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DRAFT: Final Version in Journal of Philosophical Logic Paul Hovda
Tensed mereology DRAFT: final version in Journal of Philosophical Logic Paul Hovda There are at least three main approaches to thinking about the way parthood logically interacts with time. Roughly: the eternalist perdurantist approach, on which the primary parthood relation is eternal and two-placed, and objects that persist persist by having temporal parts; the parameterist approach, on which the primary parthood relation is eternal and logically three-placed (x is part of y at t) and objects may or may not have temporal parts; and the tensed approach, on which the primary parthood relation is two-placed but (in many cases) temporary, in the sense that it may be that x is part of y, though x was not part of y. (These characterizations are brief; too brief, in fact, as our discussion will eventually show.) Orthogonally, there are different approaches to questions like Peter van Inwa- gen's \Special Composition Question" (SCQ): under what conditions do some objects compose something?1 (Let us, for the moment, work with an undefined notion of \compose;" we will get more precise later.) One central divide is be- tween those who answer the SCQ with \Under any conditions!" and those who disagree. In general, we can distinguish \plenitudinous" conceptions of compo- sition, that accept this answer, from \sparse" conceptions, that do not. (van Inwagen uses the term \universalist" where we use \plenitudinous.") A question closely related to the SCQ is: under what conditions do some objects compose more than one thing? We may distinguish “flat” conceptions of composition, on which the answer is \Under no conditions!" from others. -
Comparison of Available Methods for Predicting Medium Frequency Sky-Wave Field Strengths
NTIA-Report-80-42 Comparison of Available Methods for Predicting Medium Frequency Sky-Wave Field Strengths Margo PoKempner us, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Philip M. Klutznick, Secretary Henry Geller, Assistant Secretary for Communications and Information June 1980 I j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OF TABLES iv ABSTRACT 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF MF FIELD-STRENGTH PREDICTION METHODS 2 3. DISCUSSION OF THE METHODS 4 3.1 Cairo Curves 4 3.2 The FCC Curves 7 3.3 Norton Method 10 3.4 EBU Method 11 3.5 Barghausen Method 12 3.6 Revision of EBU Method for the African LF/MF Broadcasting Conference 12 3.7 Olver Method 12 3.8 Knight Method 13 3.9 The CCIR Geneva 1974 Methods 13 3.10 Wang 1977 Method 15 3.11 The CCIR Kyoto 1978 Method 15 3.12 The Wang 1979 Method 16 4. -
Thesis Front Matter
UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY FIGURE AND GROUND: CONSIDERATIONS ON THE METAPHYSICS AND LOGICS OF TIME by JAMES ROY SCOTT A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY CALGARY, ALBERTA AUGUST, 2010 © JAMES ROY SCOTT 2010 Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l’édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-69610-1 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-69610-1 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L’auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l’Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L’auteur conserve la propriété du droit d’auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. -
Representing-Time-An-Essay-On-Temporality-As
Representing Time To commemorate the centenary of J. E. McTaggart’s ‘The unreality of time’ (1908) Representing Time: An Essay on Temporality as Modality K. M. JASZCZOLT 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With oYces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York # K. M. Jaszczolt 2009 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book -
A TREATMENT of Mctaggart's REJECTION of TIME
