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A B Abkhazia(n), 1, 86, 102, 115n32, Baghdad, 87 115n45, 131, 144, 161, 174, 178, Balkans, 4–8, 13, 33, 34, 38n70, 179, 181, 182, 185, 186, 191, 44–49, 52–53, 55, 57–59, 63, 65, 194, 196–198, 200, 205n51, 67, 81–125, 127–129, 131–139, 206n63, 209n111, 253, 257 141–143, 147, 149, 151, Adjaria, 182 154–156, 169–172, 175, 176, Adriatic Coast, 98 182, 228, 239, 249, 251–257, Afghanistan, 116n56, 172, 175 262, 264 Africa, 26, 69, 219, 264 Baltic, 12, 15, 44, 49–51, 86, 89, 252, Albania/Albanian, 47, 51, 153 254 Alexander I, 57, 66 Baltic States, 103, 123n135, 165n70, Amsterdam, 102, 173, 146 171, 232 Armenia, 47, 86, 90, 100, 102, 103, Baluevskiy, Yury, 171 221, 240, 260 Barnier, Michel, 171 Ashton, Catherine, 224, 232 Barroso, José Manuel, 223 Ashword, Nicolas, 91 Bavaria, 14 Asia, 12, 26, 47, 69, 73, 236 Bayazet, fortress, 59 Assyria, 47, 76n30 Bay of Chesme, 52 Athens, 215–216 Belarus, 35n22, 54, 88, 220, 260 Austerlitz, 57 Belgrade, 87, 88, 98–102, 121n105, Austria, 14, 54, 57, 63, 73, 78n62, 87, 121n106, 135–136, 138, 89, 94, 133 141–143, 163n50 Austrian Empire, 14 Berezovskaya, Yulia, 153, 154 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 97 Berlin, 9n4, 51, 133, Austro-Hungary, 68, 78n62, 103 205n52, 233 Azerbaijan, 103, 123n129 Bezler, Igor, 229 Azov Sea, 51 Bezsmertny, Roman, 236

Black Sea, 1–7, 9n8, 13, 15, 33, 34, Caucasian highlanders, 65, 88, 43–53, 55, 57–61, 63, 68, 71–73, 114n26, 115n45, 115n46 75n11, 77n53, 81, 83–88, 93, 98, Central African Republic, 219 103, 109–111, 113n10, 114n24, Central Europe, 114n11 115n46, 127–129, 132–133, Chad, 176, 219 139–141, 143–145, 150, 156–159, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 14 162n33, 169, 172, 176–178, 180, Chechnya, 143, 144, 151–152, 181, 189, 193, 195, 199, 205n52, 156, 255 211, 216, 221, 222, 228, 234, 243, Chernomyrdin, Viktor, 138, 171, 244n11, 249, 251–257, 260, 262 249, 251 The Black Sea Straights, 133 Chernyaev, 70 Bocharov Ruchei, 177 China, 15, 77n43, 99, 131 Bosnia, 7, 19, 78n67, 87, 104, Chisinau, 143, 180, 181, 184, 191 135–138, 141, 142, 149, 158, 174 Churchill, Winston, 263 Bosporus, 51 Churkin, Vitaly, 135, 136, 149 Botev, Hristo, 58, 78n68 Circassians, 88, 115n45 Bovin, Alexandr, 90, 92, 96, 120n92, Clinton, Bill, 137 165n70 Colonel Patsevich, 59, 60 Britain, 14, 15, 18, 54, 63–68, 73, Columbus, 85 78n62, 109, 122n122, 124n154, Commonwealth of Independent States 146, 151, 227 (CIS), 140, 141, 147, 156, Brezack, General, 59 203n34, 217 Brussels, 8, 75n11, 95, 147–149, 151, Constantinople, 51, 58, 75n6, 173, 174, 176, 178, 183, 184, 77n40, 78n69 194, 199, 204n43, 215, Copenhagen, 147, 165n75 221–223, 226, 230, 238, 254 Corfu, 49, 68, 148–149 Budapest, 141, 144 Cossacks, 48, 86, 88, 90, 226 Byzantine Empire, 47, 48, 161n12 Crespo, Enrique Barón, 95, 119n88 Byzantium, 48, 106 Crimea, 1, 4, 46, 47, 52, 86, 144, 220–229, 234, 238, 241–243, 255, 261 C Crimean War, 51, 53, 59, 65, Cappadocia, 47 77n43, 106 Castlereagh, Lord, 13 Croatia, 102, 103, 149 Catherine the Great, 15, 45, 52, 77n47 Cyprus, 22, 36n41, 216 Caucasus, 8, 34n1, 45, 46, 48, 49, 55, Czechoslovakia, 64, 69 58, 60, 61, 67, 68, 70, 86, 88, 101, 115n45, 144, 152, 162n31, 176, 178, 183, 185, 187, 190, D 200, 202n24, 215, 253 Dagomys (Agreement), 179 Caucasian, 43, 47, 50, 88, 139, 144, Dalmatia, 98 252, 255 Danube, 15, 85, 87, 88, 105 INDEX 285

