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Application of Advanced Technology to Space Automation

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Application of Advanced Technology to Space Automation MCR-79-509 N79-1901 2 (NASI-CR-18350) APPICATION OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY TO SPACE AUTOMATION Final Report (Martin Marietta Corp!) 325 p HC A14/MF A01 CSCL. 22A Unclas G3/12 15352 Application of Advanced Technology to Space Automation Roger T. Schappell, John T. Polhemus, James W. Lowrie, Catherine A. Hughes, James R. Stephens, Chieng-Y Chang Martin Marietta Corporation Denver, Colorado 80201 Contract NASW-3106 January 1979 NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA Headquarters Washington, DC 20546 MARTIN MARIETTA AEROSPACE DENVER DIVISION POST OFFICE BOX 179 DENVER, COLORADO 80201 TELEPHONE (303) 973-3000 Refer to: 79-Y-11112 6 February 1979 To: NASA Headquarters Washington, D.C. 20546 Attn: Dr. W. E. Gevarter, Code RES, Deputy Director (Space) Electronics Division Subj: Contract NASw-3106, Application of Advanded Technology to Space Automation, Transmittal of Final Report Ref: (a) Contract NASw-3106, Article X B. Encl: (1) MCR-79-519, Final Report (4 Copies) The Final Report, Enclosure (i), is being transmitted in compliance with the referenced requirement of the subject contract. Very truly yours, MARTIN MARIETTA CORPORATION Q64WWLLCQ Ray D. Harrell, Chief Contract Requirements & Documentation -Martin Marietta Aerospace Denver Division RDH:RW:kw External Distribution NASA Headquarters Washington, D.C. 20546 Attn: New Technology Representative, Code ET (I Copy) Admiristrajve Contracting Officer (Ltr. Only) NASA Scientific & Technical Information Facility P. 0. Box 8757 Baltimore/Washington International Airport Baltimore, ND 21240 (2 Copips and I Reproducible) Additional External Distribution on Next Page Internal Distribution (w/oEndl R. T. Schappell, 0511 R. Harrell, 2404 F. Perello, 2404 Refer to: 79-Y-11112 Page 2 External Distribution (Cont'd) NASA, Kennedy Space Center, Florida 32899 Attn: Raymond J. Cerrato, Mail Code SA-RTP (1 Copy) Paul D. Toft, Mail Code SA-RTP (1 Copy) Henry C. Paul. Mail Code DL (l Copy) NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama Attn: Leonard S. Yarbrough, Mail ER01 (I Copy) NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 77058 Attn: Thomas Mertaugh (I Copy) Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology 4800 Oak Grove Drive Pasadena, California 91103 Attn: Stephen Z. Szirmay, Code 198-326 (I Copy) Michael D. Griffin, Code T-1201 (I Copy) Dr. Ewald Heer, Code 180-700 (1 Copy) Thomas H. Bird, Code 233-307 (1 Copy) NASA, Langley Research Center Hampton, Virginia 23665 Attn: Dr. Willard W. Anderson, Mail Code 152 (1 Copy) Charles T. Wooley, Mail Code 152E (1 Copy) Charles Husson, Mail Code 470 (1 Copy) W. E. Sivertson, Jr., Mail Code 364 (1 copy) NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 Attn: Arthur J. Fuchs (I Copy) Dr. Peter R. Kurzhols (I Copy) Andy Adelman (1 Copy) NASA, Headquarters Washington, D.C. 20546 Attn: Dell P. Willilms, Mail Code RTE-3 (i Copy) Stanley R. Sadin, Mail Code RS-4 (I Copy) Herman A. Rediess, Mail Code RTE-3 (1 Copy) George C. Deutsch, Mail Code RT-3 (I Copy) Paul SchwpnV, Mail Code RT-3 (I Copy) Col. Cuneo, Mail Code RS-4 (1.Copy) Robert A. Kennedy, Mail Code ST-5 (l Copy) Dan C. Popma, Mail Code SBS-3 (1 Copy) Paul Tarver, Mail Code SL-4 (1 Copy) Phillip E. Culbertson, Mail Code M (1 Copy) John H. Disher, Mail Code ME-3 (l Copy) Melvyn Savage, Mail Code MtG-3 (I Copy) Joseph W. Haughey, Mail Code MbG-3 (l Copy) Pitt G. Thome, Mail Code ER-2 (1 Copy) Dr. Ichtiaque S. Rasool, Mail Code TS-! (1 Copy) Dan S. Serice, Mail Code TS-l (1 Copy) Edward A. Gabris, Mail Code RS-7 (1 Copy) Howard W. Shaffer, Mail Code ESI-5 (I Copy) William L. Smith, Mail Code HfG-3 (1 Copy) FOREWORD At the request of the Office of Advanced Space Technology, of the Nation­ al Aeronautics and Space Administration, Martin Marietta Corporation un­ dertook a study directed toward the assessment of automation technology requirements and benefits relating to future NASA programs. This report presents the results of the "Application of Advanced Technol­ ogy to Space Automation Study," which was performed under Contract NASW­ 3106. A synopsis of specific technology areas is provided alongwith an analysis of the role of automation in the space program. It also summar­ izes the benefits to be derived from automation and provides a discussion on the required technology efforts that should be directed toward obtain­ ing these benefits. Furthermore, presentation of a logical approach di­ rected toward achievement of the desired automation goals is provided for future NASA 'pace missions.. It is intended that this report be updated and expanded at periodic in­ tervals so that a current summary of the respective technology areas be available as required for new initiatives or