Clin Soc Work J (2009) 37:7–13 DOI 10.1007/s10615-007-0090-8

ORIGINAL PAPER

The Relationship Between and : The Future Impact of Social Workers

Eda G. Goldstein

Published online: 23 June 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2007

Abstract Because social workers are likely to have a theory of personality and human problems that helped them more expanded role within organized psychoanalysis than to understand their clients’ often entrenched problems in previously, it seems timely to consider the numerous new ways (Woodroofe, 1971, pp. 8–51). Social work challenges and opportunities ahead with respect to social practitioners, many of whom eagerly sought psychoana- workers’ impact on the practice of psychoanalysis. For lytic treatment and supervision, began to use many those who become social work psychoanalysts, in partic- psychoanalytic techniques with their clients. Numerous ular, a pivotal issue is the degree to which they retain their social work practice models incorporated psychodynamic core identity as clinical social workers. It is important for principles and treatment techniques. them to integrate and balance the diverse aspects of their There have those who viewed the early Freudian influ- dual identity, to participate in our social work organiza- ence as leading to excesses and ‘‘wrong turns’’ in the tions, to contribute to developing psychoanalysis, and to profession (Meyer, 1970, pp. 36–53). Gordon Hamilton work to keep the teaching of contemporary psychoanalytic (1958), an early proponent of the use of psychodynamic theories alive in social work education. knowledge and a major contributor to the Diagnostic School, wrote that ‘‘it was one of the aberrant features of Keywords Psychoanalysis Á Social work psychoanalyst Á the attempt to carry psychoanalytic principles and tech- Clinical social work practice Á Professional identity niques into casework that treatment became so preoccupied with the inner life as almost to lose touch with outer reality and the social factors with which social workers were most The relationship between social work and psychoanalysis familiar’’ (p. 23). has usually been approached from the perspective of how Subsequently, others have echoed Hamilton’s senti- psychoanalytic thinking has influenced social workers. ments. Criticisms of social work’s reliance on psychoana- Using this lens, it is clear that psychoanalysis has an lytic theory increased particularly as clients seemed enormous impact on social work practice. As early as the ‘‘harder to reach’’ and presented with many personal and 1920s, it played a major role in the professionalization of environmental problems. The push toward equality, social social work. Psychoanalysis provided social workers with a justice, and freedom from oppression on the part of people of color, women, and gays and lesbians also contributed to challenging the place of psychoanalytic/psychodynamic An earlier version of this paper was part of the panel, Clinical Social theory in social work practice. The concepts and associated Work and Organized Psychoanalysis: A Troubled Past and An Exciting Future. 9th National conference of the National Membership practices stemming from psychoanalysis were associated Committee on Psychoanalysis in Clinical Social Work, New York, with a general distrust of the medical model and its view March, 2004. that people who were different were deviant. They also lacked an empirical foundation so that there was insuffi- & E. G. Goldstein ( ) cient evidence supporting their efficacy (Goldstein, 1996). New York University School of Social Work, New York, NY, USA Despite the evolution of psychoanalytic knowledge and e-mail: [email protected] its broadened thrust and application over the years, as 123 8 Clin Soc Work J (2009) 37:7–13 recently as 1994, Specht and Courtney, two prominent roots, with a central core...Identity can never be wholly social work educators, added their voice to the anti-clinical achieved through imitation or me-too identification; nor is chorus. They wrote that clinical social work based on it achieved by the denial and cutoff from one’s sources’’ psychodynamic theories was too narrowly psychothera- (Perlman, 1989, pp. 92–104). peutic rather than psychosocial and focused on treating the Culling from a number of different sources, it is possible concerns of the ‘‘worried well’’ rather than clients pre- to consider that the following components constitute the senting with difficult problems (p. 15). These criticisms core of clinical social work (Ewalt, 1980; Goldstein, 1996; reflect the attitudes that have contributed to the ever- Swenson, 1995; Waldfogel & Rosenblatt, 1983): diminishing place given to psychoanalytic/psychodynamic • the importance of person-in-situation in assessment concepts and techniques in social work curricula and to the • an emphasis on genuineness and realness in relation- massive reduction in full-time faculty who can teach such ship and the use of the clinician’s self as core to the content. treatment process An ironic development has occurred (Meyer, 2000, pp. • being where the client is 355–368). The relationship between the social work • respect for the client’s self determination profession and psychoanalytic