DOCSLIB.ORG

Mosquito Control Then, Now, and in the Futurei

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mosquito Control Then, Now, and in the Futurei Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 10(4):574_5g4,lg94 copyright @ 1994 by the American Mosquito control Association. Inc. MOSQUITO CONTROL THEN, NOW, AND IN THE FUTUREI MIR S. MULLA Department of Entomology, Universityof California, Riverside,CA g2S2l ABSTRACT. This is a memorial lecture honoring the late Professor Stanley B. Freeborn of the University of California. In the spirit of his life-long academicand researchintereits in mosquitoesand mosquito-bome diseases,I am presentinghere the evolution ofvector control technology,especially that pertaining to mosquitoesand mosquito-bome diseasesduring the 20th century. Vector controi technology in the first half ofthis century was relatively simple, utilizing sourcereduction, larvivorous fish, petroleum hydrocarbon oils, and some simple synthetic and botanical materials. During the 2nd half of this century, however, various classesof synthetic organic chemicals, improved petroleum oil formulations, insect growth regulators,synthetic pyrethroids, and microbial control agentswere developedand employed in mosquito control and control ofother disease-vectoringinsects. Among thesegroups ofcontrol agents, petroleum oil formulations have endured to be usedthrough the whole century. It is likely that petroleum oil formulations, insect growth regulators, and microbial control agents will provide the main thrust againstvectors at least during the first quarter ofthe 2lst century. It is also possiblethat effectivetools through the development of vaccinesand molecular entomology techniquesmight become available for the control ofvectors and vector-borne diseasesduring this period ofthe 2lst century. INTRODUCTION or most of his professionalaccomplishments but instead will focus It is indeed my distinct pleasureto deliver this attention on his contributions to our knowledgeof mosquitoes memorial lecture, honoring the late Professor and their control and his role as teacher researcher. StanleyB. Freeborn,one ofthe distinguisheden- and tomologists and culicidologistswho contributed immensely to our knowledgeof mosquitoes and their control. He not only was a recognizedschol- STANLEY B. FREEBORN ar but also proved to be an effective and dedi- (THE HONOREE) cated teacher, instructing undergraduate and StanleyBarron Freeborn was born in Hudson, graduate students with great enthusiasm. To- Massachusettson DecemberI l, l89l and died ward the end ofhis career,Dr. Freeborn served on July 17, 1960 at Davis, California. He re- with distinction as Provost and then Chancellor ceived the B.Sc. degreefrom MassachusettsAg- of California at Davis. at the University ricultural Collegein l9 I 4 and the Ph.D. in 1924 During my career,I had very little overlap with from Amherst College.The subject of his thesis Upon my arrival as a graduatestudent Freeborn. was the classicalwork, "Mosquitoes of Califor- the of California, Berkeleyin 1952, at University nia." All of his career, with the exception of 2 he had already moved to the Davis campus wartime leaves, was spent at the University of (known as the Farm or Cal Aggiesin those days), California (UC). He started as an instructor in and from there he enteredthe administrative ser- entomology at the University of California, vices. Therefore, whatever biographical infor- Berkeleyin 1914, becamean assistantto Pro- mation I presenthere was gatheredfrom the lit- fessorWilliam B. Herms in 1916,and attained gainedfrom thosewho had professional eratureor the rank of Professorand Entomologistin 1932. and personalcontacts with him (e.g.,Thomas H. Aitken (1939) named Anophelesmaculipennis Aitken, Bruce F. Eldridge, William C. Reeves, G. collected at Davis, California in his and Robert K. Washino). I will attempt to give freeborni honor. This important malaria vector is now a briefbiographical sketch ofhis career,accom- known as An. rl Aitken on the west coast. plishments,and contributions. Becausetime does freebon From 1924 to 1935,he servedas Chairman of not permit me to presenta complete recognition the Division of Entomology at Davis and then contributions he made in the of all significant becameAssistant to the Dean of the College of research,teaching and service. area ofscientific Agriculture at Berkeley,and 2 years