Dardanelles, 51 F Dayton, 136, 142, 158 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 101 Debaltsevo, 235 Finland, 85, 94, 119n91 de Gaulle, Charles, 130 France, 14, 15, 54, 57, 63–68, 73, Delors, Jacques, 92–93 78n62, 90, 95, 103, 119n85, Dmitrijevic, Dragutin, 87, 99 124n154, 130, 151, 176, 182, Dnepr, 49 186, 219, 224, 225, 227, 232, Donbas, 228, 234–239 235, 258 Drvar, 104 FYROM, 149 Dubrovnik, 98 Dugin, Alexandr, 220, 243n1 G Gagauzia, 86, 102 E Galvin, John, 91 Eastern Europe, 29, 68, Garibaldi, 69 93–94, 122n122, 173, Geneva, 2, 181, 195–198, 200, 219, 205n52, 215 231, 232, 236 Eastern Partnership, 216, 224, 262 Genghis Khan, 51, 76n30 England, 57, 65, 67, 103 Georgia, 2, 9n2, 9n6, 47, 102, 144, Erzurum, 71 147, 157, 178, 179, 181, 182, Estonia, 102 185, 186, 188, 189, 193–198, EUBAM (EU Border Assistance 200, 211, 212, 219, 222, 225, Mission), 184, 191, 200 226, 235–237, 240, 242, 255, Eurasia, 208n92, 221 257, 258, 260–262, 264 Eurasian Economic Union, 212, 217, Gerasimov, Valery, 221, 260 259–260 German Empire, 51 Eurocorps, 155 Germany, 54, 68, 87, 89–91, 109, Europe, 41–79, 81–125, 143–150, 117n63, 149, 189, 220, 224, 169–209, 211–247 225, 231, 232, 235, 237, European Economic Community 238, 258 (EEC), 92–96, 103, 111, 146, Gestapo, 44 255, 256 Girkin, Igor, 229 The European Neighbourhood Gorbachev, Mikhail, 82, 85, 86, Policy, 215, 261 90–93, 95, 98, 101, 107, 109, European Union, 2, 9n2, 9n8, 11, 119n90, 120n99, 120n100, 21, 93, 95, 119n88, 128, 141, 121n104, 122n109, 134, 252 148, 151–154, 159, 171, Great Britain, 14, 63, 65–68, 109, 173–174, 187, 199, 204n43, 122n122 211, 212, 216, 217, 220–221, Great power 240–242, 244n9, 257, 259, Gryzlov, Boris, 236 260, 262 Gudauta, 181 EU-Russia, 11 Gurko, losif, General, 70 286 INDEX