theory and its associated • the need for self-awareness about the impact of the practices has changed from closeness, if not outright ide- clinician’s personality, values, and background on the alization, to distance, if not overt condemnation. At the treatment process same time, the relationship between organized psycho- • engagement and treatment as a collaborative process analysis and the social work profession has moved from a • the importance of reaching out to ‘‘hard to reach’’ or position of exclusion to one of greater acceptance. so-called ‘‘difficult’’ patients Previously, the psychoanalytic establishment, composed • respect for cultural and other types of diversity of mainly medically trained clinicians, differentiated • a commitment to working with those who are econom- themselves from other practitioners. Enjoy- ically disadvantaged and/or who are the targets of ing their position of higher authority and status compared discrimination and oppression to psychologists and social workers, they did not accept • the mobilization of a client’s strengths, the development even those social workers who had managed to obtain of insight, the creation of reparative experiences, and the psychoanalytic training as true colleagues. They prevented fostering of new learning and behavioral change them from obtaining official recognition by and member- • an appreciation of the impact of and work with the ship in by psychoanalytic accrediting organizations and for social environment, including advocacy the most part, excluded social workers from admission to • a commitment to psychoanalytic institutes. The times are changing, how- ever. Social work psychoanalysts will be accepted into the However reasonable it is to assume that clinical social major psychoanalytic training centers and associations and workers will bring this core with them into their diverse psychoanalytic institutes are courting social workers in work experiences and further training, it is nevertheless large numbers. They are likely to have an expanded role true that not all practitioners subscribe to this core. Even within organized psychoanalysis in the years ahead. Con- those who do may succumb to other influences in the sequently, it seems timely to consider the impact of social course of their professional pursuits. workers on the future of psychoanalysis?

Will Social Work Psychoanalysts Identify as Social Is There a Core Social Work Identity? Workers?

A major question to be asked in considering the future Thus, a second and related set of questions that has to be impact of social workers on psychoanalytic practice is raised in considering the future impact of social workers on whether those there is a unique clinical social work identity psychoanalytic practice is whether those social workers that is based on a core of values, knowledge, and skills? ‘‘If who enter psychoanalytic training and/or become social we accept the obvious fact that in many ways clinical work analysts will identify as clinical social workers? social workers are like many other people-helping thera- Alternatively, will they abandon their social work identity peutic professionals, are there ways or areas in which we for one that seems to have higher status? Will students who are different? Do we have particular functions, skills, and enter schools of social work with the intent of pursuing responsibilities? ...What, in brief, is our unique, differen- psychoanalytic training identify with social work? Instead, tiated, core identity? To know and feel a secure and stable will they merely try to get by in order to obtain a necessary identity there must be a sense of continuity with one’s credential? 123 Clin Soc Work J (2009) 37:7–13 9

In an important study, Perlman (1994a, b) addressed the Raphael, & Roberts, 1993). A national study of graduate identity of social work-psychoanalysts. He cogently de- social work students, however, showed that the beliefs scribed the potential conflicts inherent in possessing a dual about ‘‘students flight from traditional social work values identity, stating, ‘‘a dual identity, like a dual citizenship, into entrepreneurial, private practice orientations have been may be a source of conflict when the interests of one overestimated.’’ It presented evidence that ‘‘students, now community are incompatible with those of the other.’’ as in the past, are predominantly entering social work to Perlman argued that the integration of a dual identity is advance their professional skills and potential and are desirable. Nevertheless, he believed that social work-psy- highly committed to the concept of involvement with the choanalysts experience a complex challenge because their disadvantaged ‘‘(Abell & McDonnell, 1990, pp. 63–64). social work identity has diminished social status within the Despite the variability among social work practitioners wider society and the psychoanalytic establishment while in private practice and among those who enter psychoan- the psychoanalytic component of their identity is rejected alytic training, it does appear that many social work or criticized by the social work establishment. He thought practitioners who become psychoanalysts do divorce that it was tempting for the social