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EVALUATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES ON DOPING BY FOOTBALL ATHLETES, COACHES AND SPONSORS IN MALAWI JOHN MPONDOVA CHILIMA KAOCHE (B. ED) H108F/29581/2014 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (RECREATION AND SPORTS MANAGEMENT) IN THE SCHOOL OF HOSPITALITY, TOURISM AND LEISURE STUDIES OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY JULY, 2019 ii DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other University or for any other award. Signature ___________________________ Date ______________________________ John Mpondova Chilima Kaoche (H108F/29581/2014) SUPERVISORS We confirm that the work reputed in this thesis was carried out by this candidate under our supervision. Signature: _________________________Date: _________________________ Prof. Elijah Gitonga Rintaugu Department of Recreation Management and Sports Science Kenyatta University Signature: _________________________Date: _________________________ Dr. Janet Wanjira Kamenju Department of Physical Education and Sports University of Nairobi iii DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my late grandfather, Mr. Presvo Swizan Kaoche, for being my academic push. To my beloved children, this work must be a reminder on the need to work hard in life regardless of situations and age. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to acknowledge and extend my humble appreciation to my supervisors, Professor Elija Gitonga Rintaugu and Dr. Janet Wanjira Kamenju, for their tireless guidance, encouragement and support throughout the undertaking of this study. My sincere thanks also go to Mr. Joseph Mwandidya, the Secretary for Ministry of Labour, Youth, Sports and Manpower Development, for facilitating the data collection exercise for the study in Malawi. I would further like to express my sincere gratitude to the Football Association of Malawi and Mr. A. Mwaungulu who supported me during the data collection process. Special thanks should also go to the Technical Director of the Football Association of Malawi, Captain John Kaputa and several coaches for their assistance in accessing targeted football athletes. My appreciation also goes to the Secretary-General of Football Association of Malawi, Mr. Alfred Gunda, for supporting me during my field work. I further thank Dr. Festus Kiplamai of Kenyatta University for assisting me during the data analysis. I also thank my research assistants who tirelessly assisted me during data collection. My gratitude goes to all the players, coaches and sponsors for accepting to participate and dedicate their time responding to the questionnaires. Lastly, I extend my appreciation to my children: Takondwa, Faina, Talandira and Ryan and my lovely friends: Ruth Kamkwala and Eliza Kulemeka, who accorded me the time and support I needed to undertake this study. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION................................................................................................................. ii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS .....................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............................................................ xi OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS OF TERMS ................................................................. xii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................14 1.1 Background of the Study .............................................................................................14 1.2 Statement of the Problem ...............................................................................................5 1.3 Purpose of the Study ......................................................................................................6 1.4 Objectives of the Study ..................................................................................................6 1.5 Hypotheses .....................................................................................................................6 1.6 Significance of the Study ...............................................................................................7 1.7 Delimitations of the Study .............................................................................................7 1.8 Limitations of the Study.................................................................................................8 1.9 Assumptions of the Study ..............................................................................................8 1.10 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................9 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ...............................................................12 2.1 Prevalence of Doping ...................................................................................................12 2.2 Knowledge of Athletes, Coaches and Sponsors on Doping .........................................14 2.2.1Performance Enhancing Substances .......................................................................... 17 2.2.2 Reasons for Doping by Athletes ............................................................................... 20 2.2.3 Health Consequences of Doping ...............................................................................21 vi 2.2.4 Social Consequences of Doping ...............................................................................22 2.2.5 Economic Consequences of Doping ......................................................................... 23 2.3 Attitudes of Athletes, Coaches and Sponsors towards Doping ....................................24 2.4 Age, Education and Experience on Knowledge and Attitude on Doping ....................26 2.4.1 Age, Knowledge and Attitude on Doping ................................................................. 26 2.4.2 Education, Knowledge and Attitude on Doping ....................................................... 28 2.4.3 Experience, Knowledge and Attitude on Doping ..................................................... 29 2.5 Summary of Reviewed Literature ................................................................................29 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ......................................................................34 3.1 Research Design...........................................................................................................34 3.2 Research Variables .......................................................................................................34 3.3 Location of the Study ...................................................................................................35 3.4 Target Population .........................................................................................................35 3.5 Sampling Technique .....................................................................................................36 3.6 Sample Size ..................................................................................................................37 3.7 Research Instruments ...................................................................................................38 3.8 Recruitment of Research Assistants .............................................................................39 3.9 Pre-Testing of Instruments ...........................................................................................39 3.9.1 Validity ......................................................................................................................39 3.9.2 Reliability .................................................................................................................. 40 3.10 Data Collection Procedures ........................................................................................ 41 3.11 Data Analysis and Presentation ..................................................................................41 3.12 Logistical and Ethical Considerations .......................................................................41 CHAPTER FOUR: FINDINGS ......................................................................................44 4.1. Demographic Details of the Participants ....................................................................44 4.1.1 Distribution of Participants Based on Their Age ...................................................... 44 4.1.2 Levels of Education of Football Athletes, Coaches and Sponsors ............................44 vii 4.1.3 Experiences of Participants in Playing, Coaching and Sponsoring Football ............ 45 4.2 Reported Prevalence of Doping among Football Athletes in Malawi .........................46 4.3 Knowledge on Doping amongAthletes, Coaches and Sponsors ..................................49 4.4 Levels of Knowledge of Athletes, Coaches and Sponsors on Doping .........................51 4.5 Participants’

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