I I I I m&TI1rJ1&~J]) rnr~~TI1r&@~ I ~lDJ~W~W JRl~WTI~~ I I I I I 'I I I July 1994 i I WendyThorp Historical Archaeologist and Heritage Consultant 12 Campbell Street Eastwood NSW 2122 I Tel: 858 4336 Fax: 858 4336

I in association with

BRIAN McDONALD -I- ASSOCIATES I Architects +Urban Planners ~ Heritage Consultants Suite 1/3 Montague Street Balmain NSW 2041 ,I Tel: 8106700 Fax: 8102747 I I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I

SECTION 1.0 I INTRODUCTION

I 1.1 THE ROLE OF THE THEMATIC STUDY

A thematic history does not purport to be a detailed 'I analysis of the myriad facets of local development and anecdotal material that comprises the wealth of local history. It does not attempt to document the construction of every significant building, the acquisition of every I land grant, the commencement of every major industrial enterprise or identify every settler prominent in the I history of the study area. The primary purpose of the work is to define, as concisely as possible, the principal events or catalysts that were I influential in the unique development of a particular area. It is not so much a "what" history as a "how" or "why" history although, in its explication, it does provide a considerable wealth of detail with respect to I the "whats" of history.

With respect to the latter, detailed analysis and I discussion of sites, events and personalities of the Maitland district have been included in several local histories and secondary studies. These works have examined a wealth of primary material as well as contributing I considerable local understanding and observations that have been invaluable in the formation of this thematic overview. For quite specific discussions of any of these I aspects the reader is advised to consult these texts by referring to the bibliography at the end of this report. I Principally the thematic study's use is in providing a concise overview that may be used to underpin or support the selection or nomination of buildings, relics or areas as "heritage items". It provides the framework in which to I determine whether such an item is rare or informative about the history of an area, whether it acts as a landmark or commemoration of important processes or I events. Thematic histories provide an objective framework in which to evaluate items that may not have, for example, much aesthetic appeal and may be overlooked for this reason in a survey. It provides an objective means of I assessment rather than a subjective reaction. I I I WENDY THORP I 1 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I 1.2 THE STRUCTURE OF A THEMATIC STUDY Thematic histories are presented in chapters that reflect what has been found to be those principal catalysts in the history of the area. Eight such themes have been I identified in the case of this study. These are: I * The River and Land - The Influence of Topography * Exploration, Exploitation and Convicts I * Estate Development - Pioneers, Gentlemen and Tenants * Urban Growth I * A Regional Centre I * Communications * Industry and Natural Resources * A Unique Heritage Preservation, Conservation and I Heritage

No one theme or themes is more important than any other; I their presentation or placement in the report does not represent a ranking or statement of relative importance. Each theme of local development has been as important as the others although in quite different and, in many cases, I interlinked ways. I I I I I I I I WENDY THORP I 2 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I 1.3 THE STATE HERITAGE INVENTORY PROJECT THEMES As a means of evaluating the entire state's heritage a project has been underway for some years to provide a standard format for recording and evaluating items. In I addition, the thematic studies of each heritage review must conform to or identify standard themes that have been developed for the state. To this end the themes identified I for the Maitland Heritage Survey Review may be equated with the state themes in the following manner: LOCAL: The River and Land - The Influence of Topography I STATE: Environment

LOCAL: Exploration, Exploitation and Convicts I STATE: Exploration; Convict; pastoralism; Agriculture; Land Tenure; Environment; Transport. I LOCAL: Estate Development Pioneers, Gentlemen and Tenants STATE: Convict; Pastoralism; Agriculture; Land Tenure; I Environment. LOCAL: Urban Growth I STATE: Townships. LOCAL: A Regional Centre STATE: Townships; Migration; Communication; Utilities; Industry; Commerce; Government and Administration; I Law and Order; Housing; Leisure; Social Institutions; Cultural Sites; Sport; Health; I Welfare; Religion; Education; Death; Events. LOCAL: Communications I STATE: Transport; Communications. LOCAL: Industry and Natural Resources STATE: Pastoralism; Agriculture; Mining; Environment; I Industry. LOCAL: A Unique Heritage - Preservation, Conservation and Heritage I STATE: Environment; Other. I I I I WENDY THORP I 3 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I

SECTION 2.0 I THE RIVER AND THE LAND - INFLUENCE OF TOPOGRAPHY

I 2.1 GEOLOGY

The underlying rock and soil formations that surround I Maitland have provided resources such as coal, building stone and soils that have created foundations for settlement, commercial and industrial ventures. It is I important to appreciate the role that these basic building blocks have played in the development of the region; without them the history of Maitland would have peen I vastly different. Maitland lies in a great trough valley between the Bathurst-Monaro Tableland in the south and the New England I Tableland to the north. Volcanic activity, upthrust and decline of geological formations, drowned valleys and gradual siltation over millions of geological years have produced the characteristic country of the Maitland I region.

To the south Maitland is bound by hard sandstones and in I the north by basalts, trachytes and other volcanic rocks. Some of the stones have been exploited for building materials. Small quantities of marble have even been found and used in the district. Vast coal seams run under and I surface near the district. The discovery and exploitation of this asset in the l880s changed the face of the I district and its economy and social structure. The soils produced by the underlying geology vary greatly and have produced qualities that were particularly I suitable for certain crops; for example, rhyolite tuffs encouraged citrus growth. Fine grazing and agricultural lands are produced elsewhere and timber stands were supported by the rich soils; the alluvial deposits were I particularly suitable for lucerne growth. The landform produced by these geological arrangements and I the environment supported by it have also been of enormous significance to the historical development of the I district. I I I WENDY THORP I 4 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I 2.2 TOPOGRAPHY AND LANDSCAPE The position of the region within natural river, hill and valley corridors has been of fundamental importance to the development of the area. These were the means by which I communication was to be made with the near and not so near centres of settlement. It was Maitland's strategic location in this aspect that was to underpin its I subsequent growth and success. Flats and slopes have also contributed to particular I patterns of settlement. The relation of these features to the river and, in particular, the impact of the river on those areas was to be both a blessing and a curse for future settlers. The earliest surveys of the district took I particular notice of these features. The lowest land was noted to be swamps and lagoons, especially around the Wallis Creek and Pattersons Plains area. The Hinton area I was noted to be on low ground subject to flood (1). Along the river ox bow and silted up lakes formed natural clearings of some thirty or forty acres. Several swamps I were drained by the new settlers to create more arable land. Mitchell, for example, drained a lagoon on his land near Maitland to create 340 acres of fertile soil; the I Bolwarra swamp was drained for a similar purpose (2). Naturally occurring resources that have characterized certain areas, such as timber, have greatly aided the I development of and supported settlement. Thick scrub dominated the landscape. Around Maitland was the thickest brush in the country (3). At Bolwarra it was described as I "a jungle or brush next to impenetrable" (4). I E. C. Close was to write that, "walking into it (the tree cover) is like walking into twilight, the trees so huge they meet across the river and the canopy above is I so thick that the sunlight never reaches the ground below" (5). I At the edge of the flood plain were gently rising hills; originally the foothills were grassy with ironbark forests behind (6). The grasslands were to be exploited for I pastoral purposes. Vivid descriptions of the 1830s show that, at least at this time, European settlement had made relatively little I impact on the pre-existing environment. The journey along the river from Maitland to Morpeth was described from the I boat in 1833 as, "on each side, low flat shores covered with a I deep green bush of mangroves, skirted in front WENDY THORP I 5 I I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY

I with a belt of reeds, growing into the water and waving like a field of barley... for several miles up to the first and second branch the scenery is much the same, that is I dark mangroves or impenetrable thickets with a line of reeds in front ... rt (7). I The impact of decades of European settlement was to forever change the pre-existing landscape, topography and environment. By the later 1880s the landscape had been mo·dified to record a pattern of cuItural existence rather I than that of the original landscape. Several descriptions record the impact of this settlement on the environment. I For example, from 1887, "The landscape is pleasantly diversified­ cultivation, woodland, pasture, vary it. The I hill slopes are scantily clothed with trees and farm houses and barns here, as everywh.ere in the valley indicate the presence of human life and activity..• Squares and oblongs of I freshly ploughed soil alternate with squares and oblongs of land under lucerne crop.•. The aspect of the whole expanse is that of a huge I well-tilled garden" (8). I I I I I I I I en: ill (Source: Picturesque A Australasia. ). I WENDY THORP I 6 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I 2.3 THE RIVER Waterways have provided both enormous boons and terrible disasters for the occupants of the region. Floods have been a recurring theme that have caused immense damage. At 1I the same time the river was a major means of communication and Morpeth, in particular, benefited from its location at the head of navigation. It was not, however, an easy river I to navigate. In 1833 it was described as, "the river between Green Hills (Morpeth) and I Maitland folds about like a snake and is besides too much obstructed with shallows for the steamers draught ... " (1). I As it was to eventuate the shallows did not stop the steamers and river trade was to be the life blood of the region until it was challenged by the railway in the mid I nineteenth century. Floods have been recorded in the district since the earliest days of settlement. In 1827, 1832 and 1841 severe I floods took their toll. In 1847 the Hunter was recorded to be fourteen feet above its usual level at Maitland and considerable property was lost at this time (2). In 1851 I the Hunter rose twenty feet above normal (3). Severe floods occurred again in 1851 and, particularly in 1857, in which year three floods caused havoc in the district I (4) • By 1861 public agitation for measures to combat these crippling natural disasters had formed itself into a I deputation to request the government to erect flood gates in Wallis Creek (5). This move was unsuccessful. More terrible floods occurred in 1864. Newspaper accounts I described the floodwaters, "covering the cultivated lands on all sides, the tops of the telegraph posts being the only I things visible between the bridge and the hills bordering South Park and Dagworth. The Long Bridge was covered; the waters spread I over the Horseshoe Bend; and in the lower part of the town almost every house was partially filled; - nearly three hundred tenements were I rendered untenantable... " (6). The floods caused buildings to be washed away, part of the I railway embankment to be lost and land slips. "The amount of destitution occasioned by the flood is fearful to contemplate, numbers were I driven from their homes, their effects swept away ad many families left entirely dependent I upon the charity of their neighbours" (7). WENDY THORP I 7 'I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY 'I

I Along with the devastation caused by the floods, though, was the realisation that the floodwaters brought with them the rich alluvial silts that provided the basis for the agricultural prosperity of the region. In 1878 it was I noted that,

"Everything that has been under water is I covered with sand, soil or thick slimy mud ... Yet it is strange to note how soon these sad sights are got rid of and how quickly the valley resumes its smiling aspect. The floods I after all are not an unmixed evil; for the rich alluvial deposit they leave behind them I fertilises the soil anew... " (8). In 1866 a meeting was held of landowners to take steps towards the erection of floodgates or a dam at the mouth I of the Wallis Creek. 1175 pounds was promised to the effort (9). In the same year a large embankment was constructed in the horseshoe bend at West Maitland (10). I It took several more severe floods, though, during the later 1860s before the foundations of the flood gates were laid in Wallis Creek in 1869 (11). These were opened in I 1870 and were swept away almost immediately. It was not until 1876 that new gates were opened; residents commenced immediate action to stone and secure the river banks (12). I More bad floods followed; in 1877 the power of the floodwaters was such that the river partially changed course as a direct result (13). A River Bank Protection I Committee was formed in 1878 to announce to West Maitland that they had provided a pound for pound arrangement with I the government to stone the river banks (14). The later years of the nineteenth century also saw more crippling floods. One particularly damaging one of 1890 caused another change in the river pattern, the loop near I Largs being cut from the main course (15). There was no respite from these natural disasters in the I twentieth century. In 1955 the highest ever flood recorded caused a change in land use after a heavy deposition of sand rendered twelve farms infertile at Bolwarra. Lorn and Maitland were also severely damaged; one side effect of I this disaster was the expansion of the suburbs as residents moved away from the river. I In 1956 the Hunter Valley Flood Mitigation Act was passed. It encompassed a co-ordinated flood mitigation scheme which incorporated using the natural flood plain of I Bo1warra to redirect water from the part of the flood plain situated at Lorn and Mait1and. Embankments and flood I gates were constructed as part of the work (16). WENDY THORP I 8 I I

I ''Floods - High Street WestMaitland, shewing the landslip and remains ofhouse carried away" I (Source: Illustrated Sydney News 16 July 1864, 4) I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I

SECTION 3.0 I EXPLORATION, EXPLOITATION AND CONVICTS

I 3.1 DISCOVERY

Like many instances in Australian history the area around I Maitland was likely to have been "discovered" well before the official event of that nature. During the later 1790s several convict escapes from the established settlements of Parramatta and Sydney led the escapees towards the I Hunter River. The reports of fine timber stands in this area, particularly of cedar, encouraged timber-getters also to make the trip to the area; it is likely that at I least some of these men journeyed as far as the Maitland area in the period 1797 to 1801 (1). I The first official survey of the Hunter River, named such in 1798, was carried out in 1801. King directed the party to examine the area and report on its potential as a source of supplies and resources for the colony. The I party, led by Lieutenant-Colonel Paterson and comprising several other officers, explored the area around Maitland. I A depot was built on the site of the later town (2). They noted the thick scrub, the swampy land and lagoons, as well as several species of plants and fine stands of trees. They also noted coal washed up on the beaches. The I area was considered to be ideal by them for an agricultural settlement and for timber-getting (3). A second survey several months later confirmed this I impression.