later he be- touch upon his personallife I will not attempt to came Assistant Dean and Assistant Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station. In 1952,he was appointed as the first Provost of the UC Davis Campus,and in 1958 he becameChan- t Memorial l-ecture was presented at the The AMCA scientist, American and California Mosquito and Vector Control cellor there. To honor this eminent Associations Joint Meeting (AMCA 60th, CMVCA teacher, and administrator, the University of 62nd) held April 9-14, 1994, San Diego, California, California bestowed the honorary degree of USA. L.L.D. upon him and named the Student Center 5't4 JounNlr or rHr Arr.tsRIcANMosqurro Coxrnor AssocrerroN Vol. 10,No.4 Table l. Mosquito speciesincluded in the will not be too different from programs else- publications of L. O. Howard (1902), Freeborn where. It should be remembered that a consid- (1926),and Freebornand Brookman (1943). erableamount ofvector control researchwas also carried out by other universities, the Centersfor DiseaseControl, U.S. Department ofAgriculture mosquitoes recorded laboratories, and others. Freeborn and VECTOR CONTROL DURING THE Brookman EARLY 2OTH CENTURY How- Freeborn (1e43) ard (1926) Pacific Vector control researchand mosquito control (1902) Cali- coast activities in particular beganabout a century ago. Genus USA fornia states In the first quarter of the 20th century, mosquito control activities were basedprimarily on source Aedes I l5 23 reduction, the use of petroleum oils (kerosene), Anopheles J 4 4 and the promotion of guppies and other fish Conchyliastes 2 (Howard 1892, l9O2). These tactics (Table 2), Culex 9 with some modification, continued for 3 or 4 Culiseta I 7 5 decades.Freeborn and Atsatt (1918) provided Mansonia I evidence for mode of action of larviciding oil Megarhinus 3 mixtures. Freeborn also was involved in 1922 in Orthopodomia I the promotion of biological control agents and Psorophora I was overseeingthe first importation and stocking _' Stegomyia 2 of Gambusia in the Chico area of California Theobaldia 4 (Herms 1949).He was the first person involved Toxorhynchites I in the importation, stocking, and evaluation of _ Uranotaenia I I larvivorous fish in mosquito control in Califor- Total 26 32 44 nia. VECTOR CONTROL DURING THE Association served as its Mosquito Control and 2ND OF THE president 1935.According Nowell's (1983) QUARTER in to 2OTH CENTURY index to the first 50 annual conferencesof the California Mosquito and Vector Control Asso- Vector control technologyemphasizing source ciation (1930-82),there are 23 entriesfor Free- reduction and application of oils and botanical born during this period. Titles of his presenta- preparation (Table 2) continued into the 2nd tions represented diverse areas of research, quarter of the presentcentury. However, a num- administration, program development, and op- ber of other strategiesaimed at larval and adult erational programs for mosquitoes and mosqui- control were added to the arsenalagainst disease to-borne diseases.Some of the topics covered vectors and pests (Table 3). A comprehensive included mosquito control in California and treatment of this technology was reported by abroad, outbreaksof malaria in California, iden- Herms and Gray (1944)in a book that provided tification of mosquitoes, mosquito migrations, a detailed description and analysisofvector con- and other problems pertaining to mosquitoes and trol technologybased on laws leading to the for- mosquito control programs. mation of mosquito abatementagencies. Source From his biographical sketchand scientific ac- reduction and naturalistic and biological control complishments,it is clear that Stanley Freeborn methodologies were promoted as the primary line had keen interest in mosquitoes and that his re- of defense.Oiling and the use of chemical lar- search activity covered both basic and applied vicides and adulticides were considered as an fields. The major thrust of his researchactivities adjunct to the more peffnanent and lasting strat- was directed toward vector control and vector- egiesemployed. Herms and Gray (1944) alluded borne diseases.In the spirit of his interest in to the problem of pest mosquitoes after inter- vector control programs, I now briefly present ruption of disease transmission and recom- the progressionand evolution of vector control mended reduction or elimination of pestiferous