McTAGGART'S REJECTION OF TIME • A TREATMENT OF McTAGGART'S REJECTION OF TIME By MICHAEL WILLIAM KERNAGHAN A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts McMaster University March, 1988 ii MASTER OF ARTS (1988) MCMASTER UNIVERSITY (Philosophy) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: A Treatment of McTaggart's Rejection of Time. AUTHOR: Michael William Kernaghan, B.A. SUPERVISOR: Professor N. Griffin NUMBER OF PAGES:. 77 iii ABSTRACT An account of salient conceptions shared among McTaggart's contemporaries is offered to maintain the interpretive hypothesis that McTaggart's rejection of time may be a consequence of a more general metaphysical theory. Yet though McTaggart's rejection of time may follow from a more general account, the more general account may be false. In what follows we consider the possibility of generating complete lists from given wholes, as opposed to the practice of generating wholes by enumeration or induction. Historical support is offered for this scheme, followed by a distillation of McTaggart's doctrines, a brief linkage with mereological treatments of time and geometry, and an exegesis of McTaggart's unique account of change. Finally a treatment of McTaggart's argument for the rejection of time is offered which seeks to show that McTaggart's infamous conclusion has largely been misunderstood because of McTaggart's unfortunate emphasis on the verbal implications of his doctrines and the consequent subversion of his positive account of infinite divisibility, inclusion and the relation between descriptions and wholes. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks for assistance in the preparation of this thesis are extended to Dr. -
The Philosophy and Physics of Time Travel: the Possibility of Time Travel
University of Minnesota Morris Digital Well University of Minnesota Morris Digital Well Honors Capstone Projects Student Scholarship 2017 The Philosophy and Physics of Time Travel: The Possibility of Time Travel Ramitha Rupasinghe University of Minnesota, Morris, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.morris.umn.edu/honors Part of the Philosophy Commons, and the Physics Commons Recommended Citation Rupasinghe, Ramitha, "The Philosophy and Physics of Time Travel: The Possibility of Time Travel" (2017). Honors Capstone Projects. 1. https://digitalcommons.morris.umn.edu/honors/1 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of Minnesota Morris Digital Well. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Capstone Projects by an authorized administrator of University of Minnesota Morris Digital Well. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Philosophy and Physics of Time Travel: The possibility of time travel Ramitha Rupasinghe IS 4994H - Honors Capstone Project Defense Panel – Pieranna Garavaso, Michael Korth, James Togeas University of Minnesota, Morris Spring 2017 1. Introduction Time is mysterious. Philosophers and scientists have pondered the question of what time might be for centuries and yet till this day, we don’t know what it is. Everyone talks about time, in fact, it’s the most common noun per the Oxford Dictionary. It’s in everything from history to music to culture. Despite time’s mysterious nature there are a lot of things that we can discuss in a logical manner. Time travel on the other hand is even more mysterious. -
Dummett on Mctaggart's Proof of the Unreality of Time
Dummett on McTaggart’s Proof of the Unreality of Time Brian Garrett Australian National University Abstract Michael Dummett’s paper “A Defence of McTaggart’s Proof of the Unreality of Time” put forward an ingenious interpretation of McTaggart’s famous proof. My aim in this discussion is not to assess the cogency of McTaggart’s reasoning, but to criticise Dummett’s interpretation of McTaggart. Keywords: McTaggart, Dummett, Time, Space, A-series. 1. Introduction The reasoning of McTaggart’s 1908 article “The Unreality of Time” runs as follows. We distinguish positions in time in two ways: a permanent B-series (in which events and facts are distinguished using the relations of earlier than and later than) and a dynamic A-series (in which events and facts are future, then present, then past). Both series are essential to time, yet the A-series is more fundamental since only it allows for change (McTaggart 1908: 458). This concludes the first part of McTaggart’s reasoning: his argument for the fundamentality of the A-series. Having established this conclusion, McTaggart then claims that the A-series “involves a contradiction” (McTaggart 1908: 466). His argument for the contradiction is seemingly straightforward: past, present and future are “incompatible determinations” yet “every event has them all” (McTaggart 1908: 469). This argument is typically known as McTaggart’s Paradox. McTaggart is aware of a natural rejoinder to his argument. No event, it will be urged, is simultaneously past, present and future, only successively, and from this no contradiction follows. But, claims McTaggart, this rejoinder entails either a vicious circle or a vicious infinite regress, and so the contradiction is not removed. -