In the following years several parties of explorers and I surveyors would investigate and document the area around Maitland and the natural routes leading to it. For example, in 1820, a party set out from Windsor, first explored Patricks Plains and went on to Maitland. In 1822 I Henry Dangar carried out a systematic survey of the locality, noting the haphazard arrangement of the settlements and individual land holdings. Allen Cunningham I also explored the area and the Hunter in 1823. I I I I WENDY THORP I 9 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I 3.2 CONVICTS AS PIONEERS AND SETTLERS In 1804 a permanent settlement was made at Newcastle and it was from here that the first systematic exploitation and visitation of the area occurred via the parties of I convicts sent to log timber for the valuable Sydney market. The principal timber of this industry was cedar (Toona australis). In addition the Hunter Valley was the I only source in the colony of Rosewood (Dysoxylum fraseranum) .

The timber was cut by gangs consisting of up to thirty I convicts and two overseers. Temporary camps were established at the logging sites to accommodate these parties. Two such camps are known to have been at I Bolwarra: Reedy Camp and Cooly Camp (1). Macquarie was to observe one of these camps during one of his inspections. I The area encompassing Maitland was governed by the Commandant of the Newcastle settlement. By 1813 there were several settlers in the area of Patterson's Plains although none recorded at what would later be Maitland I (2). In both 1817 and 1818 the Commandant was permitted to send more settlers to the area with the provision that it was made clear the farms created by these people were held I in trust for the government (3). Macquarie's tour of inspection of 1818 included the settlement of Patterson's Plains and he noted how suprised he was by the extent of cleared and cultivated ground (4). The area of Wallis I Plains was the next to be settled in the period 1818 to 1821.

I Macquarie explored the Green Hills and Wallis Plains area in 1821 and noted that there were, in that area by this date, eleven families settled on farms (5). At that I inspection Macquarie stayed at the "Government Cottage" called "Lachlan Cottage" which was situated on Wallis Creek;

I "It is a neat Rustic Building, very commodious, and most beautifully situated on the Summit of a pretty Eminence, having a I Lagoon of fresh water in front and beside the large creek I named Wallis Creek commanding a fine view of all the Farms on Wallis Plains" I ( 6 ) • This government cottage or military station, as they were known, was one of several established by Major Morrisett I throughout the valley. There was, for example, another at Morpeth. These cottages were used by Morrisett during his tours of inspection and respectable settlers could also I avail themselves of their shelter if they needed to do so. By the later l830s these cottages had been replaced by I more elaborate and permanent buildings in the towns. WENDY THORP I 10 I I NA!'fLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEVl: THml;.ATIC HISTORY I

I In evidence presented to the Commissioner of Enquiry into the state of the COlony during 1820 it was stated that with the ion of the Assistant Surgeon, the storekeepe:c and the chief constable, alIthe settlers at I both Wallis Plains and Pattersons Plains were convicts (7). The Chief Constable stated that four of the settlers at Wallis Plains had houses and the rest skilllons. Some I had cleared betv:een tV/en.ty and thirty acres. A military detachment of four privat;es had been placed at t:he settlement to protect it. Convict settlers were still in occupa't:lon by t;he time Governor Er:isbane came to the I colony. One of the most famous convicts in local history was Nary Hunt, or Molly Morgan, who had a grant of 159 I acres on the site of West Maitland. From 181.9 the lands along the Hunter had been thrown open for settlement by Governor 1"1acquarie. Many took up the opportunity. By 1826 there wen::~ a mixture of free and I convict settlers in Wal1is Plains although, by this time, free settlers outnumbered convict. At that time there were fourteen free settlers and two "convicts with farms" as I well as several emancipists and others (8). I I I I I I I I I

John Hare/wick, "Maitland alld the Hunter River" (/VD Iflash) I (Source: ML PXA )

I 11 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I 3.3 CONVICTS AS LABOURERS By 1822 intensive timber-getting by convicts had ceased as the Newcastle settlement was moved to Port Macquarie. New avenues of labour, however, were found for convicts. I Assigned convict servants provided much of the labour on estates such as Bo1warra and Morpeth which had as many as I twenty at any given time. Convicts also were particularly important in building the roads that would form the principal means of communication I with the area for many years. In 1824 a road from Newcastle to Wallis Plains was built by convict labour (1). Another road from Richmond to Maitland, via Kurri I Kurri, was completed in 1829 also using convict labour. The focus of so much convict labour in this area made it inevitable that a permanent military settlement would I follow; in 1829 a Commandant's house and a guard house were built at Maitland. Troops arrived to quarter there. In 1831 one such recorded in his diary;

I "I found Maitland only a verry few Scattered Houses on a low flat but verry fertile Land on the banks of the hunter. Our quarters was on I a Nice Green hill Just blow Government house, where we found the headquarters Under Leutenant Blackburn, who gave us a verry harty I welcome. we ware Their verry Comfortoubly quartered and our troops had a fine gardin on the bank of Walliceses Creek, with all kinds I of fine vegetables... " (2). Obviously some improvements had been made in military accommodation since 1823 when Lieutenant Close referred to I the barrack as: "the small dilapidated building situated on the flooded banks of the creek and which Major I Morrisett had long in contemplation to destroy intending to erect on eon the high ground near Lachlan Cottage, is a single apartment I occupied by two soldiers. In this receptacle all the prisoners from Pattersons or Wallis Plains are placed and at times this small I Barrack is so filled that the Military are obliged to remain outside altogether. There is no security except from the vigilance of the soldiers - the house being weatherboarded I only and falling to pieces." (3).

During the 1820s and 1830s major convict stockades were I formed in both East and West Mait1and (4). They remained amongst the longest serving in the colony. In 1828 a I ironed gang road party was stationed at Wa11is Plains WENDY THORP I 12 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I

, comprising forty nine men (5). A "portable" stockade at Maitland was described in 1836 by a visiting cleric, James Backhouse: I "We visited the Ironed Gang stockade, which consisted of 4 moveable huts on wheels, calculated to lodge 20 men each. They are 7 I 1/4 feet wide 14 ft long, and rather more than 6ft high which allows of barely 1 1/2 ft space for each prisoner as they lie side by side on shelves; they are necessarily very crowded as I they can hardly avoid touching one another... Confinement to these places during the hours the prisoners are not at work or at meals must I involve considerable suffering" (6).' In 1839 a more permanent stockade at Maitland was I described as: " ... as usual a square area surmounted by huts one of which is an open shed with tables and I benches for dining: other side four wooden boxes holding 24 men each sleeping on ground and on upper boards... " (7). I There was at least one stockade also situated in Green Hi11~ (Morpeth) during the 1830s (8). Convict labour was also used to help build Maitland Gaol. It was not until I 1846 that a proposal was put forward to break up the stockades (9). The economic depression of the 1840s and the end of the assignment system meant the end of convict I servants on estates and by 1850 there were no more stockades in use throughout the country. I I I I I I Design for ,l/Y"/rrhl" wooden to (Source: J. S. I I 13 I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I

SECTION 4.0 I ESTATE DEVELOPMENT - PIONEERS, GENTLEMEN AND TENANTS

I 4.1 EARLY LAND GRANTS AND SMALL FARMS

The earliest settlers in the district were a number of I minor officials from Newcastle who were allowed in 1818 thirty-four acres each in the area from Pitnacree to Maitland (1). These small farms were developed for peach I orchards with vegetables and some pigs raised as well. More fertile land was brought into use by the time the area was thrown open in 1821. At this time a new land I policy was instigated by Commissioner J.T. Bigge whereby land was granted to the wealthy in proportion to the amount of their capital on the condition that they employ I one convict for every ten acres. The Hunter region was the principal district to be developed because of this policy. It was instrumental in establishing a pattern of land I settlement characterized by large estates. During the mid 1820s a large number of grants varying in size from five to six hundred acres were made in the area. I European settlement, for example, commenced at Bolwarra in 1822 (2) although the Crown grants to John Brown of Higher and Lower Bo1warra were not made until the following year. I By 1825 Brown had sixty acres under cultivation (3). Most of the grants were quickly sold or bartered to new owners. In 1826, for example, John Brown sold Bolwarra to I Peter McIntyre for 1200 pounds who then let the farm back to Brown. I An idea of the types of dwellings and out-buildings constructed on these farms may be had from surveyors notes of the 1820s. These record wattle and plaster cottages, log barns, small gardens and pigyards amongst others. In I 1833 one traveller in the district described these early farms as, I "several huts with thatched roofs and large patches of maize" (4).

Ironically, while many of the small farms of this period I were absorbed or overshadowed by the rise of the great estates, they again came into their own at the end of the nineteenth century. At that time, as the large estates I were subdivided, it was done so in lots specifically sized to encourage the development of small holdings. I

I WENDY THORP 14 I I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I 4.2 THE ESTATES From the l820s onwards, as a result of Bigge's policy of land development, large grants were made. in the district to military personnel and prominent citizens. Many of the I districts of Maitland are founded on or within subdivisions of these estates. Some of the most fundamental events in the formation of the district were I direct results of this pattern of large, private land alienation. Land at Morpeth, for example, was granted to Lieutenant I E.C. Close as a military grant. It was issued in three portions (103 acres, 1020 acres and 560 acres) before the strategic position of this grant, "Illalaung", was I realized at the head of navigation. Close was unwilling to open up the land or sell it. The government tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for it; the site of East I Maitland was eventually selected as the site for a government town (1). Elsewhere, in 1821, a grant of 600 acres was made to I Robert Dillon on the site of the later Hinton (2). The town of Lorn was established on subdivisions of the estate of Lorn which had commenced as a nine hundred acre grant I made to Alexander McDougall in 1828 (3). Telarah was first alienated as the estate of Henry Pilcher. One substantial outcome of this pattern of development was that most of the principal towns of the Maitland region commenced their I development as private, rather than officially established settlements. I The development of the estates, using the large supplies of convict labour made available to them, developed much as the other great rural properties such as Regentville or I Newington. In the mid l820s when John Brown leased Bolwarra from Peter McIntyre the former farm was expanded; another two hundred acres were cleared, a new house was built and experimental crops such as tobacco were I introduced to the estate. By 1830 there were 190 acres under cultivation of mixed crops (4). The sale of the estate to Richard Jones introduced a new phase of I development for Bolwarra including the construction of a new and grander homestead (5). The type of country house developed on these estates, or I at least to which most aspired, was typified by Telarah. In the sale notice of 1849 the "mansion" was described as, I Ha handsome and substantial stone edifice with a splendid stone verandah supported by stone columns. The internal arrangements are I excellent and commodious, consisting of a large entrance hall, spacious dining room elegantly fitted with marbled chimney pieces, I WENDY THORP 15 I I I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY

I study, four large bedrooms, stores, pantries ete. ." (6) The out-buildings consisted of a barn and granary eighteen I metres long and six metres wide, an eight stall stable and coach house, two kitchens each six metres square, a cart shed, gardener's cottage and other out-buildings. The I grounds were tastefully laid out and the garden and orchard stocked with fruit trees (7). I The estates of the Maitland region remained intact, although undergoing several sales, for a long period before subdivision and sales began to reduce their size. One of the principal causes of this longevity is certainly I related to a practice of tenant farming which permitted the owners to survive particularly difficutt times such as I the 1840s depression years.

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/ or ~.. • F I XX xY .\ L L 0 ']' )11-'. ; T ,-.; :Il I ,W z. ,Cl -J . JVl A j-I' L A j'<~/' ~ E, ~'~RN'~\;)I[SQ(?' -~~_,,/ I I I I I I I I Auotments in We,,'! Property or E. Turner ESQ I 1.259/Maitland ~Vest/1840/1) WENDY THORP I 16 I I I I I I I I I I ,~ . I . '. ' \.r~ ': I "-~t·· I

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I Allotments at stometn (Source: SAONSW o I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY

4.3 TENANT FARMERS From a relatively early period tenant farmers were introduced to several of the estates. George Fletcher, for example, was already a tenant at Bolwarra in 1841 at which time he went through an insolvency sale (1). Ironically a few years later Jones lost Bolwarra through bankruptcy; the 1840s was a decade of severe economic recession in Australia. The estate was bought by the Australian Trust Company which turned it into a tenant estate. This fundamental change in occupancy resulted in significant changes in the layout of fields, crops and the placement of farm buildings. It was also one significant indicator in the evolution of the region from convict-based to free market. By 1847 there were sixty tenants farmers at Bolwarra. The typical size of farms on the estate was forty-one acres (2). It remained a tenanted estate until 1885 although the first sale of these farms commenced in 1876. Tenant farming gained in popularity from the mid nineteenth century. McDougall's Lorn Estate, for example, was developed by tenant farmers from this period. In 1895 it was said of them:

"The four tenants who are located in Lorn should know which side their bread is buttered, proof of this lying in the fact that one of them has resided on the property for thirty years as likewise his father before him.. " (3). The great estates were progressively broken up from the 1880s onwards although minor subdivisions and sales had been made with varying success from the mid nineteenth century. The size of the lots offered for sale encouraged small farmers to buy and in many cases it was the existing occupant. At the subdivision of Bolwarra and Lidney Estates during the later 1870s it was noted that in almost every instance the farms were bought by the tenants at prices ranging from thirty-two to fifty-nine pounds per acre (4). .

