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A Goddess in the Caravans and a Saviour in the Hulls: Worship and Migration in Athens, Delos, and Corinth

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A Goddess in the Caravans and a Saviour in the Hulls: Worship and Migration in Athens, Delos, and Corinth A Goddess in the Caravans and a Saviour in the Hulls: Worship and Migration in Athens, Delos, and Corinth by Christopher J. Cornthwaite A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department for the Study of Religion University of Toronto © Copyright by Christopher J. Cornthwaite 2019 A Goddess in the Caravans and a Saviour in the Hulls: Worship and Migration in Athens, Delos, and Corinth Christopher J. Cornthwaite Doctor of Philosophy Department for the Study of Religion University of Toronto 2019 Abstract This thesis compares how four religions moved through four ancient diasporas (c. 300 BCE–100 CE): Syrian (Delos), Phoenician (Delos), Thracian (Athens), and Judaean (Corinth). While problematizing these two concepts, it nevertheless shows that being in diaspora was the catalyst for new formulations of group identities, and that the worship of deities and associated cultural practices became more central for groups in diaspora. Often community boundaries evolved to include outsiders with no shared ethno-geographical background, for whom membership became mediated through shared worship. ii Acknowledgments I would like to thank my supervisor, John Kloppenborg, for his guidance throughout this project and his countless corrections and insights. Thanks also to my committee members, Judith Newman and Kevin O’Neill. This project was undertaken with the generous support of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Thanks to the University of Toronto, especially to the Department for the Study of Religion and the Anne Tannenbaum Centre for Jewish Studies. Thanks to Jens Schröter and the Theologische Fakultät at the Humboldt University of Berlin and the Canadian Institute in Greece for hosting me while undertaking the research. Thanks to my external examiner, Laurence Welborn, and to my internal examiner, John Marshall. Thanks to my long-suffering wife, Carolyne, who pushed me forward throughout this project, and to my children, Claire, Sophie, and Josée. Finally, I would like to dedicate this to the memory of Helen Mo, my friend and colleague. iii Table of Contents Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ................................................................................................................. ix Chapter 1 Liminal Identities and Limiting Categories ....................................................... 1 1 Liminal Identities and Limiting Categories ................................................................... 2 1.1 Diaspora Theory and Reflections of Nationalism .................................................. 6 1.1.1 Diaspora in Antiquity ................................................................................. 13 1.1.2 Religion as Diasporic Consolation ............................................................ 17 1.2 Religious Studies and Identity Problems ............................................................. 18 1.3 A World with no Fences: Immigrant Associations beyond Diaspora and Religion ............................................................................................................... 27 1.4 Liminal Identity—Crossing Boundaries of Identity ............................................... 31 1.4.1 Citizenship, Ethnos, and Liminal Identity .................................................. 32 1.4.2 Constructing Liminal Identity .................................................................... 36 1.5 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 43 Chapter 2 Social Groups as Trust Networks .................................................................. 45 2 Social Groups as Trust Networks .............................................................................. 46 2.1 Immigrants, Associations, and Economy............................................................. 47 2.2 The Immigrant Association and Trust .................................................................. 56 2.3 The Economic Implications of Shared Gods (NIE) .............................................. 61 2.4 How Trust Networks Drive Identity and Expansion ............................................. 71 2.4.1 How Trust Drives Identity (Networks of Trust and Social Grouping) ......... 71 2.4.2 Framing Group Expansion as Network Bending ....................................... 74 Chapter 3 The Thracian Bendis in Athens ..................................................................... 80 iv 3 The Thracian Bendis in Athens .................................................................................. 81 3.1 Relations between Athens and Thrace and Bendis’ Entry .................................. 82 3.2 What Were Orgeōnes?........................................................................................ 88 3.2.1 Overview .................................................................................................. 88 3.2.2 Two Associations of Bendis ...................................................................... 91 3.3 The Problem with the Piraeus ............................................................................. 94 3.4 Expanding Membership by the City’s Power ....................................................... 98 3.4.1 The Lycurgan Era and Beyond (c. 336–323 BCE) and Economic Restructuring ............................................................................................ 98 3.4.2 Shared Profits: IG II² 1361 Opening Membership and Raising Money ... 101 3.4.3 Orgeōnes and their Income .................................................................... 103 3.4.4 Rituals of Membership ............................................................................ 110 3.5 Mixed Associations and (Re)Inventing the Thracian Ethnos ............................. 115 3.5.1 Mixed Associations ................................................................................. 115 3.5.2 A New Temple in Athens and Ritualized Ethnic Unity ............................ 118 3.6 Rituals of Trust .................................................................................................. 123 3.7 Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 134 Chapter 4 Syrian and Phoenician Associations on Delos: Membership ....................... 136 4 Syrian and Phoenician Associations on Delos: Membership ................................... 137 4.1 Levantine Groups and the Marzēaḥ .................................................................. 138 4.2 Historical Background: Phoenician and Syrian deities ...................................... 140 4.2.1 Atargatis at Home and Abroad ............................................................... 140 4.2.2 Phoenician Deities and Acculturation ..................................................... 143 4.3 Network Bending: Syrians ................................................................................. 146 4.3.1 The Three Phases of the Cult ................................................................. 146 4.3.2 Phase 1: Syrians and their Families ....................................................... 147 v 4.3.3 Phase 2: What does Hierapolis have to do with Delos? ......................... 150 4.3.4 Phase 2: Marzēaḥ Membership .............................................................. 154 4.3.5 Phase 3: Syrians after the Athenian Priesthood (Mostly From Antioch) . 159 4.3.6 Phase 3: The Athenians ......................................................................... 165 4.3.7 Phase 3: Romans ................................................................................... 169 4.4 Closed-Ethnic Trust Network: Phoenicians ....................................................... 176 4.4.1 Dionysios son of Zenon and grandson of Theodoros of Beirut ............... 178 4.4.2 Other Families ........................................................................................ 179 4.5 Membership ...................................................................................................... 180 4.6 Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 185 Chapter 5 Syrian and Phoenician Associations on Delos: Ritualizing Identities .......... 189 5 Syrian and Phoenician Associations on Delos: Ritualizing Identities ....................... 190 5.1 The Syrian Sanctuary: Rituals and Ritualizing in a Mixed-Ethnic Group ........... 191 5.1.1 Hybrid Rituals of Trust ............................................................................ 191 5.1.2 Inventing Syrianness in a Mixed-Ethnos Cult ......................................... 198 5.1.3 Cross-ethnos Participation ..................................................................... 204 5.1.4 Friends and Money ................................................................................. 206 5.2 The Phoenician Deities: Ethnic Exclusivism and Bridging Trust ........................ 212 5.2.1 Phoenician Worship ................................................................................ 212 5.2.2 Ritual Practice and Bridging Trust .......................................................... 216 5.2.3 Benefactors and Evolving Ritual Practice ............................................... 222 5.3 Conclusion .......................................................................................................
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