technologiesfrom the past into the present and speciesfor the overall comfort and well-being of also project the trends into the near future. Be- the public. The need for the abatement of pes- causeof Freeborn'sinvolvement and association tiferous vectors (speciesserving as diseasevec- with California, I will touch primarily upon vec- tors, as well as those which are pestiferous) is tor control methodologies in California, which even more important today in developed areas, 577 DEcBrvrnEr1994 Mel'roRrAL Lecrunr I Table 3. Mosquito control technology I .E employed during the 2nd quarter of the 20th -lI century and beYond.t AI oo9 r-l I Types of major mosquito control tactics o O\l C) ()(ll^ manage- lii d q) l. Source reduction, environmental kl ;.E=.E ment fitl tl Drainage and reclamation of freshwaterand EeEgg saltwater marshes >' <E<O,! Filling, pumping, flushing Speciessanitation o o q) f 2. Oils and larvicides
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Backyard Mosquito Management Practices That Do Not Poison You Or the Environment by Becky Crouse
    A BEYOND PESTlClDES FACT SHEET O A BEYOND PESTlClDES FACT SHEET O A BEYOND PESTlClDES FACT SHEET Backyard Mosquito Management Practices that do not poison you or the environment By Becky Crouse irst and foremost, let’s get a couple of things straight. (1995), pgs. 17-29). He has continually questioned the effi- Mosquito management does NOT mean dousing your- cacy of spray-based strategies against mosquitoes, conduct- Fself and your kin in your favorite DEET product and ing research for several cities in the mid-1980s. then stepping out to enjoy the local wildlife. It is not swat- ting at the suckers as they bite you. And it is not investing in Life Cycle of a Skeeter one of those full-body net suits for your next camping trip. To manage mosquitoes, you have to get rid of the situa- There are more than 2,500 different species of mosquitoes in the tions that are attracting them to your world, 150 of which occur in the U.S. property, and, if you detect any and a only small fraction of which ac- breeding activity, kill them before tually transmit disease. they become adults. That’s called Mosquitoes go through four LARVACIDE! stages in their life cycle – egg, larva, So what then do mosquitoes pupa, and adult. Eggs can be laid ei- need? Why are they finding your ther one at a time or in rafts and float backyard so darn attractive? They on the surface of the water. Culex and need suitable aquatic breeding habi- Culiseta species stick their eggs to- tats in order to complete their life gether in rafts of 200 or more, which cycle (a.k.a they need water).
    [Show full text]
  • Mosquito Action Plan
    MOSQUITO ACTION PLAN March 2019 1.0 PURPOSE OF THE MOSQUITO ACTION PLAN The purpose of the Mosquito Action Plan is to provide clear guidelines to City Council and City staff, and information to stakeholders regarding the various responses made to prevent and control mosquito- borne diseases. 2.0 INTRODUCTION In 2012, West Nile Virus (WNV) caused the largest outbreak in Dallas County history, with a total of 388 WNV human cases, including 18 deaths. WNV is now considered endemic in the United States and some level of WNV infection can be expected every year. Following the WNV outbreak of 2012, the Dallas County Health and Human Services (DCHHS) along with its municipal partners anticipates the need for a coordinated and proactive plan to address WNV in its communities. The City of Rowlett has contracted with DCHHS for vector control and City of Garland for health services within its City boundaries. DCHHS will work alongside the City of Rowlett to help develop strategies to protect residents from mosquito-borne illness. Both entities are committed to working together to suppress mosquito populations through mosquito surveillance and control. DCHHS will also provide assistance to the City of Rowlett with regard to response activities in the event of a vector borne disease outbreak. The City of Garland will provide investigation and notification of all occurrences of all cases of mosquito-borne illness that occur in the City of Rowlett to DCHHS Environmental Health Division. The City of Rowlett along with its partnering agencies recognizes that the main contributing factor to the success of mosquito control response measures is the effective cooperation and communication among collaborative agencies.
