An investigation of the implementation of the Academies Act 2010 in English Schools: Stakeholders’ lived experiences regarding policies and practices in English Academies THORNTON, L.E. A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement of Staffordshire University for the degree of Doctor of Education Wider Participation in Learning EdD. 2018 i Abstract This thesis is based on a project which focuses upon academisation and its perceived impact upon the raising of standards. The study was undertaken in 2013. There were 18 participants in total. Sixteen were from 4 different schools and a consultant principal and an Executive Director for Children, Young People and Families were also part of the case study. The perceived impact is demonstrated through the lived experiences of various stakeholders in relation to the introduction of the Academies Act 2010. I adopted an interpretivist approach through the use of semi-structured interviews and analysis of policy documents. Case study was chosen to demonstrate the differing perspectives of stakeholders in the same setting and compare those to stakeholders in a different setting. Participants, all of whom had been in a teaching environment for at least 15 years, were of differing levels of seniority and roles. I am a practising solicitor but used to be a qualified teacher. I have combined my expertise in law and education to produce an analysis of how a statute which is a national policy, has been received and interpreted at a local level by a number of participants. The findings show that there was only one participant who was aware of the existence of the Academies Act as the policy which governs the environment within which stakeholders involved in this study work. They did not appear to perceive a direct link between the raising of standards and the academisation process. The perception of the stakeholders regarding the aims of the Act differed depending upon his or her role and level of seniority within the school and the position of the school academically and financially pre-academisation. The raising of attainment was only considered to be an aim by half of the principals or head teachers. Schools which were already high performing did not see academisation as a way to improve. Underperforming schools pre-academisation were in receipt of support and raising attainment was a focus in any event. Likewise, schools which were already financially stable did not see finance necessarily as an aim. However, the financial gain was seen to be an attraction which could bring with it the opportunity to be creative in the school’s use of the budget. Autonomy was the most popular response as an aim for academisation. The process of academisation touched various elements within participant schools: finance, attainment, behaviour, curriculum, staff, collaboration, professional development, intake and ethos. However, overall, these were not directly linked to academisation. Curriculum freedom to enhance pupils’ opportunity to be able to compete with pupils academically in an international arena was considered favourably to be an aim of the Act. The lack of awareness of the Act and its contents by the stakeholders minimises the potential of stakeholders to develop the schools when they do not appreciate the framework within which they work. Therefore, more attention to staff development concerning the Act could ensure that the schools are maximising the stakeholders’ potential and thus having maximum impact upon the schools. The position of a school pre-academisation and whether it was a converter or sponsored academy may affect the perceptions of those stakeholders. All schools saw an impact during the change to an academy. However, it is difficult for stakeholders to say whether the impact would have occurred or not if the school had not academised. ii Acknowledgements Thank you to the head teachers, principals and governors of schools who allowed me to undertake this research in their schools. I wish to thank all participants who gave up their time to be interviewed and made the research process enjoyable. My thanks go to my supervisors Professor T N Basit, Doctor L Machin and Professor M Lowe for their advice and guidance which kept me focused on achieving my goal. Above all, I am truly grateful to my family who has supported me and given me unconditional love and encouragement throughout the years I have been studying for this degree. Thank you for your patience and time. I could not have achieved as much as I have without you and the escapism of the beautiful views of the sea. iii Contents Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The introduction of academies 2 1.3 Research questions 4 1.4 The impact of academies 4 1.5 Structure of the thesis 6 Chapter Two: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 8 2.2 The question of policy 8 2.3 Analysing policy 12 2.4 The Academies Act 2010 14 2.5 The Drive for the Academies Act 2010 20 2.6 Research questions 26 2.7 Summary 26 Chapter Three: Research Design 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 Research Approach 27 3.3 Ontology, Epistemology and Paradigm 28 3.4 Positionality 30 3.5 Methodology 33 3.6 Methods 34 3.7 Sample 36 3.8 Ethics 38 3.9 Validity and Reliability 39 3.10 Procedure 40 3.11 Data Analysis 41 3.12 Summary 43 Chapter Four: Findings and Analysis iv 4.0 Introduction 44 4.1 Education stakeholders’ perceptions regarding the aims of the Academies Act 2010 45 4.1.1 Attainment 46 4.1.2 Financial opportunities 49 4.1.3 Autonomy as an aim for the Academies Act 50 4.2 Lived experiences of stakeholders in a school undergoing academisation 52 4.2.1 The financial impact of academisation 52 4.2.2 Pupil attainment 55 4.2.3 Change in pupil behaviour 58 4.2.4 Alterations to the curriculum 60 4.2.5 Participants’ Lived Experiences of Autonomy 62 4.2.6 Impact on staff 65 4.2.7 Collaborative work 68 4.2.8 Continuing Professional Development 71 4.2.9 Intake and exclusion 72 4.2.10 School ethos 75 4.2.11 Summary 77 Chapter Five: Conclusion 5.1 Reflection 80 5.2 The aims of the Academies Act – Literature and Participants’ Views 82 5.3 Conclusion of the findings relating to the overall lived experiences of stakeholders 84 5.4 Implications of research 86 5.5 Significance of the study 89 5.6 Areas of further research 90 References 92 Appendix 1 111 Appendix 2 115 Appendix 3 118 Appendix 4 119 Appendix 5 121 v Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 Introduction This is a research project in which I have personal experiences of academies, which prompted me to examine this under-researched area of the education system in the UK through a case study approach. It is argued that there is a void in investigating the effectiveness of academies as far as the lived experiences of those working at a local level under the implementation of the national policy is concerned. The implementation of new policies within education and in particular an entirely new school system is based upon the notion of changing the status quo. I considered Michael Fullan’s theory of change as potentially playing a part within the study and it could have been a credible framework but I wanted to emphasise a slightly different angle and therefore chose not to use it in this research. However, a continuation of this research using Fullan’s theory may well be appropriate (Fullan, 2006). Upon closer examination of various elements of his theory I discovered that it was not appropriate to base the entire study upon this theory. However, I acknowledge that there are parts of his theory with relevance to this study. Taking into account the significance of political influences behind the introduction of academies and the subsequent changes implemented by schools that have become academies, I have focused upon the 2010 White Paper and the work of Stephen Ball (DFE, 2010). Ball is a policy sociologist who provides a critical lens in which education policy may be viewed. It should always be considered as to who funds any piece of research as to whether the researcher is impartial. A researcher may cease to be independent and become biased when the research is funded. A case study approach to conduct the study was felt to be appropriate given the emphasis upon capturing lived experiences of stakeholders at a particular instance. In 1997, the Labour Government initiated the academies as a vehicle to raise standards among other aims which are to be discussed below; in particular, the stakeholders’ perceptions of the aims of the academies being drawn together by the Academies Act 2010 (National Audit Office, 2010, The National Archives, 2010). Essentially academies were to be schools outside of Local Authority control whereby funding was received directly by the individual school as opposed to receiving it via the Local Authority as it saw fit. In principle, this notion seems simple and manageable. However, the funds, which were taken from the local authority budgets, took into account the number of academies within the area and the amount the academies would need to source the services in the private sector as opposed to being a reflection upon the amount actually being spent by the local authority, as noted by the Scrutiny Task and Finish Working Group (2012). However, this is a government organisation and thus could be swayed by the need to demonstrate the positivity of academies given the source of its funding and the importance of the success of academies for some political parties which have supported their existence.