The Rise and Fall of LTL
The Rise and Fall of LTL Moshe Y. Vardi Rice University Monadic Logic Monadic Class: First-order logic with = and monadic predicates – captures syllogisms. • (∀x)P (x), (∀x)(P (x) → Q(x)) |=(∀x)Q(x) [Lowenheim¨ , 1915]: The Monadic Class is decidable. • Proof: Bounded-model property – if a sentence is satisfiable, it is satisfiable in a structure of bounded size. • Proof technique: quantifier elimination. Monadic Second-Order Logic: Allow second- order quantification on monadic predicates. [Skolem, 1919]: Monadic Second-Order Logic is decidable – via bounded-model property and quantifier elimination. Question: What about <? 1 Nondeterministic Finite Automata A = (Σ,S,S0,ρ,F ) • Alphabet: Σ • States: S • Initial states: S0 ⊆ S • Nondeterministic transition function: ρ : S × Σ → 2S • Accepting states: F ⊆ S Input word: a0, a1,...,an−1 Run: s0,s1,...,sn • s0 ∈ S0 • si+1 ∈ ρ(si, ai) for i ≥ 0 Acceptance: sn ∈ F Recognition: L(A) – words accepted by A. 1 - - Example: • • – ends with 1’s 6 0 6 ¢0¡ ¢1¡ Fact: NFAs define the class Reg of regular languages. 2 Logic of Finite Words View finite word w = a0,...,an−1 over alphabet Σ as a mathematical structure: • Domain: 0,...,n − 1 • Binary relation: < • Unary relations: {Pa : a ∈ Σ} First-Order Logic (FO): • Unary atomic formulas: Pa(x) (a ∈ Σ) • Binary atomic formulas: x < y Example: (∃x)((∀y)(¬(x < y)) ∧ Pa(x)) – last letter is a. Monadic Second-Order Logic (MSO): • Monadic second-order quantifier: ∃Q • New unary atomic formulas: Q(x) 3 NFA vs. MSO Theorem [B¨uchi, Elgot, Trakhtenbrot, 1957-8 (independently)]: MSO ≡ NFA • Both MSO and NFA define the class Reg. -
On Constructive Linear-Time Temporal Logic
Replace this file with prentcsmacro.sty for your meeting, or with entcsmacro.sty for your meeting. Both can be found at the ENTCS Macro Home Page. On Constructive Linear-Time Temporal Logic Kensuke Kojima1 and Atsushi Igarashi2 Graduate School of Informatics Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan Abstract In this paper we study a version of constructive linear-time temporal logic (LTL) with the “next” temporal operator. The logic is originally due to Davies, who has shown that the proof system of the logic corre- sponds to a type system for binding-time analysis via the Curry-Howard isomorphism. However, he did not investigate the logic itself in detail; he has proved only that the logic augmented with negation and classical reasoning is equivalent to (the “next” fragment of) the standard formulation of classical linear-time temporal logic. We give natural deduction and Kripke semantics for constructive LTL with conjunction and disjunction, and prove soundness and completeness. Distributivity of the “next” operator over disjunction “ (A ∨ B) ⊃ A ∨ B” is rejected from a computational viewpoint. We also give a formalization by sequent calculus and its cut-elimination procedure. Keywords: constructive linear-time temporal logic, Kripke semantics, sequent calculus, cut elimination 1 Introduction Temporal logic is a family of (modal) logics in which the truth of propositions may depend on time, and is useful to describe various properties of state transition systems. Linear-time temporal logic (LTL, for short), which is used to reason about properties of a fixed execution path of a system, is temporal logic in which each time has a unique time that follows it. -
A Unifying Field in Logics: Neutrosophic Logic
University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Faculty and Staff Publications Mathematics 2007 A UNIFYING FIELD IN LOGICS: NEUTROSOPHIC LOGIC. NEUTROSOPHY, NEUTROSOPHIC SET, NEUTROSOPHIC PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS - 6th ed. Florentin Smarandache University of New Mexico, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/math_fsp Part of the Algebra Commons, Logic and Foundations Commons, Other Applied Mathematics Commons, and the Set Theory Commons Recommended Citation Florentin Smarandache. A UNIFYING FIELD IN LOGICS: NEUTROSOPHIC LOGIC. NEUTROSOPHY, NEUTROSOPHIC SET, NEUTROSOPHIC PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS - 6th ed. USA: InfoLearnQuest, 2007 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Mathematics at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty and Staff Publications by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. FLORENTIN SMARANDACHE A UNIFYING FIELD IN LOGICS: NEUTROSOPHIC LOGIC. NEUTROSOPHY, NEUTROSOPHIC SET, NEUTROSOPHIC PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS (sixth edition) InfoLearnQuest 2007 FLORENTIN SMARANDACHE A UNIFYING FIELD IN LOGICS: NEUTROSOPHIC LOGIC. NEUTROSOPHY, NEUTROSOPHIC SET, NEUTROSOPHIC PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS (sixth edition) This book can be ordered in a paper bound reprint from: Books on Demand ProQuest Information & Learning (University of Microfilm International) 300 N. Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346, USA Tel.: 1-800-521-0600 (Customer Service) http://wwwlib.umi.com/bod/basic Copyright 2007 by InfoLearnQuest. Plenty of books can be downloaded from the following E-Library of Science: http://www.gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/eBooks-otherformats.htm Peer Reviewers: Prof. M. Bencze, College of Brasov, Romania. -
A Unifying Field in Logics: Neutrosophic Logic. Neutrosophy, Neutrosophic Set, Neutrosophic Probability and Statistics
FLORENTIN SMARANDACHE A UNIFYING FIELD IN LOGICS: NEUTROSOPHIC LOGIC. NEUTROSOPHY, NEUTROSOPHIC SET, NEUTROSOPHIC PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS (fourth edition) NL(A1 A2) = ( T1 ({1}T2) T2 ({1}T1) T1T2 ({1}T1) ({1}T2), I1 ({1}I2) I2 ({1}I1) I1 I2 ({1}I1) ({1} I2), F1 ({1}F2) F2 ({1} F1) F1 F2 ({1}F1) ({1}F2) ). NL(A1 A2) = ( {1}T1T1T2, {1}I1I1I2, {1}F1F1F2 ). NL(A1 A2) = ( ({1}T1T1T2) ({1}T2T1T2), ({1} I1 I1 I2) ({1}I2 I1 I2), ({1}F1F1 F2) ({1}F2F1 F2) ). ISBN 978-1-59973-080-6 American Research Press Rehoboth 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005 FLORENTIN SMARANDACHE A UNIFYING FIELD IN LOGICS: NEUTROSOPHIC LOGIC. NEUTROSOPHY, NEUTROSOPHIC SET, NEUTROSOPHIC PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS (fourth edition) NL(A1 A2) = ( T1 ({1}T2) T2 ({1}T1) T1T2 ({1}T1) ({1}T2), I1 ({1}I2) I2 ({1}I1) I1 I2 ({1}I1) ({1} I2), F1 ({1}F2) F2 ({1} F1) F1 F2 ({1}F1) ({1}F2) ). NL(A1 A2) = ( {1}T1T1T2, {1}I1I1I2, {1}F1F1F2 ). NL(A1 A2) = ( ({1}T1T1T2) ({1}T2T1T2), ({1} I1 I1 I2) ({1}I2 I1 I2), ({1}F1F1 F2) ({1}F2F1 F2) ). ISBN 978-1-59973-080-6 American Research Press Rehoboth 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005 1 Contents: Preface by C. Le: 3 0. Introduction: 9 1. Neutrosophy - a new branch of philosophy: 15 2. Neutrosophic Logic - a unifying field in logics: 90 3. Neutrosophic Set - a unifying field in sets: 125 4. Neutrosophic Probability - a generalization of classical and imprecise probabilities - and Neutrosophic Statistics: 129 5. Addenda: Definitions derived from Neutrosophics: 133 2 Preface to Neutrosophy and Neutrosophic Logic by C. -
Aristotelian Temporal Logic: the Sea Battle
Aristotelian temporal logic: the sea battle. According to the square of oppositions, exactly one of “it is the case that p” and “it is not the case that p” is true. Either “it is the case that there will be a sea battle tomorrow” or “it is not the case that there will be a sea battle tomorrow”. Problematic for existence of free will, and for Aristotelian metaphysics. Core Logic – 2005/06-1ab – p. 3/34 The Master argument. Diodorus Cronus (IVth century BC). Assume that p is not the case. In the past, “It will be the case that p is not the case” was true. In the past, “It will be the case that p is not the case” was necessarily true. Therefore, in the past, “It will be the case that p” was impossible. Therefore, p is not possible. Ergo: Everything that is possible is true. Core Logic – 2005/06-1ab – p. 4/34 Megarians and Stoics. Socrates (469-399 BC) WWW WWWWW WWWWW WWWWW WW+ Euclides (c.430-c.360 BC) Plato (c.427-347 BC) WWW WWWWW WWWWW WWWWW WW+ Eubulides (IVth century) Stilpo (c.380-c.300 BC) Apollonius Cronus Zeno of Citium (c.335-263 BC) gg3 ggggg ggggg ggggg ggg Diodorus Cronus (IVth century) Cleanthes of Assos (301-232 BC) Chrysippus of Soli (c.280-207 BC) Core Logic – 2005/06-1ab – p. 5/34 Eubulides. Strongly opposed to Aristotle. Source of the “seven Megarian paradoxes”, among them the Liar. The Liar is attributed to Epimenides the Cretan (VIIth century BC); (Titus 1:12).