WENDY THORP 17 1I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I 4.4 THE BREAK-UP OF THE ESTATES Some attempts at subdivision of the large estates had been made as early as the 1840s. At the Hinton Estate, for example, some lots had been disposed of in this decade and I the next. It was an uncertain proposition at this time, however; one thousand building lots on fifty acres of the Lorn Estate offered for sale in the 1850s did not sell I (1) • Generally the sub-division and break-up of the early I nineteenth century estates commenced during the last half of the nineteenth century. The first estate sale of the Bolwarra Estate, for example, occurred in 1885 and more sales were held in 1886 and 1894 (2). The sales of the I 1890s were not as successful as those of the decade before; Australia had again entered an economic recession at this time. Sub-divisions at Lorn, for example, of the I 1890s were not successful. Some of the old properties remained relatively intact until the twentieth century. The first auctions at Morpeth I on the Close estate, for example, did not occur until 1920 (3). Generally, though, these were the exceptions. I The first subdivisions were directed at attracting the small farmer. An advertisement in 1894 for a Bolwarra I subdivision, for example, extolled it as a compact area, "embracing the richest and most productive soil principallyalluvial... a few splendid blocks admirably adapted for orchards, I vineyards poultry farms" (4). The "country life" was also used to attract potential I buyers. The "Village of Lorn" subdivision of 1885 was advertised on the basis that, "doubtless many of our townsfolk will take the I opportunity of securing a site for a pleasant country residence, though we presume in the course of time the seclusion of the country I will be sought for at a greater distance... " ( 5) • I By the first decade of the twentieth century this observation was becoming a reality. In 1907 Lorn, Telarah, Homeville, Mayfield and Rutherford were said to be developing as fine suburbs. Suburbanisation became even I more pronounced during the 1920s-1930s. I

I WENDY THORP 18 I I I III III I I I I I I

I :( I I I I I I I I

: ~;: 7 .. 1.:..·-.. { Source: I MLM2 811.25/1854/2 I ./(; I I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY

SECTION 5.0 I URBAN GROWTH

I 5.1 EARLY SETTLEMENT AND A PATCHWORK OF TOWNS

The earliest settlement or at least occupation of the I district, during the first years of the nineteenth century, may be attributed to the camps that were established as temporary bases for convict logging parties. These, however, lasted little more than a month I at a time and could not be considered permanent settlement. I Convicts, however, did form the nucleus of the first settlement at Wa11is Plains, established in the period 1818 to 1821. The constable of Wa11is Plains stated that, I of the eleven settlers and their families, only four had houses and the rest ski11ions. Some had cleared several acres of land (1). After Macquarie opened the Hunter region to general settlement in 1819, convicts, I emancipists and free settlers established holdings at Wa11is Plains. Henry Dangar, the surveyor, in trying to quantify the irregular holdings that had grown in the I years to 1826, described the improvements at Wa11is Plains in that year as:

"George Mitchell, wattle and frame barn, 15 I pounds, wattled and plaster cottage, 12 pounds, small garden, peach orchard and pigyard 8 pounds ten shillings. Patrick Riley, I log barn 10 pounds, hut 3 pounds, small garden and peach orchard 5 pounds. John Smith's cleared land 32 pounds, Thos. Beadman's I cleared land 34 pounds, John Allan's cleared land 59 pounds 10 shillings., Eckford's improvements including a wattle barn, wattle and plaster cottage, peach orchard and garden I 35 pounds. John Cahall's improvements 30 pounds. Pat. Maloney's improvements 17 pounds 10 shillings. Jones' improvements 27 pounds 10 I shillings. Wm. O'Vonnell's improvements 51 pounds. Mary Hunt's improvements 28 pounds" (2) •

I A number of these farms were on the site of what was to be West Mait1and. By 1828 there were thirty-two dwellings in Wa11is Plains although this would have included an area I that encompassed Morpeth, Mait1and and a large portion of the area towards Wo11ombi and Singleton (3). The rudiments of urban life had begun to appear during the 1820s. Inns I and shops were established in Mait1and and Morpeth began to develop as a port town influenced by its position on I both the river, at the head of navigation from Newcastle, WENDY THORP I 19 I I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I and the road from there to the plains. The first formal foundation of urban life, aside from the popular generation of the West Maitland (Wallis Plains) commercial district, was the decision by Governor Darling I to found a town in the area. Plans were prepared by Surveyor G. White and approved by the Governor. The town was named Maitland (subsequently East Maitland). It 'was to I become the government town of the district. The triumvirate of Maitland, Wallis Plains and Morpeth was to overtake the regional role that had been earmarked for I Newcastle. The latter was not to reassert its position until much later in the century. The importance of Maitland was underscored by the decision to establish the I local assizes there. In 1835 the residents of Wallis Plains made formal I objections to the dominance of political rule by Maitland. They demanded a town of their own and in that year Governor Bourke gave the directive for the formal identification of two separate towns. East and West I Maitland were gazetted in the same year.

Despite its position as the government founded town East I Maitland failed to overtake the prosperity of West Maitland which, by the l840s, was one of the pre-eminent towns of NSW. It was to maintain its position until the I later years of the century. As the agricultural prosperity of the district grew several smaller outlying towns came into being and through I the later years of the nineteenth century were profitable and picturesque settlements. Largs and Hinton, in particular, fell into this group. Industrial development, I too, was influential in the formation of towns. Heddon Greta is a particular example of the impetus provided in the district by the exploitation of coal.

I By the later years of the nineteenth century the region of Maitland was viewed as a patchwork, I "West Maitland in one direction, East Maitland in another, Morpeth in a third, Hinton in a fourth, Largs in a fifth and between them I farms or grazing paddocks... "(4). Subdivision of the large estates during the final decades of the nineteenth century permitted the development of I what might be termed dormitory suburbs. Homeville, Telarah and, in particular, Lorn were amongst those that commenced then. Lorn especially appears to owe its form and I character to the garden suburb movement of the time, the most famous example being that of Daceyville. I WENDY THORP I 20 I ------. I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY

The patchwork of towns and villages that occupy this area I are important milestones in identifying and understanding the development of the region. Their locations often underscore important topographical features that made I settlement favourable, such as fertile flats or their position in natural corridors of movement, or their support of significant local industries such as coal I mining. Their form and style identify the periods of prosperity and decline within the region. They act as landmarks in the jig-sat.4 of the landscape. They were even I conceived as such during the nineteenth century: "The spectator std.nd.i.ng on the Stockade Hill sees East Maitland clustering immediately I below him on the right hand, and rising and spreading on the gaol crowned height opposite. Beyond stretches the river valley, Wherein in the winding course of the stream may be I discerned... In mid distance appears the village of Largs, built on a point of high land bounding the valley on the northern side I and further still to the right a distant view of gained of the hills facing Morpeth.•. To the left lies west Maitland, from this point I of view a compact town. apparently filling up the whole breadth of the valley... " (5). I I I I I I I I West Maitland in 1888 I (Source: Picturesque Atlas Australasia) I ~JENDY THORP I ------~ ----- I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I 5.2 GOVERNMENT TOWN: EAST MAITLAND The government sponsored town of East Maitland, at first Maitland, owed its genesis to a decision by Governor Darling to establish a town in this area. His objective I was to take advantage of its position and growing prosperity and to create a springboard for settlement of I the northern reaches of the state. Newcastle was the obvious choice for this role but, despite its well established buildings and harbour, could I not at this time fulfill the need. It was separated from the inland farms by a considerable distance of which a significant portion encompassed swamps. I The first choice of an inland site was at Morpeth, however, the then owner of the land would not accommodate government desires and a second choice, the ultimate site I of East Maitland, was selected in its place. The earliest European occupation of the town had been a "military station" or cottage, one of several scattered by Morrisett throughout the Hunter Valley. Morrisett informed Bigge in I the 1820s that he had caused several such cottages to be erected for sundry purposes including the one at Wallis I Plains which had been used to perform divine service in. In 1829 this house at Wallis Plains was said to be in good repair and was in the area marked out for a town. It I appears to have been removed by the 1830s. The plans for the town were prepared by Surveyor G. White and were approved by the Governor in 1829. However, in I 1831 and in stark contrast to the vitality of its neighbour Wallis Plains, a contemporary description of the I settlement could only describe it as, "a few scattered houses on a low flat" (1). In 1832 the disparity between the two towns was I highlighted by a Directory listing which observed that, at Maitland, I "the land here is very favourable for the formation of a large town and many pains have been bestowed in laying it out, many allotments have been located and a school I house and chapel erected but the preference is still given to the low lands on the other side of Wallis Creek, these area, however, subject I to flood and ere long the houses may be washed away and the superior situation of the new I town may be evident" (2). Despite that dire warning the town of Wallis Plains I flourished and by 1834 had grown restive under the WENDY THORP I 22 I ------~-- -- ~ I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY

political control exercised by its near and less affluent I neighbour. The result of this agitation was the proclamation of two towns in 1835. Wallis Plains became West Maitland and Maitland, the government town, East I Maitland (3). The reasons for the lesser popularity of East Maitland appear to have been several. Nineteenth century I commentaries generally considered the poor qualities of the site and the government restrictions to be the principal causes. In 1866 it was said that the town had 'I been, "Laid out by government on a fLat between the Hunter River and a range of Low sLoping hiLLs I in a pLeasant but unsuitabLe site owing to the scarcity of water - from this and other causes the town has not prospered but has remained I comparativeLy stagnant since the estabLishment of the now Large and thriving west MaitLand" (4) •

I Later in the century the reasons for the slow development of the town were considered to be "red-tape": I "In the earLy days of the pLace, aLthough Land was open for saLe, red tape restrictions, Government reguLations bordering on the I absurd, sLowness of survey and a generaL state of muddLe made the acquisition of aLLotments no easy matter. UnhappiLy, in the near vicinity, Land was obtainabLe at a cheap rate I and with LittLe formaLity ... As Land couLd be easiLy got west MaitLand grew with comparative rapidity on both sides of the Great Northern I Road... East MaitLand favoured by state patronage, by the residence of government officiaLs, by the distinction, form many years enjoyed, of being the onLy assize town in the I northern district, and by an incomparabLe superior site was, for a time, by dint of these circumstances the chief town but Lost I ground as the district became more popuLous and has never been abLe to outstrip its much better haLf on the other side of WaLLis Creek" I ( 5) • In 1839, however, the town could be said to be, I "the seat of the country executive (and) is a neat and fLourishing settLement'" (6). I At that time East Mait1and had a population of 1600 (7). A comparison of the popu1ations between the two Mait1ands I throughout the century is the clearest indicator of the WENDY THORP I 23 I I 11 MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I course of their development (8) : Year East Maitland West Maitland I 1846 905 2391 1851 1099 3131 1861 2046 5699 I 1891 2919 7295 1914 5180 12790 I East Maitland was the first of the towns to be proclaimed a municipality, in 1862, followed a year later by West I Mait1and. Although it continued to function as one of the two "emporia" of the northern districts East Maitland was considered, as the earlier descriptions show, by the later I nineteenth century to be the less vital of the two towns although, in 1882, East and West Maitland were described as,

I "a kind of store-house to which almost everything produced in the country around I comes in for sale" (9). The subdivision of the large estates during the later years of the nineteenth century and the first decades of I the twentieth century gave back some energy to the area. In 1927 it was noted that the suburbs that had developed from this process of subdivision had swollen the I population of West Maitland, "while the residential areas of East Maitland, especially on the hills, have made even I greater progress" (10). In 1944 the shires of East and West Maitland (and portions of several others) were amalgamated and in the following I year the combined shires were proclaimed a city. 1 I I I I WENDY THORP I 24 I I I I I I I I I I I I ,I I r,j ~ :r { <:i I -". ~ { ~ ~ ~ !b ~ I ~ '"~ ~ I ,I ~ ~ I I I

I i. '~J ~D_-l~.I I .I \~_ I East Maitland in 182tJ I Source: SAONSWAO I ------~ ~-~- I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I 5.3 THE COMMERCIAL TOWN: WEST MAITLAND West Maitland, Wallis Plains, had a much less formal and definitive start than its neighbour of East Maitland. The commercial town of Wallis Plains really came into being to I seryice the needs of the early settlers of the district. It achieved its prosperity and position because of the reasons outlined in the preceding section, that of easier I land acquisition and, possibly, better land. It seems likely that the "government house" of the early days of convict occupation and military detachments served I as the nucleus for the emerging town as well as the farms of early settlers. By 1825 the settlement had a general store (an agency of Newcastle merchants Boucher and I Powditch) and a collection of houses belonging to the free, emancipated and convict settlers. These were I referred to in 1832 as, "the small farms that were allowed to those who had cultivated here when this was a Penal I Settlement" (1). The most famous of the convict settlers, Molly Morgan (Mary Hunt), may have established the first inn of the I district on her grant. The first licenced inn, the Angel Inn, was established in High Street in 1827 (2). In that year the government recognized the importance of the emerging town by holding the annual court of requests I there rather than at Newcastle as had been the practice (3). A postal service was established in the same year. I In 1828 one traveller described,

"a place called Wallis Plains where navigation I ceases there is a township which at present consists only of some straggling cottages, a store or two and several small public houses with a substantial inn in progress for the I accommodation of the more respectable settlers" (4). I Three years later, in 1831, West Maitland could be described as,

"only a long street of straggling houses, with I a public house occurring every 100 yards, but it is increasing in size daily" (5). I In 1833 it was noted that, "shops of every description are staring up in I Maitland and very superior grog shops beset every angle of the road while some are pitched I in the extreme borders of the swamp... " (6). WENDY THORP I 25 I I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY

In 1835 Wa11is Plains became West Maitland after its 'I formal separation from East Maitland. In the following year the town was described as, "drunken with rum and prosperity... for the I pLace of as Late has become one of importance, in traffic between the coast and the interior and at the time of our visit, devotedness to I the worLd and drunkenness were awfuLLy prevaLent" (7). By 1841 the population of the two Maitlands was second I only to Parramatta and was almost twice the size of Windsor and Newcastle (8). West Maitland outstripped East Maitland, however; in 1846 the population of West Maitland I was 2391 and of East Mait1and 905 (9). The disparity was to only grow greater during the later years of the century. By the 1860s the two Mait1ands were second only I to Sydney in size and importance (10). West Maitland was declared a municipality in 1863. The pre-eminence of the town began to decline during the I 1860s as Newcastle finally took on its role of regional centre. This was due in part to the increasing difficulties of river travel due to si1tation in the river I and, also, Newcastle had become the terminus for most of the northern rail transport. It also was exploiting the increasing development of the coal trade. I Newspapers, though, were still referring to Maitland as the second town of the colony in 1878 (11). I Most impetus for development in West Maitland during the later years of the nineteenth century and early decades of the twentieth century came from subdivision and land sales I of large estates. These were particularly common during the 1870s and 1880s. The prosperity engendered by this expansion of the town boundaries was reflected in the numerous fine public and commercial buildings established I in the town during this period. The dichotomy between the two Maitlands was noted by I several visitors in the 1880s; the ornate buildings and grounds of East Maitland were compared to the busy commercial side of West Maitland (12). I In 1907 it was stated that, "despite the fear of fLoods the vaLue of farm I Lands on the fLats about MaitLand is very high... during the past twenty years the town I has expanded on aLL sides" (13). In 1927 it was noted that this continuing expansion had I "sweLLed the popuLation of west MaitLand" (14). In 1945 WENDY THORP I 26 I I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY

I the amalgamated shires, including both East and West Maitland, were proolaimed a city. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I West Maitland I (Source: C. Lynne I WENDY THORP I 27 I I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I 5.4 RIVER TOWN: MORPETH Morpeth was the original choice of government as the site for an official town in the region. This was largely due to its location at the head of navigation on the river to I Newcastle. The owner of the land though, E. C. Close, resisted these negotiations for this future for his land. Eventually Close alienated that part of his land upon I which the town stands; the rest remained with the family and was not auctioned until 1920. By 1832, however, the nascent Morpeth had assumed the I character of a river port. It was described in that year:

"The navigation of the Hunter ends: at this I spot is Hewitt's and other Inns, and a mass of houses built mostly upon the small original grants... To the north and south, veterans I have been located; Messrs Blaxland, M'Queen and Semphill have wharfs here and there is a great disposition to build, a considerable population is already collected, but as before I stated the place is subject to flood. At this spot is the ford across the Hunter... " (1). I Town development escalated with the establishment in 1831 of regular steamship schedules between Sydney and Morpeth. The first town allotments were sold in 1834 (2) and a number of auctions were held of land in the town during I the l840s (3). By 1848 Morpeth was the nineteenth most populous town in New South Wales. By the 1850s Morpeth had become the principal port for the Hunter River region. In I 1850 it was described as; "635 inhabitants, an episcopal church, a I Weslyan chapel, a ladies school, two day schools, five inns...one steam mill, a soap and candle factory, five large stores, excellent shops, thirty seven stone and brick I buildings and 117 dwellings. Coal is abundant nearby and extensive wharfage is established belonging to the Hunter River steam Navigation I co,: (4). By the following year the population of the town had reached 734 (5) and by 1861 that of 1175 (6). Morpeth was I declared a municipality in 1865 (7) in which year it was said that, I "we may expect it not only to be the principal depot of the entire agricultural produce of the Hunter River district but also of the I immense tract of country lying between the Bogan, Nammoy and the sea-coast" (8). I WENDY THORP I 28 I I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY

The first sod on the Maitland to Morpeth railway was I turned in 1862. In 1866 Morpeth was described as a postal and electoral town at the head of navigation in an agricultural and mining district. The importance of its 1I role as a centre of communications was underlined by contemporary descriptions: "There is a steam flour mill, one foundry and I agricultural and implement manufactury, a soap and candle works and a tobacco manufactury. Morpeth is extremely well adapted for carrying on large manufacturies being well supplied I with good coal and water and being surrounded by an alluvial district deservedly called the Garden of the Hunter... With the two Maitlands I the communication is by railway and coach.. A mail cart runs to Hinton, Seaham and Dungog, a small steamer to Paterson and the daily I steamer to Raymond Terrace. With Sydney there is communication by steamers running daily. "Morpeth has a branch of the Commercial I Banking Company, also branches of the United, Sydney, Northern and Australian Mutual Provident Insurance Companies. There are no I institutions of a purely benevolent character in the township... There is a court house, a post office and money order office, a school of Arts, a telegraph station, a capacious I railway terminus and a building society in full operation. The Bishop of Newcastle (CHurch of England) has his seat at Morpeth. I There are five places of worship in connection with various religious bodies, four public schools, one national and three I denominational; three private schools... "There is a bi-weekly newspaper. A company has been formed to carry out the manufacture of I sugar... Coal shoots are formed from the railway station to Queens Wharf. There are twelve hotels and two steamer wharves (one I very large belonging to the Australian Steam Navigation Company and one to the Hunter River Steam Navigation Company ... (9). I Apart from its importance as a central depot and important point of navigation and communication Morpeth came to be significant also for its role in the spiritual development I and welfare of the region. In 1848 the town became the headquarters of the Diocese of Newcastle. The Bishop of I Newcastle lived there until 1911. By the 1880s the pre-eminence of the town's role had been I subverted. It was stated in 1886 that, WENDY THORP I 29 I I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY

I "Morpeth was once a great shipping port but whose trade has been largely diverted by the railway" (10).

I Still, at that time,

"the Sydney steamers receive the greater part I of their burdens of wool, hay and other produce" (11).

The impetus for growth and development slowed, however, I during the later years of the century. Some revival was experienced during the first years of the twentieth century with the introduction of the Bowthorne Butter I Factory and other similar businesses. Likewise the auction of the Close estate in 1920 provided some 'incentive (12), however, by 1935 Morpeth was described as a "quiet I backwater" with the popUlation down to about nine hundred (13). In 1944 the shire of Morpeth amalgamated with East and West Maitland and in the following year the combined I shires were proclaimed a municipality. I I I I I I I I I

Morpeth in 1865 I (Source: Illustrated S)dnev 76 October WENDY THORP I 30 I I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I 5.5 RURAL TOWNS: HINTON AND LARGS The towns of Hinton and Largs developed as service centres to the surrounding rural areas. In nineteenth century descriptions, along with Morpeth and the two Mait1ands, I these two towns are always described as important elements in the rural scenery. I Hinton was built on part of a grant of six hundred acres made to Robert Di110n in 1821. By the later 1820s he had cleared one hundred and twenty acres and a good proportion were under cUltivation. By the 1830s a small settlement I had been established at Hinton; as early as 1831 there was regular steamer communication between it and Sydney and by I 1835 a post office had been opened at the settlement (1). At the time of Hinton's death in 1841 the executors of his estate began to dispose of the property. They were still I doing so in the 1850s; for example, sixty-eight lots were offered for sale in 1855 (2).

Hinton developed primarily as a wheat growing centre. A I mill was built there to take advantage of the produce. Several secondary industries also came to the town including a foundry, coach building business and a broom I factory (3). Plans for a church and school were made for the town in 1848. I In 1866 Hinton was described as, "a postal township in an agricultural district and has a large flour mill and three hotels . I It has a neat English church, also Baptist . two public schools. There is a population of approximately 200 persons chiefly engaged in I farming" (4). Largs had been established by the 1840s. In 1861 it had a population of 141 (5). In 1866 the town (alternatively I known as Dunmore) was described as:

"a small postal village adjoining the Bohwarra I Estate... It contains a small agricultural population and has two hotels. The celebrated horse breeding station of Tocal lies near the I village" (6). During the later years of the nineteenth century both towns figured as important elements in the local scenery I and as part of the agricultural community. I I WENDY THORP I 31 I I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY

5.6 SUBDIVISIONS AND SUBURBS: LORN, TENAMBIT, RUTHERFORD, I BOLWARRA, TELARAH, LOUTH PARK The maintenance of the large estates through to the later part of the nineteenth century ensured that some of the I future suburban areas of Maitland were, until very late in local development, still open space. Louth Park, for example, was described in 1873 as "rich agricultural I flats" (1). The subdivision of the great estates such as Bolwarra during the 1870s and 1880s led to the establishment of I what might be termed dormitory suburbs. The estate sale of Bolwarra in 1885 was typical of this pattern in the formation of towns. The subdivisions of this property were I designed to support a suburb of gentlemen's houses and gardens which were accessible from Maitland. A "Village of I Lorn" was offered for sale in 1885. One of the more unusual subdivisions was that of Homeville which was offered in 1888 in 150 allotments. It is likely this was intended to support the workers of the colliery I which had been established there is 1880.

In 1894 advertisements for lots on the Bolwarra Estate I described its elevated position, commanding views in the rapidly improving and important suburb. It was also noted that many of the blocks could be utilised for small farms, orchards, vineyards or poultry farms. A rectilinear grid I pattern was established and all but one of the houses was built on the subdivision between 1885 and 1911 (2).

I By 1900 Bolwarra, as a suburb, was well established and by 1907 the suburban tide had spread wider. In that year, it­ I was noted that, "the fine suburb of Lorn is regarded as a model residential area while Telarah, Homeville, Mayfield and Rutherford and I developing into fine suburbs" (3) •

By 1927 these suburbs as well as that of Campbells Hill I were said to have made "wonderful progress" (4). Later suburban development occurred during the 1930s on other parts of the Bolwarra Estate that had been subdivided in the 1890s but left until the need for more building space I made them a valuable investment. I I I WENDY THORP I 32 I I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY

I SECTION 6.0 A REGIONAL CENTRE I From the earliest years of the settlement the two Maitlands, and to a lesser degree Morpeth also, provided I services that were required by the entire region, banks and schools, churches and welfare organisations amongst others. The physical form of these various establishments, by the second half of the nineteenth century, underlined I the importance and wealth of the district. In 1888 it was said that, I "patriarchal verandahed hotels look out from their small paned windows ... and fine new four storied buildings of stone, brick and cement I would not discredit Sydney... The banks have shown their appreciation of the importance of the place by the superior style of their premises... the churches make display of faith I by solid and beautiful works. The hospital is a large building on a good site, and the schools, both State and private are large and I handsome and well furnished ... " (1). I I I I I I I I HIgh Street West Maitland, 1888 (Source: Picturesque Atlas Australasia) I

WENDY THORP I 33 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I 6.1 COMMERCIAL LIFE The foundation of West Maitland's existence was commerce. It is not surprising then, to find businessmen amongst the 1I earliest founders of the town. The first shop in Maitland I was a branch of Boucher and Powditch's general store opened in West Maitland in 1824 (1). I The first inn, the Angel Inn, was licenced in High Street in 1827 (2). At least two more inns were opened in 1829. The Maitland Inn was established at West Maitland in 1830 and the Albion Inn during the same year (3). By 1831 I Maitland was said to have a public house everyone hundred yards (4) and by 1839 of the fifty-four licenced inns in the Hunter Valley nineteen were in the Maitland distr~ct I ( 5) •

Perhaps not surprisingly, with this long history of I hospitality, by 1854 there were three Total Abstinence Societies operational in West Maitland (6).

The growth of mixed and specialty businesses was rapid; by I 1843 West Maitland had one hundred separate businesses. These included ten hotels, fourteen stores, and a variety of businesses such as bakers and hair dressers amongst I many others (7). Directories make clear the prominence for commercial purposes of Morpeth and the two Maitlands by the 1860s I (8). Lengthy lists of the services available in each town were provided for the traveller. The scale of business can be deduced when it is seen that, by 1867, West Maitland I alone had more than three hundred businesses, eighty-two tradesmen, more than twenty auctioneers and fifteen I professionals (9). By the last decades of the nineteenth century the commercial success of the town could be seen in its fine buildings some of which were considered to be "the finest I mercantile buildings in any country town in New South Wales" (10). These now form an important part of the I business centre. I I I I WENDY THORP I 34 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I 6.2 SERVICES Maitland made its first request for money to be spent in obtaining a permanent and reliable water supply in 1855 (1). An exhaustive report was presented in 1877 detailing I the means of providing a water supply for Maitland, Morpeth and Newcastle (2). Walka Water Supply was designed by William Clark in 1877 (3). Initial land resumptions for I the scheme were made in 1879 (4) and the first section was completed by 1883 (5). The entire project was completed in the following year.

I In 1887 the Walka Pumping Station and Reservoir were tested and pipelines were extended to Newcastle and Maitland (6). The Hunter District Water Board was I incorporated in 1892 taking control at that time of the water works (7). As demand increased the number of filter beds were increased at Walka in 1908 bringing the total from four to six (8). The Rutherford Reservoir was brought I into action in 1912 (9) and in the fOllowing year a seventh filter bed was added to the system and the number of pumping engines was increased at Walka (10). The Largs I Tank was completed in 1930.