work-psychoanalyst to themselves from their social work roots. They also may not disengage from the social work profession and seek have had a strong social work identity in the first place. In acceptance as a member of the psychoanalytic community this connection, it is interesting to consider whether schools in order to escape this conflict. In Perlman’s study of social of social work, in their effort to educate ‘‘true’’ social work-psychoanalysts, he found that social workers, com- workers rather than social work psychotherapists, are pared to psychologists, ‘‘had established a tenuous and actually contributing to the alienation of those social ambivalent relationship to the social work profession,’’ workers who are interested in clinical work and to driving generally had ‘‘entered social work school only after them into pursuing advanced training in non-social work deciding to pursue a career in or psycho- affiliated settings. The fact that schools of social work are analysis,’’ and were often dissatisfied with social work as a so negative toward and are reluctant to provide education profession. Moreover, his findings showed that social and training in contemporary psychoanalytic theories and work-psychoanalysts were indistinguishable from psy- practices creates a state of affairs that weakens prospective chologist-psychoanalysts in their core professional activi- clinicians’ identification with the social work profession. It ties or theoretical orientation to practice, showed minimal also perpetuates a situation in which social work graduates involvement in social work activities, demonstrated little see clinical work or psychotherapy as separate from social relationship to social work in their scholarly pursuits, and work. did not have a distinctive practice orientation. Perlman concluded that ‘‘the social work professional identity of the social work-psychoanalyst is weak and tenuous’’ (pp. The Increasing Convergence Between Clinical Social 67–98). Other studies also have supported this finding Work and Psychoanalysis (Brown, 1991; Strom, 1994). The findings from these studies, however, are not uni- A third question to consider in discussing the impact of form. Some social worker psychoanalysts have remained social work on psychoanalysis is whether psychoanalysis very active in social work organizations and have been has evolved to such a degree that it now embodies much of vocal in their identification as social workers. Many clin- what clinical social work has valued historically? Psycho- ical social workers who are in private practice engage in analysis and clinical social work seem to have more points advocacy and other forms of social and political action. of convergence than was true previously despite the fact One study clearly indicated that there is a sizeable group of that psychoanalysts rarely acknowledge social workers’ ‘‘combination workers’’––those who work in both agency contributions. and private practice––and that these individuals occupy a In the days when it was popular for many social work middle position with respect to their values. ‘‘Combination educators and leaders to criticize social work’s lingering practitioners value job security, having peer support, reliance on psychoanalytic thinking and treatment princi- helping the poor and promoting social justice through so- ples, I was enrolled in a social work doctoral program. cial change significantly more than do private practitioners Trained as a psychoanalytically-informed clinical social only. This may explain in part why they remain employed worker, I often argued with my professors about their in an agency where these values can be met’’ (Seiz & negative attitudes toward psychodynamic theory and Schwab, 1992, p. 332). practice. I also continued to be employed part-time by a Some writers have suggested that the values and inter- major psychiatric teaching hospital in New York where ests of social work students are inconsistent with tradi- some of the senior staff were well-known in psychoanalytic tionally defined concepts of social work identify (Bogo, circles for their contributions to the cutting edge of 123 10 Clin Soc Work J (2009) 37:7–13 psychoanalysis. I vividly remember a case conference in childhood, particularly when there have been repeated which about 40 staff, all white, were present when a early experiences of indifference, neglect, physical and hospitalized African-American older adolescent was sexual abuse, and other types of trauma, or it may be interviewed by a senior psychiatrist–psychoanalyst for non-responsive to patients who come from diverse diagnostic purposes. The young man was noncommittal cultural backgrounds. generally but when he did speak, the interviewer’s • There is increasing recognition of the fact that many responsiveness was confined to asking him more questions individuals require more therapist involvement and or interpreting the patient’s reluctance to speak or to en- genuineness in order for them to engage in treatment, to gage in the interview. The staff discussion that ensued was risk relating, to develop a meaningful bond, to remem- about the patient’s negativism and resistance, which was ber and explore traumatic experiences, or to feel