technology prediction exer­ cises. More concise summary techniques are being developed and will be incorporated in the future. However, in the interest of time and avail­ able funds, this issue has been published as a first step toward achieve­ ment of a technology summary. The primary contributors and their respective areas of research are as follows: Study program manager - Roger T. Schappell; Electronics - John T. Polhemus; Information gathering - John T. Polhemus; Image data processing - Chieng-Y Chang; Ground support systems - Catherine A. Hughes; Rendezvous, stationkeeping, and docking - Roger T. Schappell; Fault tolerant processors - James R. Stephens; Autonomous navigation - James W. Lowrie; Attitude determination - James W. Lowrie; Spacecraft performance management and monitoring - James R. Stephens. Philip Carney also provided significant contributions in the areas of on­ board processors and electronics in general. CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION ...... .... .. I-i II. SUMMARY & RECOMMENDATIONS .. ... .I-i Tools and Implementation Methodologies . ... ...I-i Automation Technology Results . ... .11-3. Critical Technology Requirements.. ........ ...... 11-26 III. ELECTRONICS .................. ........ III-i Introduction . .................. III-1 Digital Electronics. ... ......... .. III-1 Computers ...... ...............- 111-5 Large Scale Integrated Circuits. ............ 111-12 Storage Technology ........ ............. 111-14 References ... ....... ............... 111-20 thru 111-22 IV. INFORMATION GATHERING ........... ........... IV-I System Considerations ............ ......... IV-I Applications............... ...... IV-13 Capabilities of Platforms and Sensors -- Recent, Current and Planned ............ ........... IV-25 V. IMAGE DATA PROCESSING ....... ............. V-i Preprocessing Functions ........... ........... V-5 Classification Schemes ........... ............. V-li Concluding Remarks . ... ................ ..... V-16 References ................ .............. V-iS thru V-21 Vi. GROUND SUPPORT SYSTEMS ............ .......... Vt-i Introduction .......... .... VI-I Launch Vehicle Checkout . ..... V-3 Spaceflight Tracking and Data Network Support"..... VI-II Conclusions . .......... ... VI-18 Recommendations ...... ................ VI-21 References ............... .............. vI-28 VII. EXPERIMENT POINTING MOUNTS .......... .......... VII-I Introduction ......... ..... VII-I Conclusions and Recommendations". ........ VII-3 VIII. RENDEZVOUS, STATIONKEEPING, AND DOCKING......... Viit-i Introduction ......... ............ VIII-I RF Systems ................. ...... V.I.-7 Optical Systems ..... ...... ... .. VIII-8 RF Systems Summaries. ............... VIII-9 Optical Systsms . ................... VIII-33 Advanced Concepts............. ..... VIII-41 ii ORIGINAL PAGE 1W OF POOR QUAU% PAGE Is ORIGINALOF POOR QUAL|IA Simulations ........... ................ VIII-61 Conclusions ................. VIII-74 Recommendations ................... .... VIII-76 IX. FAULT TOLERANT PROCESSORS ...... .... ... IX-1i Computer Requirements in Space Automation".... IX-1I Evaluation of Fault-Tolerant Computers ..... ....... IX-I The Fault-Tolerant Spaceborne Computer .-. ... IX-4 Recommendations for Further Research and Development . iX-6 X. SPACECRAFT PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING . X-i Space Shuttle Requirements ........... ........ X-I Redundant System Configuraton . ........... X-2 Data Processing ........ ......... ..... X-3 Multiplexer/Demultiplexers ......... ...... X-3 Control Effectors .... .X.............. 4 Redundancy Management . ..... .. .. .. X-5 System Management . ................ X-6 Summary ,......... ............... X-6 Recommendations .. ................. X-7 References .. ..... ............. X-8 XI. AUTONOMOUS NAVIGATION ........... ............ XI-I Candidate Systems ..... ............ .... XI-3 Conclusions ........ .................. XI-22 References .............. ................ XI-28 XII. ATTITUDE DETERMINATION .................. XII-I Types of Missions Requiring Autonomous Attitud~e* Determination ................... .. XII-2 The Attitude Determination Problem. ..... ..... XII-4 Attitude Sensors ............. ............. XII-9 Processor Requirements ............ ........... XII-31 Onboard Attitude Determination System (OADS)....... XII-32 Space Sextant Processor Requirements ........... XII-38 Conclusions and Recommendations. ........... XII-42 References ......... ........ .......... XII-48 Figure -------------------------------------------------------- III-i Switching Element Reliability .... .......... .. 111-2 111-2 Number of Components per Integrated Circuit ..... .111-2 111-3 Switching Element Cost ...... ............ .. 111-3 111-4 Cost per Bit of Semiconductor Memory .............. 111-3 111-5 Proliferation of Microprocessor Types ................. 111-8 111-6
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