Walka continued to be the main source of supply until 1924 I at which time a full supply came from Chichester. In 1931 Walka was shut down as an economy measure (11). In 1951 part of the water reserve was leased to Elcom for fifty I years (12). Maitland Sewage District was proclaimed in 1897 but work did not commence until 1935 (13). The first part of the I sewerage scheme for Maitland was completed in 1939 (14). The Louth Park sewage scheme was completed in 1942 (15) and Morpeth also gained this service during the war years. I Sewerage was extended throughout Rutherford in 1957 (16). The first gas works was established by J.W. Tuck in 1860 (17). The Maitland Gas Light Company was formed in 1873. I This company replaced the earlier works in 1877 (18). The first gas lamps were lit in the streets of West Maitland in 1878. In 1958 the Aberdare County Council was formed to I supply gas to Maitland, Cessnock and Lake Macquarie. It took over the East Maitland Gas Works and, later in 1959, acquired the Mait1and Gas Company.

I Electricity came to West Maitland in 1922. It was extended to East Maitland in 1923, Morpeth in 1924 and to the more rural areas from 1929 onwards. In 1957 the City Council I Electricity Department was absorbed into the Hunter Valley County Council. In 1981 the latter was taken over by I Short1and Council. I WENDY THORP I 35 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I 6.3 SPIRITUAL LIFE The Maitland region has an extremely strong association with Christian development. All major denominations have been represented here, some with several churches. Morpeth I was, from 1848, the headquarters of the Bishop of Newcastle. It remained so until 1911. By the second half of the nineteenth century Maitland was the seat of a I Catholic bishopric. The Sisters of st Joseph founded a convent at Largs in 1899. st Johns Theological College was moved to Morpeth in 1925.

I The Church of England sent an itinerant clergyman to the district in 1821 and by the 1830s four parishes had been established there. The first church for the denomination I was that of st James at Morpeth consecrated in 1840.

Catholicism came to Maitland in the l830s and the first I chapels were opened during the later years of that decade. st Jospehs in East Maitland was built in 1834. st Johns Maitland commenced construction in 1844.

I Presbyterianism recieved its beginnings from the hands of Dr John Dunmore Lang who opened the Scotts Kirk in Maitland in 1832. A second was established in 1847. A I Weslyan church was opened in 1845. Methodist services commenced in the later 1830s with a seecond church being consecrated in 1859. The first church I dedicated to Congregationalism was opened in 1857. Hinton provided the centre for Baptist worship from the mid 1850s. The Salvation Army established its Maitland Corps I in 1883 and its citadel was built in 1890. The foundations of a synagogue were laid in 1879. I The churches constructed for several of the denominations have, since the nineteenth century, bequethed a legacy of fine architecture to the district. A number were designed by prominent architects including Blacket and Lewis. Some I landmark places of workship include st Marys at West Maitland established in 1839, st Pauls Church in 1856 and I the second st Peters Church in East Maitland in 1886. I I I I WENDY THORP I 36 I I I I

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Source: SAONSWAO Map 1865 ------~- -~----. I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I 6.4 EDUCATION Religion and education often go hand in hand in new towns, either being seen as necessary steps in the "civilization" of a new settlement and/or one being sponsored by the I other.

Maitland was no different in this instance. In 1829 the I Trustees of the Church and School Estate called tenders for the construction of a brick school house at Maitland. The school was opened in the following year. A meeting was held at Hinton to establish a school and church house I there in 1848. Schools at Largs and Hinton were opened in 1849. Bolwarra School was opened in 1852; it was closed in 1870 and subsequently replaced. st Johns Primary School I was opened in west Mait1and in 1856.

By the mid 1860s Morpeth and the two Maitlands were noted I to have several schools and even Hinton had two by that date (1). Education, or at least the facilities for its support, were greatly expanded in the second half of the nineteenth century. A girls' high school was established I by the Dominican Nuns at Maitland in 1868. The foundations of the West Maitland Public School were laid in 1873. Hinton Public School was opened in 1877 and boys' and I girls' high schools appeared in Maitland in 1884. The boys' high school moved to an East Maitland site in 1892. By 1898 st Josephs College had been established at I Lochinvar and st Josephs Primary School at East Maitland. Maitland Technical College commenced teaching in makeshift premises in 1890; this was the first college of its type I in the state. A purpose built technical college was opened in 1909. I The importance of schooling to the region was noted in 1927 when it was estimated that Maitland had fourteen schools (including denominational, technical, public, private and a business college); Morpeth had four; Largs I had a public school and a convent school and Oakhampton, Homeville, Aberglasslyn, Tanambit, Gillieston and Bolwarra I each a public School (2). A municipal library was established in 1946. A new library I was opened in 1968. I I I WENDY THORP I 37 I ----~~- -- I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY

I 6.5 COMMERCE The earliest bank to open in the district was a branch of the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney. This I establishment opened its doors in 1836 in West Maitland. The Bank of Australasia opened a branch in East Maitland in 1839. In 1858 the Bank of NSW opened a branch, the I building designed by Blacket, in Maitland. The Commercial Bank opened its West Maitland Branch in 1854. The Commercial Banking Company opened in Morpeth in 1858. The Bank Of Australasia commenced trading in west Maitland in I 1860.

By the mid 1860s all the major towns had banks and East I Maitland, as well, had a money order office. Echoing the importance of this aspect and the economic 'status of Maitland several of the major bank buildings were replaced I with fine new buildings designed by leading architects of the time. For example, J. Pender designed the Commercial Bank of Australia in 1880. Pender also designed the Australian Joint Stock Bank which opened in Maitland in I 1882. I I I I I I I I I I WENDY THORP I 38 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I 6.6 LAW, ORDER AND PROTECTION The importance of Maitland in its earliest years may be seen in the decision to bring the Annual Court of Requests there in 1827 rather than to Newcastle which had I previously been the case. The first circuit court was held at Mait1and in 1829. A police magistrate was first appointed to the district in 1836. The police district at I that time encompassed the area from Hexham to Branxton, Wollombi to Patterson, Patterson to Clarence Town and I across back to Hexham. A tender was let for the construction of a courthouse at Morpeth in 1861. The presence of the assize courts at East Maitland in the 1860s were noted in many contemporary I descriptions as an aspect of the importance of the town. In 1895 W. L. Vernon designed a new court house for West I Maitland. It was opened in the following year. The government town of East Maitland was, perhaps, the obvious site for a gaol to be located in the district during the middle years of the nineteenth century. Work on I the gaol commenced in 1837 but the unstable swampy ground chosen for the site led to the relocation of the project. The gaol was first occupied in 1849. Inmates were used to I extend and expand the gaol from the 1860s onwards. A large building programme was carried out on the site during the period 1871 - 1891. It included the construction of a chapel, workshops and a hospital as well as several other I large buildings. Work commenced on constructing a wing for female inmates in 1891. The gaol was closed and dedicated I as a museum in the later 1970s. Volunteer Associations were a particular feature of mid-later nineteenth century life in the colonies. Formed I from the citizenry they were, in many ways, an early form of the Army Reserve. The local militia drilled and considered tactics to keep the enemy at bay and posed for photographs in their uniforms. By 1860 approximately one I hundred men had signed to such associations in the Maitland area. I Of more direct and certain danger to the community was that of fire, particularly when so many buildings encompassed large portions of timber in their construction. Perhaps not entirely ulturistically the I first fire engine came to West Maitland in 1856 as a gift I of insurance companies. I I WENDY THORP I 39 I I I

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I 6.7 RECREATION AND CULTURE Sport has always been an important part of local life at Maitland and the region has produoed outstanding champions I not the least being Les Daroy. The Maitland Mercury published for the first time in 1845 the soores of a crioket matoh played on a ground olose to High street. The I Albion Cricket Club was formed in 1866. Not surprisingly, with the numerous fine studs in the distriot, horse raoing was an early interest. A jockey I club was formed in Maitland in 1846; preyious to this hurdle, flat and cart raoes had taken plaoe in town. A raoeoourse had been established by 1866 and the Northern I Jockey Club was formed in 1874. The Northern Hunt Club was established in 1881. '

For more general purposes a reoreation ground had been I established at East Maitland by 1866. The first Australian Rules football matoh was played at the Albion Ground in I 1881. A new sports ground was built in Maitland in 1936. A floating baths was established in the river in 1880. West Maitland rowing olub was formed in the.following I year. The George V swimming pool was opened in 1940 and severa~ services have been introduoed during the later years~of the twentieth century including, for example, I squash courts. For the less aotive a Sohool of Arts had opened in West Maitland by 1854, one in Morpeth in 1860 and one at Largs I in 1877. These sohools provided opportunities for learning as well as social outlets. The Maitland Philharmonic Institute was commenced in 1857. A theatre was providing entertainment for the oitizens of West Maitland by 1866. I The foundation stone of the Meohanios Institute was laid in East Maitland in 1859 and a new Masonio Hall was I founded in West Maitland in 1877.

.. THF.. I PALACE THEATR.E I WEST MAITLAND I PRINCE'S PICTURES, East Maitland

~~:----"--'-'--- ~: . .:.. " .J/W"'"..-'~'l I ' __--- ji.l .•---..---- i:l I _.~~~~ WENDY THORP I 40 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I 6.8 LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND THE PUBLIC SERVICE Mait1and got its first district council in 1843. It had responsibility for a wide ranging portfolio including maintenance of roads, ,bridges, public buildings and the I support and establishment of schools.

After considerable public debate East Mait1and became a I municipality in 1862 and West Mait1and in the following year. Morpeth was declared a municipality in 1865. Municipal development encouraged the development of many I civic ammenities and was particularly expressed through the improvement and extension of roads and the creation of parks and recreational spaces.

I The foundations of the Maitland town hall were laid in 1888 and it was opened in 1890. The Department of Lands I Building designed by W.L. Vernon was opened in 1891. In 1944 East and West Mait1and, Morpeth and portions of several other shires amalgamated to form Mait1and City Council. Since 1945 Maitland's boundaries have gradually I expanded including, in 1958, the inclusion of a large part I of the Lower Hunter Shire and the Oswald area in 1960. I I I I I I I I I WENDY THORP I 41 I I I MAITLAND HERITAGB SURVEY REVIEW: THE~J\TrC HISTORY

I 6.9 GETTING THE NEWS Maitland1s postal service was established in 1829. The post office was set up in West Maitland in a borrowed I bUilding in the fOllowing year. A post office was established at Hinton in 1835 and at Morpeth (Green Hills) in 1839. West Mai.tland I s purpose built post off.ice was I opened tn 1881. Newspapers have been a particularly important part of I local history. The Hunter River Gaze·tte commenced Ln 1841 but closed the following year. The Maitland Hercury and Hunter River General Advertiser commenced pr.inti.ng the news in 1843; it .is the oldest provincial newspaper in the I state and second only to the Sydney Morning Herald. The Morpeth Leader ~rtarted in 1864 and the t·1orpeth Times in 1884. The 1 atter ceas€~d operations in the fOllowing year. I At any givan time in the nineteenth century there \>Jore up to twelve papers being prinb::~d at one time •

The first telegraph messages from West Maitland were sent I to Newcastle and Sydney i.n 1860. A tender was let for a telegraph office at Morpeth in 1861. A telephone e:-:change was opened in Maitland in 1891 and a trunk line telephone I service opened to Newcastle in 1904. I I I I I I I I

I West Maitland Telegraph Office (since demolished) ,------~~------\P.,1ENDY THOl~P I 42 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I 6.10 HEALTH AND SOCIAL WELFARE Maitland has a long history of social welfare. A branch of the Union Benefit Society was opened in Maitland in 1840. Caroline Chisholm established an Immigrants Home in East I Maitland in 1842 which was later named the Maitland Benevolent Home. It was closed in 1843. Another Benevolent I Home was opened in Maitland in 1866. Chisholm's Immigrants Home served as the first hospital for the district. The foundation stone of a second, purpose built hospital was laid at Campbell's Hill in 1I 1846. The hospital was opened in 1849. The importance of this establishment was such that it was described in 1878 I as, "not merely a local institution but serves as a refuge for the sick and afflicted I throughout the whole of the northern districts" (1).

The foundations of a new wing for this hospital were laid I in 1903 and this extension was opened in 1905. Many extensions have since been made to the site including, in 1925, the resumption of the property "Royal Oak" to make a I nurses' home. A branch of the Salvation Army was opened in West Maitland in 1883 and in East Maitland in the following year. A I citadel of the Army was established in 1890.

A district branch of the NSW ambulance was formed in 1923 I and an ambulance station was opened in High Street in 1929. I Several social clubs have been formed in recent years that have greatly provided for citizens. These include a police boys club in 1952 and the opening of a senior citizens' I centre in 1961. I I I I I WENDY THORP I 43 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I 6.11 PERSPECTIVES ON THE OUTSIDE WORLD Immigration, and particularly non-European immigration, was a cause of unrest in Maitland like the rest of Australia during the nineteenth century. Chisholm's I Immigrants' Home, largely servicing Anglo Saxon immigrants, did not particularly inspire ire, however, the arrival of Chinese labourers in Newcastle did so in 1852. I A meeting was held in Maitland to protest against their further introduction. Another anti-Chinese meeting was held in 1877.

I Like the rest of Australia, also, wars have been felt deeply in the local community. The erection of several war memorials throughout the region bears testimony to the I losses felt in the community particularly from the campaigns of World War One. I The Second World War saw Greta and Largs as the terminating points for war recruitment drives from the north. Staging camps were established there. A munitions factory was built at Rutherford and an army clothing and I boot factory at Maitland. A food processing factory was built at Morpeth. I I I I I I I I I I WENDY THORP I 44 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I

SECTION 7.0 I COMMUNICATIONS

The success of East and West Maitland and Morpeth was I largely due over time to their accessibility. Rail, road, ship and other forms of communication such as telegraph and post all centred on these three towns. By the mid I nineteenth century each had connections like tendrils spreading out to each other and the surrounding countryside.