that thought to likely cover his underlying paranoid schizo- their unique life experiences are recognized and phrenia. No one raised the issue of what it was like for this understood. Consequently, there is a need for a more young man to be interviewed in a room filled with all white human therapeutic environment that provides empathy professionals. Nor did anyone question what it might mean for an individual’s subjective experience, personal to him to be interviewed by a white male authority figure narrative, and own truth. who never addressed his feelings about being in the room • There is growing emphasis on collaboration and or in a hospital or who tried to engage him in a collabo- dialogue and on understanding the mutual impact of rative process. I wish I could say that this type of myopia or therapist and patient, including the impact of the insensitivity was unusual but it repeated itself over and therapist’s values, theories, and background on patients. over with a broad range of patients who presented with • Techniques have expanded beyond interpretation, different diagnoses and life circumstances. Some were which is not suited to work with many patients people of color, women, and gays and lesbians. My char- particularly early in the treatment process and which acteristic behavior in these situations was to speak up about may be experienced as assaultive and go beyond what the need to consider the patient’s background and life patients are able to assimilate. At the same time we circumstances. My comments usually were greeted either have expanded our understanding of the content of our by some lip service acknowledgement that these factors interpretations. were important or at worst by condescension of my social • There has been increasing awareness of the importance work orientation. On rare occasions, another colleague of the experiential aspects of the treatment process and would echo my sentiments and then both of us would be the therapist’s use of self that help to create a safe ignored. I felt quite distressed not only by being dismissed holding environment, facilitate reparative experiences, but by what appeared to me to be these repetitive assaults and that provide the patient with opportunities for on patients and what they revealed about the narrowness participation in new, more positive interactions in and limitations of some psychoanalytic practices. treatment. There is considerable evidence that psychoanalytic • There has been a reconceptualization and wider lens theories and treatment approaches have evolved dramati- used in understanding transference, counter-transfer- cally. Elsewhere I have discussed many of these changes ence, and so-called resistance. These phenomena are (Goldstein, 1995, 2001). understood in terms of the here and now therapist– patient interaction rather than only as reflecting • Psychoanalytic theories have expanded to encompass patients’ and therapists’ childhood conflicts and early the whole person, a person’s here and now functioning, patterns of relating. strengths and resilience, and the impact of interper- • Finally, psychoanalysis has been incorporating under- sonal, social, and cultural factors on personality func- standing of the total biopsychosocial situation of tioning. patients, to the nature of their cultural and other types • There is recognition that the therapist’s insistence on a of diversity, to the effects of oppression, and to rigid treatment structure may make it hard for certain understanding the impact of the difficult and sometimes patients to stay engaged in treatment and that greater traumatic and tragic real life circumstances that befall flexibility and individualization is important in our them. work. • There is an appreciation of the fact that the traditional Despite the increasing overlap between certain newer psychoanalytic reliance on therapist neutrality, absti- psychoanalytic ideas and more traditional social work nence, and anonymity is not always appropriate or principles, the values and practices of the psychoanalytic helpful and can do harm. This stance may recreate establishment remain far apart in practice. It is a rare oc- negative or non-responsive conditions of a patient’s casion if a psychoanalyst ever acknowledges social work’s

123 Clin Soc Work J (2009) 37:7–13 11 contributions in publications or presentations and there organization in ways that reflect clinical social work’s core continues to be greater status afforded to psychoanalysts identity and its integration with psychoanalysis. than to social workers. These factors exert pressure on • Reaching out to recent social work graduates and social work psychoanalysts to depreciate or abandon their showing how membership in the organization can be social work identity. mutually beneficial • Showing the value of the application of psychoanalytic/ psychodynamic thinking and treatment approaches to a Who are Social Workers Today? broad range of social work populations through presentations, publications, and research There is a fourth question that must be raised in thinking • Forging alliances with schools of social work and social about the nature of social workers’ impact on psychoana- work educational organizations in order