H Karavelov, Petko, 78n66 Habsburg Empire, 14 Kazakhstan, 220, 260 Helsinki, 9n4, 95, 140, 151, 156 Kent, Bruce, 90 Hill, William H., 143 Kharkov, 230 Hitler, Adolf, 86 Khasbulatov, Ruslan, 103, 124n137 Hollande, François, 232–233, 235 Khios, 52 Hong Kong, 152 Khristenko, Viktor, 221 Howe, Geoffrey, 91, 111 Kiev/Kyiv, 50, 174, 191, 223, 226, Hungary, 94, 99 229, 231, 234, 237, 238 Hurd, Douglas, 118n78, 131 Kievan Rus, 15, 46, 48, 51, 53 Kiev Principality, 48 Kingdom of Colchis, 47 I Kingdom of Urartu, 47, 50 Iberia, 47 King Obrenovic, 87, 99 Ingushetia, 144, 162n31, 255 Kinnock, Neil, 90 the Ionian Islands, 59, 68 Kohl, Helmut, 91 Iran, 172 Kondrashov, Stansislav, 91, 117n65, Iraq, 172, 175, 225 118n82, 119n91, 160n2 Isaev, Maksim, 43 Kosachev, Konstantin, 173, 201n12, Istanbul, 156, 181 202n17, 202n18, 218, 244n16 – Italy, 49, 63, 69, 78n62, 90, 93, 103, Kosovo, 1, 4, 7, 85, 97, 101 103, 135, 218 122n109, 124n136, 137, 138, – Ithaca, 10n14, 49 141, 142, 150 156, 159, – Ivanov, Igor, 163n50, 173, 162n30, 165n70, 169 171, 174, 175, 182 256, 262 Ivanov, Sergei, 175 Kozak, Dmitriy, 180, 183, 235 – Ivanov, Vitaly, 218, 244n17 Kozyrev, Andrei, 129 131, 135, 139, Ivan the Terrible, 52, 89 141, 143, 145, 160n3, 175, 253, 260 Kremlin, 8, 139, 142, 219, 220, 228, J 230, 235, 236, 241, 242, 263 Japan, 93, 131 Kuchma, Leonid, 234, 236 Juarez, Diego, 69–71, 254 Kuchner, Bernard, 195 Kulmukhametov, Azamat, 236 Kutuzov, Mikhail, 55, 57 K Kyrgyzstan, 221, 240, 260 Kalashnikov, 249, 251, 256, 265 Kandel, Pavel, 173, 202n15 Kant, Immanuel, 140 L Kapodistria, Ioannis, 188 Lafont, Charles de, 64 Karabanov, Lieutenant, 58, 59, 61 Lagarp, Fridrikh-Tsezar, 57, 69 Karadzic, Radovan, 136, 142 Latin America, 85 INDEX 287

Latvia, 102, 123n135 Moscow, 1–5, 8, 16, 21, 22, 26, 27, Latynina, Yulia, 177 42, 49, 53, 64, 75n3, 81, Lavrov, Sergei, 184, 185, 188, 216 83–84, 89, 90, 92–95, 98, 99, Lenin, Vladimir, 82 105, 120n93, 121n108, Lermontov, Mikhail, 43 135–137, 139–145, 148–150, Lisbon, 149 155, 169, 172–173, 175, Lithuania, 102 177–187, 189–197, 212, London, 64, 68, 141, 226 214–227, 229, 231–235, 237, Loshchinin, Valery, 181 238, 249, 251, 253–262, Louis XIV, 15 264, 265 Lubibratic, General, 58 Mostar, 148 Luchterhandt, Otto, 188–189 Munich, 69, 153 Luhansk, 229–232, 235, Muscovy, 15 236, 243 Lukin, Vladmir, 229 N Napoleon, 57, 68 M Naryshkin, Sergey, 226 Maastricht, 146 NATO, 11, 18, 29, 51, 90, 91, 93, Macedonia, 104, 149, 173, 180 95, 117n63, 118n83, 137, Major, John, 131, 146, 165n69 138, 140, 141, 142, 150, 154, Markovich, Ante, 99, 100 162n30, 165n70, 170, 171, Marx, Karl, 82 176, 199 Maximilian I of Austria, 14 Nekrasov, Captain, 55, 58, 66–67, Mediterranean, 48, 52, 53, 59, 88 78n60 Medvedev, Dmitriy, 181, 186, 188, Nesterushkin, Valery, 183, 192 192, 236 Netherlands, 15 Merkel, Angela, 227, 232, 235, 237, Nevsky, Prince Alexander, 50 258 New Soviet Russia, 128–132, 141, Meseberg, 189 150, 154, 230 Milosevic, Slobodan, 100, 122n109, New Western Russia, 128–140, 150, 136, 138, 142–143, 153, 158 157, 158 Mitterrand, François, 90 Nicolas I, 60 Mizsei, Kalman, 193 Nino, Saint of Cappadocia, 47 Mladic, Ratco, 136 Nordic, 46 Moldova, 86, 143–144, 157, Normandy, 232–233, 238 178–180, 184, 189, 191, 192, North Korea, 172 200, 211, 212, 222, 237, 240, North Ossetia, 144, 179 242, 255, 257, 260–262 Norway, 86 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 109 Novgorod, 50, 98 Montenegro, 78n65, 104 NovoRossiya, 228–235 Morrel, Pierre, 197 Nox, Captain, 107 288 INDEX

