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3Ème PARTIE; APPENDICES; (1937

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3Ème PARTIE; APPENDICES; (1937 — 43 - (III, 9) 9. Lemon Sole Larvae in Scottish Waters during 1931. Bv Bennet B. Rae, Aberdeen. his paper deals with the first of a number of Developmental Stages. Tyears selected for the study of the larval lemon In spite of careful search through the collections soles (Pleuronectes microcephalus) taken in the plank­ no specimens with complete yolk-sacs were found ton nets of the Scottish research vessel ‘‘Explorer”. and indeed only a few of the 89 larvae included in The term larva is here used to denote all stages up the youngest stage retained traces of the yolk. to the completion of metamorphosis. The following stages are defined for the purposes of From the middle of February to the end of April the present report. the following areas were sampled, but no larval lemon Stage 1. A pronounced depression in front of the soles were caught. anus caused by absorption of yolk-sac, more or less similar to that illustrated by E hrenbaum (2) in his February: figure “d” and by McI ntosh (4), Fig. 4, Pl. XI. Aberdeenshire coast, Sule Skerry, Minch. Stage 2. No depression in front of the anus: expansion of the marginal embryonic fins. The caudal March: fin appears in the form of a translucent portion on Minch, Butt of Lewis, Sule Skerry, North Kona, the embryonic fin near the ventral half of the first North coast, West Orkney, North Orkney, West pigment spot, vide P etersen (5), Fig. 16. Shetland, East Shetland, Northern North Sea, Fair Stage 3. Body deeper and embryonic fin broader. Isle, East Orkney, Moray Firth, Aberdeenshire coast, Fin rays are now visible in the caudal fin though Firth of Forth. there is no indication of the notochord bending up­ April: wards. The “a” and “b” pigment spots are now re­ Firth of Forth, Central North Sea, Aberdeenshire presented on the dorsal region, vide P etersen s coast, Northern North Sea, East Shetland, Fair Isle. Figure 17. S tage 4. The notochord is definitely heterocercal Investigations were resumed on 9th May and the and the caudal fin much developed. The body is first larvae were caught near the Pentland Skerries deeper and traces of fin-ray supports are visible at on the following day. Thereafter they were taken the base of the embryonic fin. The left eye is be­ regularly throughout the year until 17th November, ginning to migrate, vide P etersen, Fig.^ 18. about which time the research vessel was withdrawn S tage 5. The heterocercal condition is more ad­ for annual overhaul. Between these dates a total vanced. Fin-ray supports are well developed and the of 1595 larvae was caught, details of which are given fin-rays of the dorsal and ventral fins extend about in Table 6 in which the larvae have been arranged half-way to the margin of the embryonic fins. The monthly according to various developmental stages. eye is showing above the head, vide P etersen, Fig. 19. Owing to the preservation of the larvae in weak ' S tage 6. No tracé of embryonic fin remains. The formalin, characteristics based on pigment have been dorsal and ventral fins are separated from the caudal found unreliable in distinguishing different stages, so fin. The pectoral and pelvic fin rays are now rapidly that little stress has been laid on this feature. developing. The body is deeper and the pigmentation — 44 - more marked. The eye is advancing over the ridge. Young­ Inter­ Old- To­ This stage includes all individuals up to the commen­ est mediate est tals cement of life on the sea bottom when metamorphosis Surface....................... 2.8 3.5 27.3 3.8 may be regarded as complete, vide Figures 20 of Mid water or 50 m, , 26.8 22.6 13.7 24.5 P etersen and “h” and “i ” of E hrenbaum . Bottom or 100 m 70.4 73.9 59.0 71.7 These figures indicate that the bottom tow-net accounts for the largest percentage of the larvae. Fishing Gear. Percentages of the youngest and intermediate stages in each net are somewhat similar. In the case of the The nets in general use on the “Explorer” were: oldest larvae a much larger percentage is found in 1. The two-metre ring net of cheesecloth material for the surface net, but in view of the small numbers vertical hauls. this point requires further investigation. 