to influence lytic practice. Who are social workers are today with re- social work curricula and hiring policies spect to their social class gender, ethnicity, sexual identity, • Making linkages to psychoanalytic institutes and orga- and life experience? Will greater cultural and other types of nizations in order to further the place of social workers diversity among social workers inevitably influence the in organized psychoanalysis ways in which they practice psychoanalytic psychother- • Creating opportunities and venues for scholarly and apy? practice based presentations, publications, and collegial Social work is largely a woman’s profession and social exchange work students increasingly come from diverse socioeco- nomic and cultural backgrounds. There are a sizeable number of gay and lesbian students. Many social work students of today have histories of early trauma and sub- What will Psychoanalytic Practice Look Like in the stance abuse. Some have emigrated from others countries Future? and have had to deal with the acculturation process. Although it is not clear that those social workers who seek In thinking about what psychoanalytic practice will look admission to psychoanalytic institutes will reflect the full like in the future as a greater number of social workers are extent of this diversity, it is difficult to imagine that the accepted into organized psychoanalysis, so much will social work psychoanalysts of tomorrow will not represent depend on the nature of social work-psychoanalysts’ core greater diversity than previously. This diversity, in itself, identifications. It also will rest on the increasing conver- does not guarantee that social work-psychoanalysts will gence between social work and psychoanalysis, the nature bring a different sensibility to their work. Nevertheless, it is of social work psychoanalysts’ diverse backgrounds and tempting to speculate about the impact of the diversity of life experience, the visibility of clinical social work psy- gender, sexual identity, multi-culturalism, and life experi- choanalysts in professional presentations, scholarship, and ence on the nature of psychoanalytic practice as social leadership positions, the degree to which academic social workers have a greater impact. work and the social work profession come to terms and accommodate to its clinical wing, and on whether orga- nized psychoanalysis itself is open to and responsive to Will There be a Strong Association for Psychoanalysis social workers and to changes within society. in Clinical Social Work? I would like to suggest several areas of psychoanalytic practice that call out for the contributions of clinical social A fifth and final set of questions that it is important to ask is workers. whether clinical social workers/psychoanalysts will con- tinue to support the National Membership Committee on The Impact of Broader Social Realities Psychoanalysis in Social Work, which has been a strong and vibrant organization for clinical social workers who are Although psychoanalysis has come a long way from its interested in contemporary psychoanalysis? Will the exclusive intrapsychic focus, particularly as relational Organization continue to encourage members to celebrate thinking has taken hold, it continues to give short shrift to and balance their dual identity and support them in having the broader social realities that shape behavior and personal an impact on the wider social work and psychoanalytic and interpersonal problems. The patient’s total biopsy- practice communities. These are challenging tasks and may chosocial situation must remain central to our work. The require some new and as well as ongoing efforts in many person-in-situation perspective has underpinned social directions. Following are several suggestions about work practice since its inception and it has served us well. important activities. Clearly articulating the mission of the There is not a contemporary theory of personality that does 123 12 Clin Soc Work J (2009) 37:7–13 not take the effects of the social environment into account. important to recognize that for those patients who have Our assessment must consider the impact of social and experienced oppression, the nature and process of identity economic factors as well as the effects of oppressive formation has likely been affected. The treatment rela- societal attitudes and policies. tionship provides a space in which there can be validation of aspects of identity that have not been or are not being Bridging the Divide between Clinician and Patient affirmed by the family and the culture and recognition of the challenges that many patients have had to overcome Although it has become fashionable in some psychoana- and the ways in which they have coped with a difficult and lytic circles to admonish clinicians to be aware of the sometimes oppressive environment that restricts self- impact of their values and background on their work with expression. Treatment enables patients to modify negative patients and to bring issues of difference (and likeness) into aspects of their self-concept and that supports them in the therapeutic dialogue, it is difficult to change old ways establishing and integrating a more positive identity. seeing