All You Need to Know About Making Silicone Molds
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LEARNING SERIES All You Need To Know About Making Silicone Molds By E. J. McCormick, ALI Introduction Silicone rubber is an ideal material for making molds of lifecastings and other objects used in sculpture, special effects and taxidermy. As with liquid latex, it yields a light, flexible, detailed mold, but has the added advantages of longer life, resistance to chemicals and decomposition. It is the recommended material for making long-lasting molds. A silicone mold also can be made in less time than a latex mold, if “fast” catalysts are used. Among silicone's few disadvantages is that it is more expensive than latex, and not quite as elastic or tear resistant. The most common silicone compounds used for mold making are RTV or "Room Temperature Vulcanizing" silicones that are mixed in two parts (a base and a catalyst) to induce curing. The silicone mixture is poured or spread over a prepared model or specimen, then reinforced with gauze or other reinforcing material between layers for increased strength and tear resistance. After the silicone mold is cured a shell mold Types of RTV Silicone is often constructed to provide rigidity for the There are two common classes of RTV rubber after it is demolded. The shell mold silicones: 1.) Tin catalyzed or “condensation can consist of fiberglass, plaster or cure” silicones which require moisture to urethane. The shell mold is often referred to cure and; 2.) Platinum catalyzed or “addition as a “mother mold.” cure” silicones. Silicones in the first group are the less expensive and easier to use. Normal curing time for most silicones is They include MoldRite, FXRite and SkinRite. between 18- and 24-hours, but cure times They are typically of low viscosity (easily may be greatly reduced by using fast-acting poured) and are not inhibited by many catalysts. When making molds in a studio materials. In contrast, platinum cure where such equipment is available, de-airing silicones (often called “elastomers”) are in a vacuum chamber is recommended to inhibited by many naturally occurring remove trapped air bubbles. However, when materials, including sulfur, tin, and amines. working on larger molds vacuuming can be This makes them unsuitable for certain avoided by painting on the silicone over the clays, which contain sulfur or latex gloves. model. The brush will tend to remove the However, platinum-cure silicones have the surface air. greatest chemical, microbial, and temperature resistance. LifeRite, the skin- Safety Note: RTV silicone rubber safe silicone, is a platinum cured silicone. compounds are relatively safe and odor free when properly used; however, the curing Silicones in the tin group are often used for agents or catalysts may be toxic if ingested low-volume plaster casting; those in the and are irritants to eyes and bare skin. Tin- platinum group for more specialized resin or based silicone cannot be used against the epoxy casting (especially in high volumes). skin. Certain platinum-based silicones are deemed skin safe such as ArtMolds' Most silicones are available in 1-lb. kits, and LifeRite. 10-lb. (or 1-gallon) kits, which include a "standard" catalyst for typical cure times 1 LEARNING SERIES between 16 and 24-hours. Fast catalysts Thixotropic Additives (discussed below) may be purchased For applications where a thick, paste like separately. Catalysts are mixed with the silicone is desired (such as molding an base in a prescribed ratio depending on the object on a vertical surface), “thixotropic” silicone variety. Some use a 50:50 ratio of silicones or thickening catalysts are base to catalyst; others a 10:1 or 100:1 ratio. available. All of ArtMolds' silicones use a 10:1 mix ratio. As 50:50 ratios must use fillers in the Mixing the Silicone catalyst which add cost. Because of settling during storage, always stir the silicone in the original container It is important to know that RTV silicones before pouring into a mixing cup. Stir and their catalysts have a limited steadily with a circular motion rather beating recommended shelf life, ranging from 6- it or using an up-and-down motion, to avoid months to 1-year according to the trapping air bubbles, scraping the bottom of manufacturers, so it is best to purchase only the can to loosen any settled material. Then what you can use within a few months. let the silicone rest for a few minutes or However, many silicones may be used more to allow air bubbles to rise to the successfully up to 2-years from the date of surface (this small resting time will not cause purchase if properly stored in airtight any re-settling of the silicone itself). Tip: containers in a cool, dry location. Tongue depressors