I 7.1 ROADS

Maitland owes much of its history and success to its I location and specifically its relationship to roads. From the 1820s onwards ways were sought to find a land route to Newcastle from Sydney, the vagaries of ships and weathers I making this an absolute necessity. In 1818 Benjamin Singleton set out to find the overland route to the Hunter Valley but did not meet success. In I 1819 and 1820 the district constable at Windsor set out to achieve this and did so, reaching the area of Maitland in 1820. In 1826 a carriage road was built between Wallis I Plains and Newcastle linking it to Windsor (1). A bridle track had existed prior to this time. Another road from Richmond to Maitland, via Kurri Kurri, was completed in I 1829. By 1831 a shorter route from Parramatta through Castle Hill to Wiseman's Ferry and then to Wollombi had been I formalized; this became the Great North Road. By this year Maitland had been connected by road to Brisbane Water, Sydney, the Valley of the Goulburn River, the Upper I Hunter, Liverpool Plains, the Manning River, the Hastings River, the settlement at Port Stephens and Newcastle.

Apart from the major roads that were being formed I throughout the country several tracks were established within the district to facilitate travel. For example a rough track existed on the estate that linked West I Maitland to Patricks Plains in 1828 (2). A fenced track through the Bolwarra became the route from Maitland to Pattersons Plains and led to Port Stephens, the Manning I Valley and Port Macquarie (3). The importance of the road system was made clear in 1832 by the publication of the post office gazette which I described the route of the Great North Road to Patricks Plains and noted that at this point a line of road was proposed to be laid to Maitland. The Wollombi and I Newcastle Roads were also described in detail (4). A route from Maitland to Gosford was opened in 1841. Metalling of I the roads commenced in the 1860s and during the twentieth WENDY THORP I 45 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I

century significant improvements have been made through I the construction of highways and freeways, from the 1930s onwards. ,I An integral part of the road system were bridges. In 1827 a bridge was built over the Wallis Creek by Alexander McLeod at his own expense but with the right to collect tolls. This was the first connection between the two I Maitlands (5). Later the toll rights were sold to the Dumaresque brothers.

Halls Creek was bridged by a long timber structure that I was described in 1833 as,

"a long wooden bridge building over a gully I which separates the town from the mainland" ( 6) • I A new Long Bridge was opened in 1853. It remained until swept away by floods and was replaced in 1894 by a new timber boom bridge 1050 feet long. It was replaced in 1938 I and was rebuilt in 1955 after severe flood damage. In 1852 a new bridge, Victoria Bridge, replaced the former I small timber toll bridge over Wallis Creek (7). This structure was still standing in 1873 and was described as,

I "a fine wooden structure... it is worthy of remark that, during the many heavy and disastrous floods which have visited and I devastated the Hunter District the Wallis Creek Bridge has always remained firm and I secure" (8). This bridge in turn was replaced in 1896.

The Hunter was bridged at Pitnacree in 1865 (9) and just I below the falls at Maitland in 1869. This was the Belmore or West Maitland Bridge. It was described in 1869 as an iron girder bridge designed to aid the traffic flow I between Maitland, Dunmore, Largs and Patterson (10). It was replaced on 1963. In 1898 the Hunter River was bridged I at Morpeth (11). I I I WENDY THORP I 46 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I 7.2 RIVER The establishment of Maitland as an inland service centre depended as much on its river connections to Newcastle as its fortuitous position in relation to a road system. In I 1824 Boucher and Powditch, having established a general store at Maitland, commenced a regular boat service to link Maitland to Newcastle (1). By 1831 there was a I regular steamer service to Hinton 2). In 1833 the Hunter region and Sydney were connected by a regular steamer service with the commencement of the Hunter River Steam I Packet Association (3). One traveller who took the journey in that year described I the trip to Morpeth, "a rugged inconvenient landing place...and the river between "Green Hills (Morpeth) and I Maitland folds about like a snake is besides to much obstructed with shallows for the steamers' draught .. " (4).

I By 1835, however, it was being lamented in the Australian Almanac and Directory that great time and expense had been spent on the North Road when steamers were providing so I much better a service. In 1839 the Hunter River Steam Navigation Company was formed and its soon gained the monopoly of the Hunter River trade. Much price cutting I emerged between it and the Hunter River Steam Packet Association.

An important aspect of the river trade was wharfage and I Morpeth, because of its emerging role as a river port, had be 1850 acquired an extensive wharfage system courtesy of the Hunter River Steam Navigation Company (5). In 1866 I Morpeth was connected to Paterson with a steamer and daily steamers ran to Raymond Terrace and Sydney (6).

By the 1860s increasing difficulties were being felt I because of the siltation of the river. However, despite this, river transport continued to be important for Morpeth although the railway had begun to eat into its I importance. In 1887 Morpeth was described as being, "at the head of the more important navigation. At Morpeth the Sydney steamers receive the I greater part of their burdens or wool, hay and other produce. Here the second great tributary... where there is a steam ferry at I Hinton" (7).

The regular steamship service from Morpeth to Newcastle I did not cease until 1931 (8). The Hunter River Steamship Company finally ceased operation in 1950 (9). I WENDY THORP I 47 I I

I J. Hardwick; "Suspension Bridge Maitland" ND. Wash , Source: ML ZPXA 6925 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I 7.3 RAIL The first prospectus of the proposal to build a railway from Newcastle to Maitland and then to Singleton emerged in 1846. It gained little interest and the scheme was I allowed to lapse for some time (1).

In 1853 a public meeting was held in Sydney to discuss the I construction of a rail link between Newcastle and Maitland. From this meeting was created the Hunter River Railway Company (2). By the following year the survey for I the Hunter rail line was completed; construction was commenced on the line between Hexham and Newcastle.

Soon after, however, the state government introduced a I bill to give it control of railways. In 1855 the government took possession of all the assets of the Hunter River Railway Company. A tender was accepted to build the I line from Hexham to East Maitland (3). In 1857 the Governor arrived to officially open the railway. In the same year a line was constructed from Honeysuckle Creek to I East Maitland. In 1858 the railway line was extended from Newcastle to West Maitland and from East to West Maitland (4). In 1860 I The railway was extended to Lochinvar and from East Maitland to Morpeth in 1864 (5). In 1864 a line was made I from West Maitland to Singleton (6). Contemporary commentators suggest that this particular extension was one of the contributing causes to the gradual decline on the progress made in Maitland to this I time. In 1878 it was suggested that a large part of Maitland's trade was going to Singleton with the rail; I Maitland became more of a local focus (7). In 1866 Morpeth was said to have a capacious railway terminus and East Maitland was described as the junction of the great northern line and Morpeth branch line. West I Maitland ran an express service of both passengers and parcels as far as Armidale (8). I In 1911 an extension of the rail was made from Maitland to Dungog (9). An important development of the rail history occurred in 1918 when the South Maitland Railway Ltd was formed making West Maitland the junction of the branch I service to the coal fields (10). The South Maitland Railway Company was one of the few privately owned I railways in the state. The Maitland Railway line was closed including the Morpeth I spur in 1953 (11). I WENDY THORP I 48 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I 7.4 TRAMS, BUSES AND PLANES Original plans for a tramway were made in 1893. This was designed to link East and West Maitland and Pelaw Main via Kurri Kurri and East Greta. Work on this project did not I immediately proceed although agitation for such a service continued throughout the closing years of the nineteenth century. The principal motivation for the line, however, I was obviously for coal rather than for people.

In 1901 the Boroughs of East and West Maitland presented a I Tramway Act to link the towns; work still did not proceed. Further discussions were held in 1902 again largely linked to the coal field expansion. Despite favourable reports by the Government and Public Works Department the proposal I again lapsed until it was resurrected by public agitation in 1906. The first sod on the new line was turned in 1907 and the trams began running between East and West Maitland I in 1909. Extensions were made to the system on several occasions and there was considerable agitation for other lines I including those to Rutherford and Homeville. The Maitland tramway operation, however, was never a financial success I and the Church Street line closed in 1915. In 1923 plans were considered for the electrification of the system but did not proceed. Financial losses and I competition by unrestricted bus companies provided insurmountable obstacles for the continuation of the service. Trams were completely replaced by buses in 1926.

I The newly formed East and West Maitland Bus Company covered much the same area as the trams. The Hunter Valley Coach Company was established soon after World War II and I eventually extended its services to the more rural areas. Other bus companies have formed in the years since.

Rapid access to the district from further afield was made I possible by the opening of the Rutherford Air Field in 1963. I I I I I WENDY THORP I 49 I I Maitland Tramways 1909-

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SECTION 8.0 I INDUSTRY AND NATURAL RESOURCES i I In 1927 it was stated that,

"It is doubtful if there is another town in I the Commonwealth so well situated so far as natural resources are concerned. The Maitland coalfield, the greatest in the southern I hemisphere extends well into the municipality and on the north side of the river lie the famous agricultural flats that have helped to win for the Hunter the name of 'The Garden of I New South Wales'. Pastoral, Viticultural , agricultural and fruit growing interests have also helped the old town in its march of I progress" (1). Certain industries may be considered to be associated with particular periods; timber-getting was an early nineteenth I century activity and coal mining a later nineteenth and twentieth century industry. Throughout all agriculture and pastoralism were constant backbones of the economy. The I following sections discuss the principal areas of activity. I I I I I I I I I WENDY THORP I 50 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I 8.1 FORESTRY It is likely that during the later years of the 1790s convict work gangs came to the area to cut timber. Certainly, in the first years of the new century, parties I of up to thirty convicts were sent from Newcastle for the express purpose of cutting both cedar and rosewood to supply the burgeoning Sydney market. Governor Macquarie I observed one such gang at Bolwarra in 1818 and noted that much of the timber had already been cut out by that year I ( 1 ) . Intensive timber-getting by convicts ceased when the penal settlement was ,transferred to Port Macquarie in 1822. Private settlers and contractors continued to commercially I log the area for some time after but the industry declined after this period principally because the marketable and I accessible timbers had been exploited in the area. During later years tiber came to the fore again when it was cut and hauled for pit timbers in the coal mines. Reasonable quantities of hardwood were exported at the I turin of the century.

During the twentieth century Maitland has used timber as a I secondary industry. During the 1940s and 1950s one of the largest timber mills in northern NSW was situated here and it also supported furniture factories, joinery and I carpentary shops. I I I I I I I I WENDY THORP I 51 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I 8.2 AGRICULTURE The earliest farms in the region established corn, peach orchards and vegetable gardens. The list of improvements made by the Wallis Plains settlers of 1826 particularly .1 mention these crops (1). Soon maize came to the fore and during the 1820s experiments were carried out on new cash crops including tobacco and hops to determine their I viability and success in the region (2). By 1830 Peter McIntyre at Bolwarra Estate had under cultivation one hundred and ninety acres of which at least one hundred and forty acres were devoted to wheat, twenty acres to hops, I thirty acres to tobacco as well as rye, barley and several other crops (3). By 1839 it could be said of the area il that, "some of the most flourishing farms and estates in the colony are situate (there)" I (4) • The economic depression of the 1840s made inroads into the pastoral industry of the area but agriculture continued to I flourish. It was reported in 1845 that,

"The tobacco manufactured in Maitland and the I district is nearly all sold in Sydney and the demand for it is gradually increasing. The growth of the vine is greatly extending... " I ( 5) • The first serious set back to this industry occurred in 1848 when rust destroyed at least one third of the wheat I crop (6). In 1882 it was stated that tobacco production had fallen off greatly due to competition from Sydney; much was sent north. By 1895 it was noted that not a blade I of wheat was seen anywhere although lucerne continued to be harvested for some time.

The dominance of agriculture was underlined by 'I contemporary descriptions of 1866. Hinton was said to be an agricultural district chiefly devoted to farming (7). Hinton had also tried viticulture in the mid nineteenth I century but disease had halted this industry. West Maitland was described as an wholly agricultural district with special emphasis on wheat, maize, barley, I lucerne, fruit and vegetables (8). East Maitland was in an agricultural and pastoral district of which maize, lucerne and garden produce were the principal industries (9). I Morpeth was noted to be surrounded by fine alluvial soils, lucerne and maize were important and sugar cane was a I growing industry of some importance (10). The importance of the industry to the area is further I illustrated by the large number of agricultural implement WENDY THORP I 52 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I

factories established in this region, seven for example in I 1878 around East and West Maitland alone. By the later nineteenth century the industries of the area had begun to organize themselves in collectives beginning I with the Farmers Union established in 1880. The foundations of this organisation were made at Hinton and Largs emphasising these two towns' roles as important I agrarian centres (11). The Union was born out of the frustration caused by the commission taken by middlemen in the sale of produce. The Union bound every farmer to sell his produce at auction. The auction market was located I near the railway and was, at the time, unique in Australia. At about the same time crop farming began to be dominated by lucerne; this was certainly linked to the I growing dominance of dairying.