    [Show full text]
  • Setting up a Mosquito Control Program
    SETTING UP A MOSQUITO CONTROL PROGRAM JEROME GODDARD, Ph.D. MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGIST BUREAU OF GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES MISSISSIPPI STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH P. O. BOX 1700 JACKSON, MISSISSIPPI 39215-1700 601-576-7689 UPDATED JUNE 2003 PREFACE Mosquito control is undergoing major changes in Mississippi. Instead of just routinely spraying malathion or a pyrethroid out of trucks several nights weekly, mosquito control personnel are now trying to get the most control with the least amount of pesticides. This involves source reduction to eliminate mosquito breeding areas, larviciding areas of standing water, and carefully timed, strategically placed insecticides aimed at the adult mosquitoes. This booklet outlines the components of an integrated mosquito control program with emphasis on incorporating surveillance and larviciding into existing programs. General information is provided as a review of control and surveillance techniques commonly used. In addition, this booklet describes some problem mosquitoes found in Mississippi and discusses their importance as public health and pest problems. NOTE: Much of this publication was originally compiled and illustrated by the former medical entomologist with the Mississippi State Department of Health, Mr. Ed Bowles. It has been revised several times by myself and Dr. Brigid Elchos, State Public Health Veterinarian. Jerome Goddard, Ph.D. Medical Entomologist MOSQUITO CONTROL AND PUBLIC HEALTH Mosquitoes and the diseases they carry have played an important role in our history. Epidemics of mosquito-borne diseases were once common in the United States. Outbreaks of yellow fever occurred as far north as Philadelphia during the colonial period, and epidemics took many lives in New Orleans until 1905.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Strategies to Replace DDT and Control Malaria
    Environmental strategies to replace DDT and control malaria A healthy world for all. Protect humanity and the enviroment from pesticides. Promote alternatives. © Pestizid Aktions-Netzwerk (PAN) e.V. Nernstweg 32, 22765 Hamburg Tel. +49 (0)40 - 3991910 - 0 E-mail: [email protected] www.pan-germany.org Hamburg, December 2009 Editor: Carina Weber Author: Vanessa Laumann Layout: Ulrike Sommer, grafik:sommer, Hamburg ISBN: 978-3-9812334-5-2 Photos front page: Mosquito: CDC/James Gathany; farmer group: van den Berg; workers: CDC; Gambusia: CDC; neem: J.M. Garg This project was supported by: The supporting institutions accept no responsibility for the correctness, accuracy or completeness of the information, or for the observance of the private rights of third parties. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the supporting institutions. Environmental strategies to replace DDT and control malaria 5 . Preface 6 . Summary 7 . S e c t i o n 1 Malaria – A deadly disease 9 . S e c t i o n 2 Parasites and vectors – Favourable conditions increase populations 11 . S e c t i o n 3 The current anti-malaria approach 13 . S e c t i o n 4 List of pesticides recommended for malaria control – A list of concern 14 . S e c t i o n 5 Non-pesticidal interventions 14 . Environmental management 16 . Biological control 19 . S e c t i o n 6 Messages from the field 19 . Malaya/Zambia Lessons from history 21 . Kenya Environmentally friendly malaria control in Malindi and Nyabondo 22 . Sri Lanka Farmer Field Schools – A case study of integrated pest and vector management 24 .