or craft sticks make good, cheap stirrers for small batches; paint Proper Use of Catalysts stirrers make good stirrers for larger Fast catalysts are available for each type of batches. silicone (tin or platinum), which can reduce cure times significantly--in some cases to Next, pour the desired amount of silicone less than 1-hour. With most silicones, there into a separate mixing container, such as a is some latitude allowed in the catalyst plastic cup or wax-free paper cup. Select portion (adding more than the recommended mixing containers with relatively straight amount will speed cure times, as will using a bottoms and sides, and little or no inner lip fast catalyst). However, there are limits to to make stirring easier. Use a gram scale to the amount that may be added and adding weigh out the amounts for the proper more than the recommended amount of manufacturer's mix ratios (e.g. 1:1 or 10:1 catalyst, or using a fast catalyst, will shorten ratio). Add the catalyst to the base and mix the life of the mold, making it more prone to thoroughly scraping the sides and bottom of tearing or becoming brittle over time. A the container to get a thorough mix. catalyst-rich mold may last a year or so; one with less catalyst should last for many Adding the Catalyst years. After measuring the proper amount of catalyst into a separate mixing container, Thinners mix in the catalyst with the base. If you are Thinners or "diluetants" are available for not in a hurry, it is best to use the thinning or decreasing the viscosity of some recommended dose (or even slightly less) of RTV silicones. However, they are the standard catalyst. One need not be expensive and do not seem very effective extremely precise in measuring the amount (one must add a large amount of diluetant to of catalyst (with practice an "eyeballed" achieve a small effect on viscosity, and measurement is normally sufficient). One thorough mixing is difficult and time can be off by 10- or 20-percent without consuming). Diluents also weaken the much effect in the cure or final product (a cured silicone. Therefore you should little more will speed the cure, a little less purchase silicone in the desired viscosity slow the cure). Cure time is also somewhat rather than using diluetants. affected by temperature and humidity (heating accelerates the cure). Despite the latitude in the amount of catalyst used, there are minimum and maximum limits. An 2 LEARNING SERIES excessive amount of catalyst may not allow 2. Another method to reduce air enough work time and can result in a brittle bubbles (which may be used in mold; too little may cause incomplete or combination with the first method) is uneven curing. to hold the silicone container high above the model and allow it to flow One has at least 20-minutes of available down slowly, in a very thin stream. "work time" time with most standard This tends to break air bubbles on catalysts before the silicone starts to cure or the way down. "set up." (Note LifeRite has a 5-minute 3. Yet another technique (which again working time). Stir well for at least two- or may be used in combination with the three-minutes, and scrape all parts of the others) is to temporarily incline the container to achieve a thorough mix. model at an angle, and pour the However, avoid overly vigorous motions that silicone onto the higher end, can introduce air bubbles. After mixing, one allowing it to flow down over the rest may let the silicone rest a few minutes to of the specimen. When the silicone allow air bubbles rise to the top (which reaches the lower end, then lay the should be broken before pouring), or one model flat and/or tilt or rotate it in can use a deairing vacuum chamber if other directions as needed to available. After mixing, it is best to re-pour achieve an even coverage. the silicone into a third container, to avoid 4. Yet another technique (sometimes using any of the poorly mixed silicone that used mostly by professional studios) often exists at the bottom and sides of the is to use a small compressed air container. gun to direct small amounts of silicone across the mold surface and Using special fast catalysts the cure times into any crevasses or undercuts. can be reduced substantially, sometimes to an hour or less. Using any of these methods, you may need to manually push the silicone around a bit to Deairing encourage even coverage (using a small If a vacuum chamber is available, use it to tool such as a craft stick), and/or repeatedly remove trapped air from the mixture before pull it from the deeper to the shallower pouring. When subject to a vacuum, the sections (where it tends to pool). As the silicone mixture should well up as air silicone cures it will begin to "stay put." pockets rise and burst.