O Potemkin, Grigoriy Prince Occheto, Achille, 90 Tavricheskiy, 52 Odessa, 53, 86, 98, 176 Prigorodny Rayon, 144 Ohrid, 180 Prikhodko, Sergei, 188 Oleg, Kievan Prince, 43, 78n69 Primakov, Evgenii, 138, 139, Oladiev, General, 83, 85, 97, 143, 179 101–103, 106, 107 Pristina, 138, 139, 162n31, 171 Orlov, Alexey, Count Chesmenkiy, 52 Prokhanov, Alexander, 138–139 Organisation of the Black Sea Promised Land, 45–53, 58, 60, Economic Cooperation 61, 84–86, 87, 172, 176, (BSEC), 216 199, 252 Organisation for Security and Prussia, 14, 54, 57, 59–60, 63, 73, Cooperation in Europe 89, 97 (OSCE), 2, 3, 93, 140–145, 147, Pushkin, Alexander, 43 149, 150, 153, 155–159, Putin, Vladimir, 2, 8, 27, 156, 162n33, 179, 181, 183, 184, 169–209, 211–215, 217, 218, 190, 191, 198, 199, 231–232, 219–220, 222, 223, 226, 228, 234, 236, 254–256, 261–262 231, 233, 235, 237, 258, 259, Ottoman Empire, 15, 53, 55, 63, 65, 261, 264 67, 71, 87, 102, 103, 225, 228, 252 Owen, David, 136, 147–148 Q Queen Elizabeth II, 1

P Patten, Chris, 151–152, 254 R Paul I, 59, 60 Rambouillet, 138 Pavlovic, Peko, 58, 78n65 Riga, 87 Peter the Great, 15, 50, 51, 52, 63, Romania, 51, 55, 143 77n40, 89, 106 Rome, 48, 84, 148 Pikul, Valentin, 44–45, 55, 56, 58–60, Rumiantsev, Pyotr, 52, 55, 68, 106, 64, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 82–85, 124n145 87–89, 97, 99, 101, 103–108, Rumiantsev, Petr, Count Zadunaiskiy 113n9, 115n46, 146, 172, 186, (Transdanubian), 52, 55 187, 192, 225, 251, 260 Russia, 1–10, 41–79, 81–125, Plavsic, Biliana, 142 127–168, 169–209, 220–228 Pleven, 87 Russian Empire, 7, 14, 15, 43, 48, 49, Poland, 54, 63–65, 68, 73, 94, 99, 51, 52, 88, 108, 115n46, 213, 224, 225, 232, 242 220, 225, 228 Poliakov, Leonid, 213 Ryabov, Nikolai, 191, 192 Poliakov, Maksim Ambassador, 236 Ryurik, 50 Portugal, 14, 93 Ryzhkov, Nikolay, 93, 95, 117n70 INDEX 289