2. The one-metre ring nets also of cheesecloth for A further analysis of the tow-net catches according horizontal towing at surface, mid-water and bot­ to the actual depth at which the nets are fishing is tom or intermediate lower strata to a depth of given in the following table. 100 metres. Duration of each haul fifteen minutes. 3. The Agassiz stramin net on a rectangular frame, T able 2. also for horizontal towing at different depths. Inter­ Duration of haul thirty minutes, comprising ten Youngest Oldest Stages mediate Totals minutes at each depth. Stages Stages 0 Information regarding the fishing capacity of the No. ‘lo No. °/o No. »/„ No. 0 different nets is given in the following table in which Surface. 11 2.8 12 3.5 6 27.3 29 3.8 the stages are classed as follows: - 1— 30 m. 16 4.1 19 5.6 1 4.5 36 4.8 31— 70 m. 105 26.8 83 24.3 5 22.7 193 25.6 71—100 m. 259 66.3 227 66.6 10 45.5 496 Stages 1, 1—2, 2 ................................... Youngest 65.8 — 2—3, 3, 3—4, 4, 4—5, 5 . Intermediate Totals... 391 341 22 754 — 5—6, 6 ...................................... Oldest Allowing for the fact that a number of larvae may be caught during the hauling of the mid-water and Table 1. bottom nets, the evidence clearly shows that the bulk , of the larvae is taken in the bottom tow-net at depths 1 .2 3 >« <» Q0 » .2 o c3 ©. —3 varying from 71—100 metres. ■3 3 e ’s C = , 2 'S. Oai « ^ Ä c3 For depths of more than 100 metres the Agassiz 5 Ph Stramin net was used. It is unfortunate, however, 2 m. chcl................... 264 173 15 452 168 65 that no collections referable to this depth only exist. 1 m. chcl. 0 m.......... 11 12 6 29 161 9 It is noticeable, however, that hauls, in which part — midwater or 50 m. 105 77 3 185 135 32 of the time was spent fishing deeper than 100 metres, — bottom or 100 m. 275 252 13 540 161 51 produced relatively few larvae. Agassiz Stramin . 77 253 59 389 114 49 The capture of so few larvae at the surface has Totals. .. 732 767 96 1595 739 206 prompted a closer examination of the time of capture of these records, viz. Table 3. According to the above table, the most productive T able 3. net for lemon sole larvae was the deepest one-metre - a 1 è | a>s cheesecloth tow-net which was closely followed by Area Date Time of Day 3 'S 'S 2 the vertical two-metre cheesecloth. The Agassiz Ë"1 o *—■ — o Stramin, which probably fishes slightly closer to the YY16d 4 June 11.20 p.m. to midnight. 2 1 1 — bottom than the deepest tow-net, caught a much A17a 8 — 12.10 a.m. to 2 a.m. .. 5 5 — — smaller proportion of the earliest stages and a larger C15c 9 July 1 a.m. to 2-35 a.m .. 15 4 11 — proportion of the oldest stages, than other nets. A15d 17 Aug. 10.30 p.m. to 11-30 p.m. 1 -------- 1 B16c 18 — 4.20 a.m. to 5-15 a.m .. 1 -------- 1 C16b 24 — 2.50 a.m. to 4-05 a.m .. 1 — _ 1 Depth at which Larvae occur. E17b 8 Oct. 12.30 a.m. to 2 a.m. 1 — _ 1 D14a 8 — 10.30 p.m. to midnight. 2 -------- In order to determine the depth at which the larvae 2 B lld 1 Nov. 8.30 p.m. to 9-40 p.m .. 1 1 — occur the one-metre tow-nets alone are considered. — These nets are towed at surface, mid-water and bot­ In each case the larvae were caught during the tom, but are not of the closing type so that positive hours of darkness which suggests the existence of an results may have been obtained during hauling upward and downward movement of the larvae with operations. The numbers at the different stages darkness and daylight as characteristic of other (Table 1) from each tow-net may be expressed as species of fish and plankton generally, vide J ohan­ the following percentages: sen (3) and R ussell (6). — 45 — (III, 9) The Occurrence of the Larvae. These figures, in comparison with those of Table 4, resemble the figures for the Sule Skerry—Noup Head The first lemon sole lafvae were caught near the region, suggesting contemporaneous spawning. Pentland Skerries, Copinsay and Fair Isle during the Towards the end of June and in the first half of second week of May. Of the thirty specimens taken July operations were carried out mainly in the Cen­ at these places, twenty-eight were at Stage 1 or 2, tral and Eastern Northern North Sea where records while only two were beyond these stages of develop­ were scarce. Near Fair Isle, larvae were more numer­ ment. Seven larvae taken west of Shetland showed ous but the best catches on this cruise were taken the same development.
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