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Prevalence of Trachoma in Bauchi State, Nigeria: Results of 20 Local Government Area-Level Surveys

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Prevalence of Trachoma in Bauchi State, Nigeria: Results of 20 Local Government Area-Level Surveys Ophthalmic Epidemiology ISSN: 0928-6586 (Print) 1744-5086 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/iope20 Prevalence of Trachoma in Bauchi State, Nigeria: Results of 20 Local Government Area-Level Surveys Caleb Mpyet, Nasiru Muhammad, Mohammed Dantani Adamu, Habila Muazu, Murtala Muhammad Umar, Mohammed Abdull, Joel Alada, Musa Goyol, Uwaezuoke Onyebuchi, Francisca Olamiju, Sunday Isiyaku, Adamani William, Benjamin C. Nwobi, Rebecca Willis, Rebecca Mann Flueckiger, Alex Pavluck, Brian K. Chu, Nicholas Olobio & Anthony W. Solomon To cite this article: Caleb Mpyet, Nasiru Muhammad, Mohammed Dantani Adamu, Habila Muazu, Murtala Muhammad Umar, Mohammed Abdull, Joel Alada, Musa Goyol, Uwaezuoke Onyebuchi, Francisca Olamiju, Sunday Isiyaku, Adamani William, Benjamin C. Nwobi, Rebecca Willis, Rebecca Mann Flueckiger, Alex Pavluck, Brian K. Chu, Nicholas Olobio & Anthony W. Solomon (2016) Prevalence of Trachoma in Bauchi State, Nigeria: Results of 20 Local Government Area-Level Surveys, Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 23:sup1, 39-45, DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2016.1238945 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/09286586.2016.1238945 Published with license by Taylor & Francis© Published online: 15 Nov 2016. 2016 Caleb Mpyet, Nasiru Muhammad, Mohammed Dantani Adamu, Habila Muazu, Murtala Muhammad Umar, Mohammed Abdull, Joel Alada, Musa Goyol, Uwaezuoke Onyebuchi, Francisca Olamiju, Sunday Isiyaku, Adamani William, Benjamin C. Nwobi, Rebecca Willis, Rebecca Mann Flueckiger, Alex Pavluck, Brian K. Chu, Nicholas Olobio, and Anthony W. Solomon, for the Global Trachoma Mapping Project. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 397 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 4 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=iope20 OPHTHALMIC EPIDEMIOLOGY 2016, VOL. 23, NO. S1, 39–45 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09286586.2016.1238945 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Prevalence of Trachoma in Bauchi State, Nigeria: Results of 20 Local Government Area-Level Surveys Caleb Mpyeta,b,c, Nasiru Muhammadd, Mohammed Dantani Adamud, Habila Muazue, Murtala Muhammad Umarf, Mohammed Abdullg, Joel Aladac, Musa Goyolh, Uwaezuoke Onyebuchii, Francisca Olamijuj, Sunday Isiyakub, Adamani Williamb, Benjamin C. Nwobii, Rebecca Willisk, Rebecca Mann Flueckigerk, Alex Pavluckk, Brian K. Chuk, Nicholas Olobioi, and Anthony W. Solomonl,m, for the Global Trachoma Mapping Project* aDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; bSightsavers, Kaduna, Nigeria; cDepartment of Ophthalmology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; dDepartment of Ophthalmology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria; eMinistry of Health, Kaduna State, Nigeria; fNational Eye Center, Kaduna, Nigeria; gAbubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, Nigeria; hNetherlands Leprosy Relief, Jos, Nigeria; iNational Trachoma Control Program, Department of Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria; jMission to Save the Helpless, Jos, Nigeria; kTask Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA; lClinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; mLondon Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, UK ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Purpose: To determine the prevalence of trachomatous inflammation – follicular (TF) and trichiasis Received 2 January 2016 in each of the 20 local government areas (LGAs) of Bauchi State, Nigeria. Revised 1 September 2016 Methods: We undertook a population-based prevalence survey in each LGA in Bauchi State, Accepted 12 September employing the Global Trachoma Mapping Project methodology. We used a 2-stage, systematic 2016 and quasi-random sampling strategy. Using probability proportional to size, we selected 25 KEYWORDS clusters, in each of which 25 households were selected by random walk. All residents of selected Blindness; Global Trachoma households 1 year and older were examined for TF, trachomatous inflammation – intense, and Mapping Project; trichiasis, using the World Health Organization simplified grading scheme. prevalence; trachoma; Results: Only two LGAs in Bauchi State had TF prevalences in 1–9-year-olds over 5%, with none having trichiasis; water supply TF prevalences of 10% or greater. Only one LGA had a trichiasis prevalence in adults below the elimination threshold; all the others had trichiasis at