The variety and verdure of the produce of the area, at tis I time, however, was legendary throughout the state. In 1886 the market scene at Maitland was recalled: " ... the piled drays of farmers produce ­ I great green melons and bulky pumpkins stacked in mounds to be sold by the ton; grapes, rich, luscious, heavy as the clusters of Eschol; I oranges in their golden glory; tomatoes in boxes; chillies and pomegranates; bundles of green sorghum and maize and great bales of I fragrant lucerne hay... " (12). In the following year a description of the landscape also emphasised the importance of the agricultural produce of I the area: "Squares and oblongs of freshly ploughed soil I alternate with squares and oblongs of land under lucerne crop - patches of green and patches of dark brown, to which in due season are added fields of Indian corn and potato I rows, thin threads of green across the dark texture. Lucerne grows so luxuriantly in this deep mould... The aspect of the whole expanse I is that of a well tilled garden. Here and there an orchard rises above the level of cultivation but the staple products are I lucerne and maize" (13). By 1895 a large variety of fruit trees were grown and vegetables such as pumpkins, corn and potatoes were found I to be profitable. At the turn of the century the Valley was still regarded as the "Garden of NSW"; its farm and dairy produce were considered to be outstanding. Advertisements for building allotments in the subdivisions I of Bolwarra stressed its value for orchards, vineyards and I poultry farms. WENDY THORP I 53 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I

I However, by 1914, it was noted that, " The number of acres of land in actual cultivation... has undergone some slight I reduction during the past decade, mainly through the growth of the dairying industry" ( 14) . I Lucerne was still exceptionally profitable and millet, potatoes, onions, cabbage and melons were noted to be I successful crops. It was noted that, "The rising price of land, owing to the rapidly increasing population, will cause the I production of vegetables to be more an~ more resorted to... Fruit growing, especially in the direction of citrus fruits, is also an I important industry in this area" (15). By the 1920s bee-keeping, or apiCUlture, had also achieved a significant profile. The earlier prediction with respect I to vegetables was found by the 1940s to have been an accurate one; from that decade onwards lucerne production declined to be overtaken by vegetable farming. I The importance of agriCUlture (and pastoralism) in the distr~ct is underlined by the prominence of the Maitland Show. After an unsteady start in 1847 it has been nearly I an annual event since 1859 in which year was formed the Hunter River Agricultural and Horticultural Association. I I I I

I The lucerne harvest 1888 I (Source: Picturesque Atlas of Australasia) I I WENDY THORP I 54 I ------I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I 8.3 PASTORALISM Pastoralism in the Maitland region appears, with respect to the earliest farms, to be most closely associated with subsistence farming rather than a potential commodity for I sale. The 1826 settlers only had pigyards as part of their farms (1). There is no real evidence until the 1830s and 1840s that local land owners had increased or diversified I their herds to any great extent. In 1841 the Bolwarra Estate ran a dairy herd of 179 cows, thirty bUllocks, 270 cattle, two bUlls, sixty working bUllocks, fifty pigs and !I twenty-one horses (2). The scale of the herd does not infer that it was as significant contribution to the estates' income as the agricultural produce.

I Certainly the Depression of the 1840s, as in the rest of New South Wales, made severe inroads on the local herds. There were three boiling down establishments in Maitland I kept fUlly busy because the value of the rendered animal was greater than it was on the hoof (3).

By the 1860s East Maitland had come to the fore as the I principal pastoral district of the Maitland region. It was described in 1866 as a mixed agricultural and pastoral district although "chiefly the former" (4). West Maitland, I however, was the home of large cattle and horse markets and saleyards that were the biggest in the district. The first sales held here appear to have commenced in 1858. These yards were subsequently purchased by the Council in I 1889.

It was not until the 1880s, in fact, that pastoralism, and I particularly dairying, came to the fore. In 1882 it was said that, I "although the Hunter districts may be considered more particularly agricultural yet for cattle and horses it is well known they cannot be beaten. Within a few miles of I Maitland some of the finest stock in the colony are bred" (5). I A significant indicator of the growing importance of this industry was the move of the Bowthorne Butter Co-Operative to Morpeth in 1901 (6). Earlier the first butter factory had been established at Duckenfield in 1895. It was sold I in 1906 and the new owner transferred it to Morpeth where it eventually passed to the Farmers and Settlers I Co-Operative prior to it being closed down. The Hunter Valley Co-Operative Society was formed in 1903. By 1907 dairy produce and horses were ranked equally with I farm goods and coal as the principal products of the region (7). Hereford cattle were a particularly successful I breed in the region. WENDY THORP I 55 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I

By 1913 77,000 head of cows, cattle, sheep, pigs, calves I and horses were sold at the saleyards (8). By the 1920s pigs, one of the earliest farm animals in the district, had begun to come into their own when it was predicted that signi~icant increases in their numbers, and bacon I production, would be made in the foreseeable future (9).

At the time of World War I dairying had begun to make I inroads on the former agricultural land because, "The advent of the home separator has been a I godsend to many a struggling selector who was too far from market to cultivate his land with profit but who found the conveyance of his valuable cream a comparatively easy matter. I The co-operative butter factory has greatly encouraged the growth of the dairying industry... The industry has made rapid I strides during the past twenty years and specially the last ten years... Some fine Jersey herds are found in the Maitland district and the increase of these splendid I butter producers means much for the dairying industry. An important development...is the large increasing demand for milk for the I supply of the Newcastle and Maitland industrial population and for the Metropolitan I market. ." (10). The influence of the dairy industry, partiCUlarly, in Morpeth, was so great that by the 1930s life in that town was said to revolve around the butter factory. Butter was I shipped to London and casein to local and American markets. Cheese also went there. Ice cream mix was sold in Newcastle, Maitland and Sydney. An important secondary I industry derived from the prominence of pastoralism was the establishment of an abattoir in 1943. In 1960 bulk milk collections were introduced and the Oak Milk factory I at Morpeth was transferred to Hexham. I I I I

I I WENDY THORP I 56 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I 8.4 EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES Extractive industries, particularly coal mining, have been significant contributors to the local economy especially from the last half of the nineteenth century. Quarrying I has never been a particularly important industry for the area but several quarries were located in the region producing fine building stone. The most significant of I these were at Ravensfield, which had an especially good sandstone, and Gresford which had dark marble (1). Morpeth, during the 1860s, was also said to produce excellent buildings stone. Thomas Brown's Monumental Stone I Works at Maitland was a particularly noteworthy local business that exploited this resource.

I Gold mining made a short and unsuccessful appearance during the 1850s when, like the rest of the country, gold fever came to Maitland. In 1851, the year that Hargreaves I discovered the first significant lodes in Australia, a reward of three hundred pounds was offered for the discovery of gold in the Maitland district. Several claims I were made but none came to anything (2). Gold, or the prospect of gold, surfaced again at Maitland in 1872. There were rumours of both gold and copper reefs I in the district and Blair Duguid, near Bishops Bridge, did produce gold from one reef at this time. The quantities that came from the site, however, were so small that I investment was not worth the cost (3). This was the last serious attempt at gold extraction in the district.

Coal mining, of course, has had the most profound effect I on both the community and the economy of any of the extractive industries. Coal had been noticed within the district, washed up on beaches and flats, from the first I days of settlement. By the 1840s coal mines were in operation near both East and West Maitland, the coal being described as,

I "of a very superior quality, and abundant in quantity; it is delivered at the premises of the consumer, in quantities, at the rate of I six shillings per ton" (4). Mr Close (Junior) also operated a coal mine at Morpeth at I this date (5). By the 1860s there were several coal mines in operation in the district; there were, for example, four alone at I Morpeth (6). The official discovery of the great Greta Coal seam, attributed to Professor Edgeworth David, that was to transform the local economy and landscape was in I 1886 but there is some evidence to suggest that it was known and worked in the 1870s (7). The concentrated I exploitation of this vast reserve of coal, from the 1880s WENDY THORP I 57 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I

onwards, however, and the high wages associated with the I industry attracted miners from Newcastle and influenced the development of towns such as Heddon Greta. The Homevi11e Colliery opened in 1880 on the Homeville Estate. I In 1887 it became known as the South Greta COlliery. By this time it was producing 400 tonnes of coal per day.

By 1903 the South Maitland Coal Fields were producing 13% I of the northern districts entire output (8). By 1907 this had increased to 31% (9) by which time the district had acquired the nickname of "the Rhonnda Valley of NSW'. By I 1914 the Greta Mines were producing half of the state's coal output (10). From the 19208 coal was considered on a par and even to outstrip pastoralism and agriculture as I the single most important factor in the e~nomy. The 1950s and 19608 were periods of structural change in the Hunter coal mining industry. It underwent drastic I rationalisation; many smaller underground pits were closed and thousands of miners lost their jobs. At the same time, though, expansion of industries such as Alcan smelters I made jobs available. By the 1970s the regional economy rested on a much more diverse basis than it had prior to that time but the I industrial base continued to contract. It was not until the l~~Os, which saw rising prices for oil, that a growing demand for steaming coal stimulated the development of the I coal industry.

.• .i. " I ~ .':. ';': . '.. '::': ': .:: . ~.' .. ~ .' "'f" , , . :' , I . ~ . :C" '. ..••• 'I ••• f' '" ,'t': '. . ',' ,.;' •• • ',' I . , . , /.'\ . I ."\' ", . Nt}./9?aclopfed.o~.f:~ I 0'. "...... • . ;,"'{ .:

.r , ..... t I .." "'.····f; ..~ ..; " ( ...... : ...... "'-~_~-"" __...... _...s.:I..u- ~:...--_--'...... ~ I ... I \,.. ~. Plan showing location ofan early quarry in Maitland, 1850 I Source: SAONSWAO Map 2164 WENDY THORP I 58 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I 8.5 HORSE BREEDING

I Horse breeding has been a quiet but significant local endeavour from the nineteenth century onwards. The ,I commencement of the annual Maitland race stimulated a desire for thoroughbreds and several studs were particularly influential in this respect. I The Tocal stud, in particular, was a major contributor to the development of fine race horses. By the 1860s the saleyards at Maitland were dealing in a significant quantity of horses throughout the year. By the turn of the I century the regional horses were considered to be one of its prize assets. The construction of a racecourse and the support of the Jockey Club underline the enthusiasm that I surrounded the activity. District horse sales were well known. In 1888 it was said I that, "East Maitland on a horse sale day is a scene of great bustle and excitement of a thoroughly I Australian Character. Breeders and buyers meet together and make as motley a group, as full of life and spirits, as keen and shrewd as any I similar gathering in Yorkshire could furnish" (1) • I I I I I I I I I WENDY THORP I 59 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I 8.6 SECONDARY INDUSTRIES The abundant natural resources of the district as well as urban growth and an escalating population encouraged and supported the growth of an extensive range of secondary I industries. Not surprisingly, with the success of agriculture from such an early period, one of the earliest and most successful was flour milling. A mill had been I established in Maitland by Henry Semphill in 1832. This was the first of several (1). A mill opened in Morpeth in 1836 (2). By the middle of the century there were several 1I throughout the region. The products of the pastoral and agricultural industries were processed in a variety of ways in addition to their I contribution of foodstuffs. Several tanneries and boot manufacturers were commenced (the latter was mechanised in the 1870s), soap and candle makers and tobacco plants were I amongst several others. The latter, in particular, in 1848 was noted to be on a large scale and particularly successful in West Maitland. Another was located at I Morpeth. By 1845 the production of tweed, especially for the Sydney market was noted to be particularly successful. Porter and I ale brewing were also significant local industries at the same time. A co-operative bakery was introduced in 1868. I Heavier industry, in addition to the coal mining, could be found in iron foundries (one at Morpeth in 1849) and brick yards (one in East Maitland by 1852). An iron and brass foundry for agricultural implements had been established I at Morpeth by 1849. It became one of the chief factors in the prosperity of the town. Commercial ice production was I first established in West Maitland in 1863. The scale, success and variety of secondary industry may be gauged from several contemporary accounts. For example, in 1878, it was described how in the region of East and I West Maitland were, "four steam flour mills, ...with fourteen pairs I of stones and employing over thirty workmen. There are seven agricultural implement manufactories; two tobacco factories, one soap and candle factory, three tanneries, two meat I preserving establishments, three wool washing establishments, one brewery, four brick yards, one pottery, seven saw mills, five iron and I tin works, three brass and copper foundries and a number of minor industries" (3). I Not all of the secondary industries of the region were successful. The London and NSW Paper Fibre and Paper I Company Ltd, which commenced in West Maitland in 1871, was WENDY THORP I 60 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I

one such unsuccessful business. Generally, however, it I could be said at the beginning of the twentieth century that "all industrial trades have prospered" (4). In 1907 it was noted that the largest industry in Maitland was that controlled by the Maitland Brewing Company (5). I Maitland beer, in fact, was sold as far away as Queensland. The Maitland brewery was eventually acquired by Tooth and Co and the old brewery was remodelled and I converted to flats. In more recent times several new secondary industries have moved to the region. Rutherford, for example, became the I site for a large Bradmi11 textile mill and Maitland had several clothing factories established during the 1940s and 1950s. Furniture factories, confectionary makers, I metal foundries, tile and pipe makers have all contributed to the industrial diversity of Maitland during the later I years of the twentieth century. I I I I I I I I I I I WENDY THORP I 61 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I

SECTION 9.0 I A UNIQUE RESOURCE - PRESERVATION, CONSERVATION AND HERITAGE

I 9.1 NINETEENTH CENTURY APPRECIATION

Even from the earliest days of settlement the picturesque I beauty of the area has been appreciated and its idyllic lifestyle appreciated for its healthful qualities. Lieutenant Patterson's letters to the wife of Governor II King teemed with enthusiastic references to the flora and fauna. He was particularly enthusiastic in his appreciation of the trees (1).

