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The Gospels Oxford Bible Commentary.Pdf The Oxford Bible Commentary This page intentionally left blank the oxford bible commentary The Gospels edited by JOHN MUDDIMAN and JOHN BARTON associate editors Dr Loveday Alexander Dom Henry Wansborough, OSB 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX26DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York # Oxford University Press 2001 First published in this updated selection 2010 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published in this updated selection 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Clays Ltd., St Ives plc ISBN 978–0–19–958025–5 13579108642 LIST OF CONTENTS List of Contributors vi Abbreviations vii 1. General Introduction 1 2. Introduction to the New Testament 7 3. Matthew 27 4. Mark 84 5. Luke 134 6. John 186 7. The Four Gospels in Synopsis 242 Bibliographical Guide 278 Index 281 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Leslie Houlden, King’s College, formerly Professor of Theology King’s College London Dale C. Allison JR, Errett M. Grable Professor of New Testament exegesis and early Christianity Pittsburgh Theological Seminary C. M. Tuckett, Professor of New Testament Studies, University of Oxford Eric Franklin†, formerly St Stephen’s House, Oxford Rene´ Kieffer, University of Uppsala Henry Wansbrough OSB, University of Oxford ABBREVIATIONS GENERAL AB Anchor Bible ABD D. N. Freedman (ed.), Anchor Bible Dictionary (6 vols.; New York: Doubleday, 1992) AnBib Analecta biblica Aram. Aramaic b. Babylonian Talmud B 4th-cent MS of part of NT, in the Vatican Library BCE Before Common Era BETL Bibliotheca ephemeridum theologicarum lovaniensium Bib. Biblica BZNW Beihefte zur ZNW CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CD Cairo Geniza, Damascus Document CE Common Era ctr. contrast D Deuteronomist source in the Pentateuch EKKNT Evangelisch-katholischer Kommentar zum Neuen Testament ET English Translation ETL Ephemerides theologicae lovanienses Fr. French Gk. Greek GNB Good News Bible HB Hebrew Bible Heb. Hebrew ICC International Critical Commentary JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JSNT Journal for the Study of the New Testament JSNTSup Journal for the Study of the New Testament—Supplement Series abbreviations viii JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament JSOTSup Journal for the Study of the Old Testament—Supplement Series JTS Journal of Theological Studies Lat. Latin LXX Septuagint m. Mishnah MS Monograph Series; manuscript Mt. Mount MT Masoretic Text NICNT New International Commentary on the New Testament NIGTC New International Greek Testament Commentary NTS New Testament Studies 66 P Papyrus of parts of the Gospel of John, c. 200 CE, Bodmer Library, Cologny-Geneva, and Chester-Beatty Library, Dublin 75 P Papyrus of parts of the Gospels of Luke and John, 3rd cent., Bodmer Library, Cologny-Geneva par. parallel(s) pl. plural SANT Studien zum Alten und Neuen Testament SBLSBS SBL Sources for Biblical Study ScEs Science et esprit SCM Student Christian Movement SNTSMS Society for New Testament Study Monograph Series SPCK Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge ST Studia theologica Str-B [H. Strack and] P. Billerbeck, Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus Talmud und Midrasch (6 vols.; Munich: C. K. Beck, 1926–61) t. Tosefta T. Dan. Testament of Dan TOB Traduction œcume´nique de la bible TT Teologisk Tidsskrift TZ Theologische Zeitschrift v. versus WBC World Biblical Commentary WUNT Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament y. Jerusalem Talmud ZNW Zeitschrift fu¨r die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft ix abbreviations CLASSICAL ’Abot R. Nat. ’Abot de Rabbi Nathan Ap. John Apocryphon of John Apoc. Abr. Apocalypse of Abraham 2–3 Apoc. Bar. Apocalypse of Baruch Apoc. Sed. Apocalypse of Sedrach As. Mos. Assumption of Moses Aug. Augustine De civ. dei De civitate dei Barn. Epistle of Barnabas B. Bat. Baba Batra Ber. Berakot Calvin Inst. Institutes Clem. Al. Clement of Alexandria Ped. Pedagogus Dem. Demai Did. Didache Dio Chrystostom Or. Orationes Eccles. Rab. Ecclesiastes Rabbah Ep. Arist. Epistle of Aristeas Ep. Diogn. Epistle to Diognetus Eusebius Hist. eccl. Historia Ecclesiastica Gen. Rab. Genesis Rabbah Gos. Thom. Gospel of Thomas Hag. Hagiga Irenaeus Adv. haer. Adversus haereses Jos. Josephus Ag. Ap. Against Apion Ant. Antiquities of the Jews J.W. Jewish War Jub. Jubilees Just. Justin Martyr Dial. Dialogus Apol. Apologia abbreviations x Meg. Megilla Mek. Mekilta Ned. Nedarim Origen C. Cels. Contra Celsum Philo Philo Judaeus Abr. De Abrahamo Dec. De Decalogo Leg. ad Gaium Legatio ad Gaium Leg. All. Legum allegoriae Migr. Abr. De migratione Abrahami Ps.