    [Show full text]
  • Common Malaria Mosquito Anopheles Quadrimaculatus Say (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae)1 Leslie M
    EENY 491 Common Malaria Mosquito Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae)1 Leslie M. Rios and C. Roxanne Connelly2 Introduction Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say is historically the most important vector of malaria in the eastern United States. Malaria was a serious plague in the United States for centuries until its final eradication in the 1950s (Rutledge et al. 2005). Despite the ostensible eradication, there are occasional cases of autochthonous (local) transmission in the U.S. vectored by An. quadrimaculatus (CDC 2003). In addition to being a vector of pathogens, An. quadri- maculatus can also be a pest species (O’Malley 1992). This species has been recognized as a complex of five sibling species (Reinert et al. 1997) and is commonly referred to as An. quadrimaculatus (sensu lato) when in a collection or identified in the field. The most common hosts are large mammals including humans. Synonymy Anopheles annulimanus Van der Wulp Figure 1. Adult female common malaria mosquito, Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say. (From Systematic Catalog of the Culicidae, Walter Reed Credits: Sean McCann, University of Florida Biosystematics Unit) Distribution Anopheles quadrimaculatus mosquitoes are primarily seen in eastern North America. They are found in the eastern United States, the southern range of Canada, and parts of Mexico south to Vera Cruz. The greatest abundance occurs 1. This document is EENY 491, one of a series of the Department of Entomology and Nematology, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date February 2009. Revised August 2015. Reviewed October 2018. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) Against Aedes Species Mosquitoes: a Roadmap and Good Practice Framework for Designing, Implementing and Evaluating Pilot Field Trials
    insects Review Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) against Aedes Species Mosquitoes: A Roadmap and Good Practice Framework for Designing, Implementing and Evaluating Pilot Field Trials Clélia F. Oliva 1,2 , Mark Q. Benedict 3, C Matilda Collins 4 , Thierry Baldet 5, Romeo Bellini 6 , Hervé Bossin 7, Jérémy Bouyer 5,8 , Vincent Corbel 9, Luca Facchinelli 10 , Florence Fouque 11, Martin Geier 12, Antonios Michaelakis 13 , David Roiz 9 , Frédéric Simard 9, Carlos Tur 14 and Louis-Clément Gouagna 9,* 1 Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Fruits et Légumes (CTIFL), Centre Opérationnel de Balandran, 751 Chemin de Balandran, 30127 Bellegarde, France; clelia.oliva@ctifl.fr 2 Collectif TIS (Technique de l’Insecte Stérile), 751 Chemin de Balandran, 30127 Bellegarde, France 3 Mosquito Hunters, 620 Peachtree St, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA; [email protected] 4 Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London SW7 1NE, UK; [email protected] 5 ASTRE (Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques, Ecosystèmes), Cirad, Univ. Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France; [email protected] (T.B.); [email protected] (J.B.) 6 Centro Agricoltura Ambiente “Giorgio Nicoli”, S.r.l. Via Sant’Agata, 835, 40014 Crevalcore, Italy; [email protected] 7 Institut Louis Malardé, Papeete, 98713 Tahiti, French Polynesia; [email protected] 8 Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA Vienna, Wagramer Strasse 5, 1400 Vienna, Austria Citation: Oliva, C.F.; Benedict, M.Q.; 9 UMR MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle), Collins, CM.; Baldet, T.; Bellini, R.; IRD-CNRS-Univ. Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France; [email protected] (V.C.); [email protected] (D.R.); Bossin, H.; Bouyer, J.; Corbel, V.; [email protected] (F.S.) Facchinelli, L.; Fouque, F.; et al.
    [Show full text]
  • The Big Debate Teachers’ Notes
    The Big Debate Teachers’ notes Overview of the activity Students use the Malaria Challenge resource to research one of five different stages of the malaria lifecycle. Working in groups they will identify different intervention methods that are used to target their chosen stage and discuss the pros and cons of these methods, considering their efficiency and cost. Once familiar with their chosen stage and its related interventions, students from each group form a new “expert group”. Here each student discusses their thoughts on their stage of the malaria lifecycle and then, as a group of “experts”, discuss what are the best strategies or intervention methods that could eradicate malaria. Each group feeds back their thoughts and finds out if their conclusions are the same as professional malaria researchers. Estimated duration: 60-90 minutes If class time is limited, students can be allocated to their groups before the lesson and prepare for the activity as a homework task by accessing the Malaria Challenge resource online to gather information on their allocated life cycle stage. Running the activity To run the activity you will require: • Malaria Challenge resource • Lifecycle Stage cards • Teachers notes (one per teacher/facilitator) • Student worksheet • Expert group worksheet (one per group) • Introductory PowerPoint or video • Can malaria be eradicated? video • Group discussion guidelines Step 1: Introduction to malaria Using either the Malaria Challenge video or PowerPoint presentation provided in the resource, introduce the students to the topic of malaria. Both resources provide information covering the key points of: • what malaria is • where it is a problem • who is affected and why.