and doing things. We must be able to recognize shared human qualities and aspirations and at the same Using the Therapeutic Relationship time recognize differences in values, life experiences, and ways of viewing oneself and the world. Showing respect The traditional psychotherapeutic model’s hierarchical use for all types of diversity is more than a one-time activity or of authority and view of the practitioner as the expert who a treatment strategy. It is a state of mind. knows what the patient needs and thinks better than the A major component of this state of mind is our will- patient does, is rarely helpful. Although some patients may ingness to see life through the eyes of our patients. This feel reassured by and more comfortable with the clinician’s requires that we transcend our own cultural training. This is authority, this stance may create negative or non-respon- hard to do because there is a tendency to take for granted sive conditions and fail to engage and empower patients what is deeply embedded in us and to experience our own successfully. view of the world as right and our ways of doing things as We must recognize the intersubjective nature of the proper. We also do not know what we do not know. treatment relationship and scrutinize what we, as helping Bridging where the clinician and patient are requires sen- agents, bring to our work in terms of gender, age, ethnicity, sitivity, curiosity, a willingness to learn from the client, and values, personality, beliefs, family of origin issues, a willingness to share with the client. relationship patterns, communication style, and needs? A clinician’s negative labeling, lack of appreciation, or mis- Embodying a Strengths Perspective interpretation of certain aspects of a client’s cultural background or lifestyle may lead to his or her defining People come for help because they are having problems client characteristics that are merely different as patho- and psychoanalytic theories and practices have focused on logical. trying to understand the origins and maintenance of those We must make greater efforts to apply our vast reper- difficulties and to devising techniques for alleviating or toire of knowledge and skills to the special problems of removing them. They continue to give short shrift to rec- difficult populations and to areas of emerging need. Niche ognizing, respecting, and validating the ways in which marketing goes beyond selling oneself as a personal coach clients have coped with difficult life circumstances and the to young Wall Street financial players who are unhappy positive features of their functioning. A strengths per- with the speed of their climb to the top. Child and adult spective takes on particular significance in work with immigrants, many of whom have been traumatized, victims patients who feel stigmatized or oppressed. They may and perpetrators of domestic and other forms of violence, experience emphasizing their areas of dysfunction or adolescent mothers, increasing number of graying Ameri- pathology as blaming, thereby contributing to their nega- cans are but a few of the populations that need our help. tive self-regard. Instead, it is crucial to help clients reject a Who, if not clinical social workers, possess the knowledge stance of personal failure and increase their sense of and skills to work with these and other groups? personal control over their lives. Hand in hand with our applying our clinical expertise to troubled populations, goes our willingness to move beyond Enhancing Identity and self-esteem the confines of our offices in traditional types of settings and to place ourselves within community settings such as Related to a strengths perspective is the need to search out schools, hospitals, and churches and along a continuum of and validate those positive aspects of a cliient’s identity care from prevention and early intervention through in- and to explore what has helped to sustain and regulate the patient care to community care. We need to be located in client’s self-esteem and self-concept. At the same time, it is the life space of those with whom we work in order to for 123 Clin Soc Work J (2009) 37:7–13 13 them to access our services and to be there at times when Hamilton, G. (1958). A theory of personality: Freud’s contribution to people are facing certain developmental and life crises. social casework. In H. J. Parad (Ed.), Ego psychology and dynamic casework (pp. 11–37). New York: Family Service Moving beyond our practice, the more difficult tasks Association of America. confronting lie in how we adapt to and shape the changing Meyer, C. H. (1970). Social work practice: A response to the urban landscape of practice. We have our work cut out for us. crisis. New York: The Free Press. There is an ongoing need to become political in order to Meyer, W. S. (2000). The psychoanalytic social worker/the social work psychoanalyst: What will be our message? Clinical Social protect the clinical. We have to engage in efforts to shape Work Journal, 28, 355–368. health and mental health policy and programs, the ways in Perlman, F. T. (1994a). The professional identity of the social work- which health care companies function, access to clinical psychoanalyst: Professional