-Philo Pseudo-Philo LAB Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum Ps.-Phoc. Pseudo-Phocylides Pss. Sol. Psalms of Solomon Odes Sol. Odes of Solomon 1QH Qumran Cave 1, Hoˆdayoˆt (Thanksgiving Hymns) 1QM Qumran Cave 1, War Scroll 1QpHab Qumran Cave 1, Pesher on Habakkuk 1QS Qumran Cave 1, Serek hayyahad (Rule of the Community, Manual of Discipline) [2h dot] 3Q15 Qumran Cave 3, Copper Scroll 4Q270 Qumran Cave 4, Zadokite fragments 4Q491 Qumran Cave 4, War Scroll 4Q521 Qumran Cave 4, Messianic Apocalypse 4QFlor Qumran Cave 4, Florilegium 4QPrNab Qumran Cave 4, Prayer of Nabonidus 11QMelch Qumran Cave 11, Melchizedek text 11QTemple Qumran Cave 11, Temple Scroll Rab. Rabbah Sanh. Sanhedrin Suetonius Dom. Domitian Vesp. Vespasianus Sukk. Sukka T. Abr. Testament of Abraham Tert. Tertullian Adv. Marc. Adversus Marcionem Apol. Apologeticus xi abbreviations T. Gad Testament of Gad Tg. Ps.-J. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan T. Iss. Testament of Issachar T. Job Testament of Job T. Levi Testament of Levi v. versus y. Jerusalem Talmud Yebam. Yebamot This page intentionally left blank 1. General Introduction A. Studying the Bible. 1. People’s reasons for format makes it possible to obtain an overview studying the Bible—and therefore for using a of the whole Bible before going on to use more biblical commentary—are many and various. advanced individual commentaries on particu- The great majority of Bible readers have a reli- lar biblical books. gious motivation. They believe that the Bible 3. Finally, there are many Bible readers who contains the ‘words of life’, and that to study it are committed neither to a religious quest of is a means of deepening their understanding of their own nor to the study of religion, but who the ways of God. They turn to the Bible to are drawn by the literary quality of much of the inform them about how God desires human Bible to want to know more about it. For them beings to live, and about what God has done it is a major classic of Western—indeed, of for the human race. They expect to be both world—literature, whose influence on other lit- challenged and helped by what they read, and erature, ancient and modern, requires that it to gain clearer guidance for living as religious should be taken seriously and studied in believers. Such people will use a commentary to depth. A generation ago ‘the Bible as literature’ help them understand the small print of what was regarded by many students of the Bible, has been disclosed about the nature and pur- especially those with a religious commitment poses of God. The editors’ hope is that those to it, as a somewhat dilettante interest, insuffi- who turn to the Bible for such religious reasons ciently alert to the Bible’s spiritual challenge. will find that the biblical text is here explained Nowadays, however, a great deal of serious in ways that make it easier to understand its scholarly work is being done on literary aspects content and meaning. We envisage that the of the Bible, and many commentaries are writ- Commentary will be used by pastors preparing ten with the needs of a literary, rather than a sermons, by groups of people reading the Bible religious, readership in mind. We think that together in study or discussion groups, and by those who approach the Bible in such a way anyone who seeks a clearer perspective on a will find much in this Commentary to stimulate text that they hold in reverence as religiously their interest further. inspiring. Jews, Catholics, Protestants, and Orthodox Christians have different expect- B. Biblical Criticism. 1. The individual authors ations of the Bible, but we hope that all will of commentaries have been free to treat the find the Commentary useful in elucidating the biblical books as they see fit, and there has text. been no imposition of a common editorial per- 2. A somewhat smaller group of readers spective. They are, however, united by an app- studies the Bible as a monument to important roach that we have called ‘chastened historical movements of religious thought in the past, criticism’.
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