    [Show full text]
  • Modelling Sterile Insect Technique to Control the Population of Anopheles Gambiae James E Gentile1*, Samuel SC Rund2 and Gregory R Madey1
    Gentile et al. Malaria Journal (2015) 14:92 DOI 10.1186/s12936-015-0587-5 RESEARCH Open Access Modelling sterile insect technique to control the population of Anopheles gambiae James E Gentile1*, Samuel SC Rund2 and Gregory R Madey1 Abstract Background: There is a renewed effort to develop novel malaria control strategies as even well-implemented existing malaria control tools may fail to block transmission in some regions. Currently, transgenic implementations of the sterile insect technique (SIT) such as the release of insects with a dominant lethal, homing endonuclease genes, or flightless mosquitoes are in development. These implementations involve the release of transgenic male mosquitoes whose matings with wild females produce either no viable offspring or no female offspring. As these technologies are all in their infancy, little is known about the relative efficiencies of the various implementations. Methods: This paper describes agent-based modelling of emerging and theoretical implementations of transgenic SIT in Anopheles gambiae for the control of malaria. It reports on female suppression as it is affected by the SIT implementation, the number of released males, and competitiveness of released males. Conclusions: The simulation experiments suggest that a late-acting bisex lethal gene is the most efficient of the four implementations we simulated. They demonstrate 1) the relative impact of release size on a campaign’s effectiveness 2) late-acting genes are preferred because of their ability to exploit density dependent larval mortality 3) late-acting bisex lethal genes achieve elimination before their female-killing counterparts. Keywords: Agent-based modelling, SIT, Release of insects with a dominant lethal gene (RIDL) Introduction mass release of males sterilized through radiological or Mosquito-borne illnesses including dengue fever, lym- chemical means.
    [Show full text]
  • Mosquito Management: Turnkey Solutions and Responsible Control
    Emergency Response Broox Boze, Ph.D. Mosquito Management Director of Research Turnkey Solutions and Kelsey Renfro Responsible Control Lab Manager November 6th, 2019 2019 Hurricane Season • fd Is your community prepared? Chemical Spills Downed• Powerfd Lines Flooding Hazardous Waste Drinking Water Mosquitoes Outline What __% does mosquito management play in your job role? MOSQUITO MANAGEMENT TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY EMERGENCY RESPONSE History, Capacity and Foundations Surveillance and Control Natural Disasters + Disease Outbreak History: Anti‐Mosquito Movement Late 19th Century – Discovery of Mosquitoes as Disease Vectors • Patrick Manson (filariasis) • Carlos Finlay (yellow fever) • Roland Ross (malaria) • Giovanni Grassi (malaria) • The Reed Commission (yellow fever) • Harris Graham (dengue) 20th Century to Present Day – American Anti‐Mosquito Movement • 1900 ‐ 1942 Mechanical Era • 1942 ‐ 1972 Chemical Era • 1972 –Present IPM Era History: American Anti‐Mosquito Movement Mechanical Era 1900 – 1942 1st Abatement Districts Mosquito Control Integral Malaria WWII 1912 ‐ 1915 Great Depression 125,500+ cases of malaria in the U.S. NJ, CA, FL, UT, and IL • Federal Emergency Relief with 1,000s of Army troops dying Administration (FERA) 1st Aerial Applications • Civilian Works 1925 ‐ Larvicide against Administration (CWA) anopheline mosquitoes • Creates 120K+ Jobs First mosquito control districts in Florida were formed in Indian River and St. Lucie counties History: American Anti‐Mosquito Movement Chemical Era 1942 – 1972 DDT Arrival US Department of Defense National Malaria Eradication 1943 Approved pesticide 1946 Air Force Aerial Spray Program Unit (AFASU) 1947 Cooperative of 13 States • Success against • Highlighting need for • Removal of habitat, ditching malaria in Mexico public health and • 4.6M+ homes treated, IRS • Crop dusters modified humanitarian aid • Consistent aerial application for mosquito control applications • Eliminated malaria by 1951 in U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Control Methods for African Malaria Vectors