levels suggestive of public health significance. In all 20 LGAs, more than 60% of households were within 1 km of an improved source of water for hygiene. Conclusion: Efforts need to be made in Bauchi State to provide trichiasis surgery in order to avert trachomatous blindness. Water supplies needs to be sustained and good personal hygiene practices assured so that elimination of trachoma as a public health problem will be achieved and sustained. Introduction aspects of the SAFE strategy need to be undertaken in each district.4 In Nigeria, 84% of cases of blindness are avoidable, Bauchi State is located in north-eastern Nigeria; the with trachoma responsible for 4% of blindness overall.1 region with the highest burden of blindness in the Trachoma is the leading infectious cause of blindness country.5 There has been no established trachoma con- worldwide.2 It can be prevented by implementing the trol program and no comprehensive blindness preven- SAFE strategy (surgery for trichiasis, antibiotics to clear tion program in the State, in part due to lack of data. infection, and promotion of facial cleanliness and Surveys in neighboring Jigawa and Yobe States have environmental improvement to reduce transmission), indicated that trachoma is a public health problem in as recommended by the World Health Organization contiguous populations.6,7 (WHO).3 A prerequisite for launching SAFE interven- Since Bauchi State is adjacent to known trachoma tions is an understanding of the local prevalence of endemic areas, we sought to determine the district-level disease; specifically the district-level prevalences of tra- (local government area, LGA) prevalence of trachoma chomatous inflammation – follicular (TF) in children throughout Bauchi, in order to provide government aged 1–9 years, and trachomatous trichiasis in adults and partners the necessary data required for the estab- aged 15 years and older. This helps to determine which lishment of a trachoma control program, if required. CONTACT Caleb Mpyet [email protected] Department of Ophthalmology, University of Jos, PMB 2076, Jos, Nigeria. *See Appendix Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/iope. Published with license by Taylor & Francis © 2016 Caleb Mpyet, Nasiru Muhammad, Mohammed Dantani Adamu, Habila Muazu, Murtala Muhammad Umar, Mohammed Abdull, Joel Alada, Musa Goyol, Uwaezuoke Onyebuchi, Francisca Olamiju, Sunday Isiyaku, Adamani William, Benjamin C. Nwobi, Rebecca Willis, Rebecca Mann Flueckiger, Alex Pavluck, Brian K. Chu, Nicholas Olobio, and Anthony W. Solomon, for the Global Trachoma Mapping Project. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way. 40 C.MPYETETAL. This study was conducted as part of the Global aged 15 years and older by 56% of the total population in Trachoma Mapping Project (GTMP). the LGA (as determined in the most recent census), because 56% of the Nigerian population is 15 years and older.13 Materials and methods Sample size calculations, field team training and certifica- Results tion protocols, data collection procedures, data processing and analysis techniques all followed GTMP standards, Fieldwork was undertaken from December 2013 to which have been previously published.8 Version 2 of the February 2014. In Bauchi State as a whole, a total of GTMP training system was used. As described elsewhere 75,843 residents were enumerated in selected house- (in a companion paper on GTMP outputs for Kano holds; 71,599 (94%) people were examined, 2841 (4%) State9), in Bauchi, for each LGA, we selected 25 house- were absent on the day that field teams visited, 1348 holds in each of 25 villages, chosen using a 2-stage, (2%) refused examination, and 55 (0.1%) could not be systematic and quasi-random sampling strategy. In each examined for various other reasons. The age range of selected household, all residents aged 1 year and older persons enumerated ranged from 1 year to over 100 were invited to be examined by GTMP-certified10 graders years. More females (38,888, 54.3%) were examined for signs of TF, trachomatous inflammation – intense and than males (32,711, 45.7%; Table 1). 11 – trichiasis. We also collected data on household-level We examined a total of 23,626 children aged 1 9years. access to water and sanitation, using a combination of Of these, 12,065 (51.1%) were male. The state-wide crude 8 – questioning adult residents and direct observation. prevalence of TF in 1 9-year-old males was 1.5% (95% confidence interval, CI, 1.3–1.7%), which was also the prevalence in 1–9-year-old females (odds ratio 1.0, 95% Ethics CI 0.8–1.2; p = 1.0). The age-adjusted LGA-level preva- Following local-language explanation of survey goals lences of TF are shown in Table 2 and Figure 1. and procedures, we
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