activities. Journal of Analytic , our ability to be mental health providers, the Work, 2, 25–55. Perlman, F. T. (1994b). The professional identity of the social work- nature of clinical practice, and practice standards. There are psychoanalyst: The genesis of professional identity. Journal of those among us who have taken the lead in being active in Analytic Social Work, 2, 67–98. entering this arena. This role requires a different set of Perlman, H. H. (1989). Confessions, concerns, and commitments of skills than clinicians are often comfortable with and expert an ex clinical social worker. In H. H. Perlman (Ed.), Looking back to see ahead (pp. 92–104). Chicago: University of Chicago in. Part of this challenge is to learn to communicate more Press. effectively to others. This involves articulating clearly and Seiz, R. C., & Schwab, A. J. (1992). Value orientations of clinical cogently what we think, what we do, and why we do it. We social work practitioners. Clinical Social Work Journal, 20, 323– may need to learn a new language so that we translate what 336. Specht, H., & Courtney, M. (1994). Unfaithful angels. New York: we do well in terms that those who do not share our ethos The Free Press. can understand. Strom, K. (1994). Social workers in private practice: An update. Clinical Social Work Journal, 22, 73–89. Swenson, C. R. (1995). Clinical social work. In Encyclopedia of Social Work. (19th edn. 1 pp. 502–512). Washington, DC: Conclusion NASW Press. Waldfogel, D., & Rosenblatt, A. (1983). Introduction: Clinical social work. In A. Rosenblatt & D. Waldfogel (Eds.), Handbook of In conclusion, there are numerous challenges and opportu- clinical social work (pp. xxv–xxviii). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. nities ahead with respect to social workers being able to Woodroofe, K. (1971). From charity to social work in England and have an impact on the practice of psychoanalysis. For those the United States. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. who become social work psychoanalysts, in particular, a pivotal issue is the degree to which they retain their clinical social work identity. It is important for them to integrate and Author Biography balance the diverse aspects of their dual identity, participate in our social work organizations, make scholarly and pro- Dr. Eda G. Goldstein is professor and Director of the Post Master’s fessional contributions that help to shape psychoanalysis, Certificate Program in Advanced Clinical Practice at the New York and work to keep the teaching of contemporary psychoan- University School of Social Work, where she teaches courses on alytic theories alive in social work education. clinical practice and contemporary psychodynamic theories. A member of the NYU faculty since 1981, she has been Director of the Ph.D. Program in Clinical Social Work and Chairperson of the Social Work Practice Curriculum Area. Dr. Goldstein is a frequent speaker References locally and nationally and has published extensively. Her books in- clude two editions of Ego Psychology and Social Work Practice; Abell, N., & McDonnell, J. R. (1990). Preparing for practice: Borderline Disorders: Clinical Models and Techniques; Short-term Motivations, expectations, and aspirations of the M.S.W. Class Treatment in Social Work Practice: An Integrative Perspective; Ob- of 1990. Journal of Social Work Education, 26, 57–64. ject Relations Theory and Self Psychology in Social Work Practice; Bogo, M., Raphael, D., & Roberts, R. (1993). Interests, activities, and Lesbian Identity and Contemporary Psychotherapy: A Framework for self-identification among social work students: Toward a defi- Clinical Practice, and When the Bubble Bursts: Clinical Perspectives nition of social work identity. Journal of Social Work Education, on Midlife Issues. Dr. Goldstein was named as a distinguished social 29, 279–292. work scholar by the National Academies of Practice, elected to the Brown, P. (1991). Social workers in private practice: What are they Alumni Hall of Fame of the Columbia University School of Social really doing?. Clinical Social Work Journal, 18, 407–421. Work, and made a diplomate in the New York State Society for Ewalt, P. (1980). Toward a definition of clinical social work. Clinical Social Work. She is consulting editor to numerous profes- Washington, D.C.: National Association of Social Workers. sional journals, including the Clinical Social Work Journal, Psycho- Goldstein, E. G. (1995). Ego psychology and social work practice analytic Social Work, Social Work in Health, Social Work in Mental (2nd ed.). New York: The Free Press. Health, and the Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services. She is a Goldstein, E. G. (1996). What is clinical social work? Looking back member of numerous professional organizations and is Co-Chair- to move ahead. Clinical Social Work Journal, 24, 89–104. person of the National Study Group of the National Membership Goldstein, E. G. (2001). Object relations theory and self psychology Committee on Psychoanalysis in Social Work. She maintains a pri- in social work. New York: The Free Press. vate practice with individuals and couples in New York City.

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