    Activity Report 108 A Review of Control Methods for African Malaria Vectors by Kathleen Walker, Ph.D. April 2002 Prepared for the Office of Health, Infectious Diseases and Nutrition, Bureau for Global Health, U.S. Agency for International Development, under EHP Project 26568/CESH.OPR.MAL.LIT Environmental Health Project Contract HRN-I-00-99-00011-00 is sponsored by the Office of Health, Infectious Diseases and Nutrition, Bureau for Global Health, U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, DC 20523 Contents About the Author ...........................................................................................................v Abbreviations.............................................................................................................. vii Foreword...................................................................................................................... ix 1. Introduction..............................................................................................................1 1.1. Purpose and Scope .......................................................................................1 1.2. Background..................................................................................................2 2. Technical Review of Vector Control Techniques....................................................5 2.1. Environmental Management of Malaria Vectors.........................................5 2.2. Larviciding—Biological and Chemical Methods ......................................12 2.3. Chemical Control
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges and Controlling Strategies of Mosquito
    REGULAR ISSUE ARTICLE CHALLENGES AND CONTROLLING STRATEGIES OF MOSQUITO Nikita Nagpal1, Kapila Kumar1, Nilanjan Das2* 1Department of Biotechnology, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, INDIA 2Accendere, CL Educate Ltd., New Delhi, INDIA ABSTRACT In recent era, mosquito-borne deadly diseases are accounting approximately about 17% of all the infectious diseases. Although Malaria is the principal focus of the scientists, other deadly diseases like dengue and chikungunya are endemic in many developing countries. Though, synthetic mosquito repellents are controlling the mosquito population but they possess a lot of disadvantages to pregnant women and children. Thus, the focus has been shifted towards plant based repellents and plant derived essential oils which show efficacy with no side- effects. Research is also going on focusing the development of an anti-parasite vaccine. To this end, though, there is no licensed vaccine at present but a lot of progress is seen in this field recently. Another area of research has been focused on sterile insect techniques and transgenic mosquitoes in order to suppress the whole disease spreading female vector population. The progress in the field of molecular biology has facilitated greatly to disrupt and exploit the mosquito’s life cycle. This review highlights all the approaches investigated to control mosquito-borne diseases with a fair discussion on challenges faced in this regard. INTRODUCTION In this highly socialized and globalized world, Mosquito borne diseases are one of the major causes of KEY WORDS deaths every year. Mosquito-borne diseases account for about 17% of all the infectious diseases, causing Mosquito-borne more than 1 million deaths annually [1, 2, 3].
    [Show full text]
  • 1 PHILOSOPHY of MOSQUITO CONTROL the Underlying
    PHILOSOPHY OF MOSQUITO CONTROL Portions of this chapter were obtained from the University of Florida and the American Mosquito Control Association Public Health Pest Control web site at http://vector.ifas.ufl.edu, the University of Sydney Department of Medical Entomology website at http://medent.usyd.edu.au/fact/irrigwet.htm, the Environmental Protection Agency Mosquito Control web site at http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/health/mosquitoes/control.htm, and the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials’ Public Health Confronts the Mosquito report at http://www.astho.org/?template=mosquito_control.html. The underlying philosophy of mosquito control is based on the fact that the greatest control impact on mosquito populations will occur when they are concentrated, immobile and accessible. This emphasis focuses on habitat management and controlling the immature stages before mosquitoes emerge as adults. This policy reduces the need for widespread pesticide application in residential areas. The use of pesticides for mosquito control is considered a temporary form of control. Since it is unreasonable to expect to completely eliminate the next generation by treating the current generation, the process may have to be repeated time and again. This is true for chemical treatment of both immature and adult populations of mosquitoes. By contrast, source reduction that prevents mosquito development can be a permanent form of control, perhaps requiring limited maintenance from time to time. Integrated Mosquito Management is the use of all appropriate technological and management techniques that brings about an effective degree of mosquito prevention and suppression in a safe, cost­effective, and environmentally sound manner. The major components of integrated mosquito management are: 1.
    [Show full text]