteri, tulijaos ja yksittäinen tykki (18,6,3 ja fuzes cause the same amount of casualties 1 tykkiä). Kranaatinheittimistöllä komppania, as 45 standard HEs. In some cases even 5 joukkue ja yksittäinen heitin (9,3 ja 1 kra- mortar projectiles with course correction naatinheitintä). Tulentehoa simuloidaan vihol- fuzes are enough for the desired end state lisen moottoroitua jalkaväkijoukkuetta vas- and casualties. In the case of artillery 15 taan. Joukkue on varustettu kolmella ryn- projectiles with coursecorrection fuzes näkkövaunulla ja jalkaväen vahvuus on 24 cause the same number of casualties as 30 miestä. standard HEs. The results show that by using Simulaatioiden perusteella kranaatinheit- course correcting fuzes we can rethink timistön 15 lentorataa korjaavaa erikoisam- what the size of a firing unit should be and musta tuottaa saman tulentehon kuin 45 how much projectiles should be used in sirpalekranaattia. Joissakin simuloiduissa ta- each fire mission. Also using smaller firing pauksissa jopa viisi kranaatinheittimistön units gives more flexibility in the planning erikoisammusta pystyy aiheuttamaan vihol- and execution of missions. An even bigger lisen moottoroidulle jalkaväkijoukkueelle advantage is the possibility to better cover lamauttavat tappiot. Tykistön simulaatiois- entire brigade area of responsibility with sa 15 lentorataa korjaavaa erikoisammusta fire support in a situation where these areas tuotti saman tulentehon kuin 30 sirpalekra- are growing but the number of fire support naattia. Simulaatioiden tulokset osoittivat, units is decreasing. Using larger grouping että käytettäessä lentorataa korjaavia eri- areas also provides better cover against koisammuksia voidaan ammuttavaa ampu- enemy reconnaissance and intelligence. matarvikemäärää pienentää. The results of the simulations gave Simulaation tulokset antavat ideoita ideas to rethink the use of fire support epäsuorantulen järjestelyistä nykyaikaisella on the modern battlefield. This article is taistelukentällä. Artikkeli on myös esimerk- one example of how technical and tactical ki teknisen ja taktisen näkökulman yhdistä- thinking can and need to merge. Technical misestä. review or study always need to be done with the actual battlefield use, if it is not done the value of the technical study to the armed forces is compromised. 250 1 JOHDANTO täminen annetuissa rajoissa ei mahdollista niiden käsittelyä. Työssä ei käsitellä syväl- Tässä artikkelissa tarkastellaan kranaa- lisesti tekniikoita, joilla uudet ampuma- tinheittimistön ja tykistön nykyaikaisia tarvikkeet toimivat vaan oletetaan, että lu- ampumatarvikkeita, niiden ominaisuuk- kijalla on jo ymmärrys näistä tekniikoista, sia sekä kehitysnäkymiä. Yksinkertaisella joita ovat IR-hakeutuminen, satelliittina- simuloinnilla havainnollistetaan myös vigointi ja laservalaisuun hakeutuminen. ampumatarvikkeiden tulentehoa, sekä Tämä työ ei rajoitu pelkästään teknilliseen pyritään yhdistämään sotatekninen tar- tarkasteluun, vaan osaksi on haluttu ottaa kastelu osaksi taisteluteknillistä ja taktil- myös taisteluteknillinen ja taktillinen tar- lista ajattelua. Historia tuntee useita ta- kastelu. Tällä halutaan vastata siihen huu- pauksia, joissa tekniikan kehitystä ei ole toon, jonka puolustusvoimien komentaja pystytty yhdistämään taistelutekniikan ja kenraali Ari Puheloinen nosti esille YEK taktiikan muutokseen. Esimerkiksi ennen 56:n valmistujaistilaisuudessa. Kaikissa ensimmäistä maailmansotaa ei uskottu tehtävissä ja töissä tulee upseerien huo- konekiväärin tai kranaatinheittimen käyt- mioida puolustusvoimien ensimmäinen tökelpoisuuteen taistelussa, vaan uskottiin tehtävä, joka on sotilaallinen maanpuo- että taistelu ratkaistaan ”asenteella” ja vii- lustus. Tekniikan osalta tämä tarkoittaa, mekädessä pistimillä suoritettavalla ryn- että sotateknisiin tarkasteluihin tulee aina näköllä.1 sisällyttää myös taisteluteknillistä, taktil- Asetekninen kehitys on ollut huimaa lista tai operaatiotaidollista tarkastelua. viimeisten vuosikymmenten aikana ja tämä kehitys on näkynyt myös sodan- 2 ASEJÄRJESTELMIEN käynnin kehityksenä. Kun toisen maail- KEHITYKSESTÄ mansodan aikana tarvittiin saksalaisen muuntaja-aseman tuhoamiseen 96 % Tykistön ja kranaatinheittimistön ampu- todennäköisyydellä 108 B-17 pommitta- matarvikkeiden kehityksessä on havait- jaa, 1080 henkilöä lentokoneissa ja 648 tavissa yleisen tekniikan kehityksen mu- pommia, niin ensimmäisessä Persianlah- kaisia kehityskulkuja. Puolustusteollisuus den sodassa 100 % tulokseen pääsi yksi haluaa kehittää uusia ja teknisesti kehit- lentokone varustettuna kahdella laserha- tyneempiä tuotteita. Uusien tuotteiden keutuvalla pommilla.2 kehitysprojektit kestävät jopa kymmenen Tässä työssä keskitytään tykistön ja vuotta. Toisinaan teknologisesti edistyk- kranaatinheittimistön ampumatarvikkei- sellinen tai jopa ylivoimainen ratkaisu ei siin. Tykistön osalta ei käsitellä raskai- kuitenkaan johda tuotteeseen, joka otet- ta raketinheittimiä vaan käsittelyssä on taisiin operatiiviseen käyttöön. Syy tähän asejärjestelmät 155 mm kaliiberiin asti. on se, että valtiot ovat lukittautuneet ai- Rajaus johtuu siitä, että raskailla raketin- kaisemmin hankittuihin järjestelmiin ja heittimillä on paljon erilaisia nykyaikaisia ampumatarvikkeisiin. Lukittautumissyk- ampumatarvikkeita ja työn laajuuden pi- lit saattavat olla kymmeniä vuosia pitkiä. 251 Suomesta esimerkiksi käy edelleen käy- timiin. Mekaaniset sytytinratkaisut kor- tössä oleva 122H63 tykki, joka hankit- vattiin elektronisilla, jotka olivat tulleet tiin Suomeen jo 1960-luvulla. Jotta uusi jopa
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