S South Ossetia, 1, 2, 9n2, 144, 174, Saakhashvili, Mikheil, 182, 186–187, 178–179, 182, 185–188, 188, 192, 193–194 191, 192, 194, 195–198, Saint Malo, 151 200, 257 Saint Petersburg, 49, 68 Soviet Union, 7, 26, 42–44, 47, 51, Sanjak, 141 64, 84, 85, 90–92, 97–102, 108, Sarajevo, 139, 141, 162n31 109, 117n70, 122n122, Sarkozy, Nicolas, 186, 194–196, 233 127–130, 134, 139, 145, Sazonov, Sergei, 133 213, 252 Scheffer, Jaap de Hoop, 171 Spain, 14, 78n62, 117n63, 134, Schmidt, Helmut, 90 161n14, 227 Schmidt, Pyotr, Captain, 49 Spiridov, Grigoriy, Admiral, 52 Schroeder, Gerhardt, 217 Split, 90, 98 Schwarzenberg, Karel, 216 Steinmeier, Frank-Walter, 185 Scythians, 51, 84 Stirlitz, 43 Sebastopol, 49, 53, 177 Sudan, 219 Semneby, Peter, 185 Sukhumi, 181, 194, 196 Serbia, 38n70, 68, 85, 96, 97, 99, Surkov, Viacheslav, 236 100–102, 103, 133–136, 138, Surkov, Vyacheslav, 218, 236 142, 143, 157, 165n70, 170, Suvorov, Alexander Marshall 178, 252, 256 Rymnikskiy, 52, 55, 59, 66 Serb(s), 85, 87, 88, 97, 98, 99, 100, Svyatoslav, Kievan Prince, 52, 53, 105 101, 102, 104, 105, 110, Sweden, 14, 15, 50, 54, 65, 78n62 114n16, 121n105, 121n107, Switzerland, 57, 78n62, 93, 188, 133, 135, 136, 137, 141, 142, 207n75, 236 143, 149, 157, 158, 159, Szeged, A. Jakobovits de, 183 253, 262 Seville, 175 Shanin, Teodor, 90 T Shemiatenkov, Vladimir, Tagliavini, Heidi, 188, 234, 236 Ambassador, 93 Tajikistan, 131 Sherr, James, 92, 111, 254 Tatars, 51, 77n40, 77n51, 120n93 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 94, 181, 182 Teutonic Knights, 50 Shipka, 87 Tiraspol, 179–180, 193 Sikorski, Radoslav, 225 Tito, Josip Broz, 100, 134 Skobelev, Mikhail, General, 70 Tolstoy, Leo, 43 Slovenia, 102, 103, 149 Trans-Carpathia, 85 – Smirnov, Igor, 180 182, 192, 193 Transcaucasia, 46, 47, 49, 67, 86 Sochi, 177, 179, 181 Trans-Danubian, 52 Sokolov, Maksim, 173 Transnistria, 1, 2, 5, 8, 143, 178–184, Solana, Javier, 174, 183, 254, 262 189, 190–193, 200, 235, 236, Somalia, 131, 176 257, 258 290 INDEX

Tsargrad, 43 Vogt, Karsten, 90 Tskhinvali, 194, 196 Vojvodina, 141 Turchinov, Olexandr, 226 Volga, 47 Turkey, 51, 63, 67, 68, 70, 73, 77n51, Voronin, Vladimir, 180, 192, 193 78n65, 86, 115n46 Voskoboinikov, Dmitry, 186 Tyrzhckevych, Andrzej, 198

W U Warren, Kitty, 70, 192, 254 Ukraine, 3, 4, 12, 47, 54, 85–87, 143, Webber, Mark, 9n8 178–180, 183, 191, 211–247, West, 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 18, 21, 22, 26, 27, 253, 260, 261, 262, 265, 266 43, 90, 92, 94, 111, 128, 129, United Kingdom (UK), 18, 90, 132, 135–138, 142, 158, 118n78, 152 165n70, 171, 180, 192, 194, United States (US), 2, 11, 17–19, 25, 218, 241, 259, 263 27, 90, 91, 98, 103, 112, 129, Western European Union (WEU), 93, 131, 137, 142–145, 149, 154, 95, 140, 141, 148 155, 158, 159, 162n30, 165n70, 171, 181, 183–185, 192, 193, 225, 227, 231, 232, 258 Y (Upper) Don, 85 USA, 51, 93, 109, 122n122 Yakovenko, Alexander, 190 Ushakov, Fyodr, Admiral, 48, 59, 69 Yakovlev, 96, 108, 109 Ushakov, Yuri, 145 Yalta, 98 USSR, 6, 42, 81–83, 91, 93, 94, Yanukovych, Viktor, 222, 223, 224, 96–105, 109, 123n122, 240, 261 123n123, 131, 144, 146, 148, Yastrebchak, Vladmir, 193 – 225, 253 Yeltsin, Boris, 133 135, 137, 138, 141, 142, 147–149, 156, 158 Yevkurov, Yunus-bek, 139, 162n31 V Yugoslavia, 38n70, 51, 84, 85, 96–105, 110, 120n99, 122n109, Vance, Cyrus, 147 134, 136, 141, 147, 157, 170, Varangians, 49, 84 171, 252, 253, 262 Vaziani, 181 Venice, 63 Verdun, 68 Vernimmen, Willy, 94 Z Vienna, 13, 14, 95, 102 Zakharov, Mark, 132–133 Vilnius, 224 Zavarzin, Valery General, 138 Vladimir, Prince of Kiev, 177 Zubkov, Viktor, 183 Vogel, Hans-Jochen, 90 Zurabov, Mikhail, 234, 236