I As the process of settlement, clearing and planting occurred a new and modified rural landscape came into being that greatly pleased visitors to the area both I because of its familiarity and slightly exotic qualities. During the 1830s James Backhouse described the district: "It is now nearly mid winter, but the frost I has scarcely touched the leaves of the Pumpkins and Potatoes, and the second crop of Maize is not yet fully harvested. The I springing wheat is beautifully green, and the 'brushes' on the side of the river, scarcely vary from the verdure of summer, except in the I yellowness of the foliage of Melia azederach. The evenings and mornings are chilly, but the middle of the day is as warm as that of an English summer, and swallows are numerous" I (2) •

By the middle and later years of the century visitors to I the area were out-doing each other in their superlatives. "Exquisite pictures may be had from the railway line where some mile-broad swamp is I set in low wooded knolls, the feathery she-oaks rising dark above the lower foliage; light grass of a delicate green rustling over I the surface and the water shining beneath. Long legged cranes may be seen flapping lazy wings or a little herd of cattle wading knee deep, giving life and warmth to a picture that I might otherwise be monotonous. But the ground rises slowly and hardens with every mile. The salt swamp foliage is left behind. The black I soil sweetens and takes on a rich coat of lucerne, or a luxurious garment of sorghum, maize or oats. The broad flats consist of I alluvial drift many feet deep ... " (3). I Elsewhere it was said that, WENDY THORP I 62 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I

"the rich soil and humid climate afford not I only luxurious vegetation and beautiful foliage, but an atmosphere which permits warm lights in the foreground, with soft and mellow distances... and a sky of all manner of cloud I shapes, from the faintest, fairest forms of cirrus to the dense strata through which the setting sun scarce breaks and the rolling I masses of cumuli with their lustres and lights of silver and gold" (4). I The river, of course, provided a focus for lyrical descriptions. In the 1880s one observer described, "the river flows with sungilt ripples over I pebbly strands; in places it laves the feet of shaggy mountains, and nourishes gay green trees and gorgeous flowers, which contrast I with the sombre clothing of the hillside; ever and anon bands of rock extending from bank to bank make foamy cascades, which day and night I sing a sweet entrancing lullaby" (5). In this natural and man-made landscape even the towns and settlements were found to be pleasing. Morpeth was said to I be "one of the prettiest towns on the Hunter" (6) and its Anglican church "one of the most picturesque structures of the kind in the colony" (7). Hinton was lauded because of I its willows, oaks and fruit trees (8) and the townscape of Maitland was considered in the same golden light of pleasure:

I "Patriarchal verandahed hotels look out from their small-paned windows, burdened with many memories, and fine new four-storied buildings I of stone, brick and cement have arisen which would not discredit Sydney. Yet there is an indolent air about everything and everybody ­ an air of contentment and confidence. The I richness of the soil seems to impart an infection of trustful laziness. Everything grows with a minimum of toil; a neglected back I yard becomes a luxuriant pasturage and a moss that is green as grass puts a beautiful, if not a healthful coat over mature old shingle roofs. The new, however, is fast outgrowing I the old. The banks have shown their appreciation of the place by the superiority of their premises... churches make display of I faith by solid and beautiful works... " (9).

Perhaps not suprisingly this Arcadian landscape was I peopled by "bright girls and stalwart lads" (10). Farmers at market engaged in I WENDY THORP I 63 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I

"good humoured Australian banter and when all I is over the farmers mount their drays or carts, waggons or buggies and jog along homeward with many a gossiping pause. It is their life from week to week - a fairly useful I and satisfying life" (11).

The source of their abundant health and geniality was, of I course, the health-giving properties of the local environment. I "Everything favours them: climate is genial, soil rich, nature as beautiful as she is bountiful and no signs of hurry or bustle I anywhere" (12). Morpeth was "reputed to be one of the healthiest" towns of the Hunter (13) and Hinton was "a healthy little I settlement" (14). East Mait1and was elevated "so that sea-breezes played over it" (15) and, "a large part of the site overlooks the plain, I which at morning and evening is obscured in river" mists. The facilities for drainage are great and the eucalyptus forest grows around I it which breathes balmy influences" (16).

The increasing density of occupation of the district at I the turn of the century did not lessen the enthusiasm for the natural and man-made charms of this area. The villa estates constructed on the subdivided properties such as Bolwarra could be described, in the case of Lorn, as "a I model residential area" (17) while "Telareh, Homeville, Mayfield and Rutherford are developing into fine suburbs" (18). The process of change and partial disintegration of I this idiolised nineteenth century landscape was to commence in the first decades of the twentieth century. I I I I I I WENDY THORP I 64 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I 9.2 TWENTIETH CENTURY LOSS AND HERITAGE AWARENESS Possibly the earliest loss to the cultural landscape was the demolition of Bolwarra House in 1919 (1). Other losses followed, for example, Anlaby's Inn at Morpeth erected in I 1835 was condemned in the 1950s. However, it was the decade of the 1960s that saw serious inroads and losses to the community; Sauchie House was demolished in 1966 and I the Blackett designed Bank of NSW at Maitland in the following year (2). I Throughout these years of attrition a strong sense of history and a value for those qualities and sites that embodied the history and traditions of the area has been engendered and grown. Even during the nineteenth century a .1 sense of tradition and history was evident in the town. In 1884 and 1885 a local merchant, John Lee, produced two almanacs that featured lengthy sections on the principal il historical events of the town since the 1840s (3).

In the new century the first "Back to Maitland Week" was held in 1927. Great pride was felt in the commemorative I booklet of the event in the traditions of sport, local services and the historical events of the town (4). The centenary of Maitland was marked with a special I publication in 1935 (5). Several local historians had been active prior to that time researching and documenting the early history of the town (6) and numerous local histories I since have been published both of the district and the towns as well as specific sites within the towns.

During the later years of this century, however, this I community pride and spirit has developed into a more active concern and movement to identify and protect valuable sites and features of local heritage. In 1973 the I Lions Club of Maitland prepared a register of historic buildings for the district (7). In 1977 the Central Maitland Building Study (8) was prepared and the Morpeth Conservation Planning Study in 1982 (9). A thematic study I was prepared in 1988 (10). A draft LEP was prepared for Bolwarra and Largs in 1984 Several inquiries into the development of historic sites have been made and I environmental impact statements prepared to assess the affect of new work on old sites. Proposals considered to be unsympathetic to existing historic sites or areas have I met considerable local agitation. The heritage and natural resources of the district are now highlighted as important features of local tourism and I planning. The study that this report forms a section is part of the continuing tradition of heritage awareness. I I WENDY THORP I 65 I I I I

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'tl id in 1855 »« East Malt at W AO Map 36,)) I Source: SAONS I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I

SECTION 10.0 il SUPPLEMENTARY DOCUMENTATION

I 10.1 ENDNOTES TO THE TEXT I Section 2.2 1. F.F. Bailliere. NSW Gazetteer and Road Guide 1866. 2. H. Abrahams. A History of the Landscape at Bolwarra I 1801 - 1903., 40. 3. Ibid. 14. 4. Ibid. 15. 5. Quoted in "The Early Days of Lorn" Maitland City I Library Vertical File. 6. H. Abrahams. Op. Cit., 15. 7. K.L. "Tour to the Hunter". Sydney Monitor January 19 I 1833. 8. E, Morriss (Ed). Cassell's Picturesque Australasia I 1887., 305 - 6. Section 2.3

I 1. J. Turner. The Rise of High Street Maitland A Pictorial History., 7. 2. Maitland Mercury quoted in John Lee Presentation I Almanac 1884., 19. 3. Ibid., 28. 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid., 23. I 6. Illustrated Sydney News 16 July 1864., 4. 7. Ibid. 8. Illustrated Sydney News 7 September 1878., 10. I 9. Maitland Mercury quoted in John Lee Presentation Almanac 1885., 7. 10. Ibid. 11. Ibid., 9. I 12. Ibid.,15. 13. H. Abrahams. A History of the Landscape at Bolwarra 1801 - 1903., 43. I 14. Maitland Mercury quoted in John Lee Presentation Almanac 1885., 17. 15. H. Abrahams. Op.Cit., 60. I 16. Ibid., 66. I Section 3.1 1. D. Ryan. Notes on Early Maitland., 1-2. 2. A New History of Mait1and., 9 I 3. D. Ryan. Ope Cit., 2-3. I WENDY THORP I 66 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I Section 3.2 1. H. Abrahams. A History of the Landscape at Bolwarra 1801 - 1903., 20-21. 2. J. Jervis. "The Genesis of Settlement at Wallis Plains I and the Maitlands". JRAHS Volume 26., 166. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid., 167. I 5. Ibid., 168. 6. Quoted in Ibid. 7. Ibid. I 8. Ibid., 173. I Section 3.3 1. D. Ryan. Notes on Early Maitland.,5 2. Maitland Mercury Quoted in John Lee Presentation I Almanac 1884., 1. 3. Quoted in J. Jervis. "The Genesis of Settlement at Wallis Plains and the Maitlands". JRAHS Volume 26., 175. 4. Returns of the Civil Engineer SAONSW 4/7340. I 5. Quoted in W. Thorp. Non Institutional Convict Sites. 6. J. Backhouse. Quoted in J. Kerr. Design for Convicts., 63. I 7. Diary of Jane Franklin quoted in W. Thorp. Op. Cit., 184. 8. Engineers Letter Book SAONSW 4/3891 I 10. Commissariat Records SAONSW 4/417. I Section 4.1 1. A New History of Maitland., 10. 2. H. Abrahams. A History of the Landscape at Bolwarra I 1801 - 1903., 17. 3. Ibid., 30. 4. K.L. "Tour to the Hunter". Sydney Monitor January 19 I 1833. I Section 4.2 1. J. Turner. The Rise of High Street Maitland A Pictorial History., 7-8. 2. C.J. Mitchell. Hunters River., 48. I 3. Maitland Mercury, "Lorn in 1895" Maitland City Library Vertical File. 4. H. Abrahams. A History of the Landscape at Bolwarra I 1801 - 1903., 30. 5. Ibid., 26. 6. Telarah, Maitland City Library Vertical File. I 7. Ibid. I WENDY THORP I 67 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I Section 4.3 1. H. Abrahams. A History of the Landscape at Bo1warra 1801 - 1903., 30. 2. Ibid. 28. I 3. Mait1and Mercury, "Lorn in 1895" Mait1and City Library Vertical File. I 4. C. Lynne. The Industries of NSW 1882., 46. Section 4.4

I 1. Mait1and Mercury, "Lorn in 1895" Mait1and City Library Vertical File. 2. H. Abrahams. A History of the Landscape at Bo1warra I 1801 - 1903., 52. 3. M. Walker and Gardner Browne. Morpeth Conservation Planning Study., 6. I 4. Mait1and Mercury 21 February 1894. 5. Mait1and Mercury, "Lorn in 1895" Mait1and City Library I Vertical File. Section 5.1 I 1. J. Jervis. "The Genesis of Settlement at Wa11is Plains and the Mait1ands". JRAHS Volume 26., 168. 2. Quoted in Ibid., 170. 3. A New History of Mait1and. 1983., 14. I 4. C. Lynne. The Industries of NSW 1882, 16. 5. E. Morriss (Ed). Casse11's Picturesque Australasia I 1887., 305-6. I Section 5.2 1. Maitland Mercury quoted in John Lee Presentation Almanac 1884. 2. The New South Wales Calender and General Post Office I Directory 1832., 147-8. 3. Gazettal Notice of Maitland Government Gazette November 11, 1835. I 4. F.F. Bailliere. NSW Gazetteer and Road Guide 1866., 329. 5. E. Morriss (Ed). Cassell's Picturesque Australasia 1887., 304. I 6. J. Maclehose. Picture of Sydney and the Strangers' Guide in NSW for 1839., 147. 7. Ibid. I 8. The figures are taken from both contemporary accounts as well as more recent studies. 9. C. Lynne. The Industries of NSW 1882, 15. I 10. Ambulance Building Campaign Committee Back to Maitland Week 1927 Souvenir Booklet. I WENDY THORP I 68 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I Section 5.3 1. The New South Wales Calender and General Post Office

Directory 1832. 1 148. I 2. J. Turner. The Rise of High Street Maitland A Pictorial History. 1 9. 3. Ibid. 4. Robert Dawson quoted in E. Guilford. "Hunter Valley I Inns and Innkeepers 1823 -50" Journal Of Hunter Valley

History Volume One Part 1 1 72. 5. Quoted in J. Turner. Loc. Cit. 6. K.L. "Tour to the Hunter". Sydney Monitor January 19 I 1833. 7. J. Backhouse. Quoted in A New History of Maitland.

1983. 1 19. I 8 • Ibid. 1 21. 9. Maitland Mercury quoted in John Lee Presentation Almanac 1884.

I 10. A New History of Maitland. 1 21. 11. Illustrated Sydney News 7 September 1878. 1 10.

12. Aldine Centennial History of NSW 1888 Part 11. 1 620.

13. Cyclopedia of Australia 1907. 1 39. I 14. Ambulance Building Campaign Committee Back to Maitland Week 1927 Souvenir Booklet. I Section 5.4 I 1. The New South Wales Calender and General Post Office Directory 1832. 1 148. 2. M. Walker and Gardner Browne. Morpeth Conservation Planning Study. 1 6. I 3. Ibid. 4. Quoted in Ibid. 1 8. 5. Ibid. I 6. H. Abrahams. A History of the Landscape at Bolwarra 1801 - 1903. 1 39.

7. A New History of Maitland. 1 36. I 8. Illustrated Sydney News 16 October 1865. 9. F.F. Bailliere. NSW Gazetteer and Road Guide 1866. 1 369. 10. Historical Sketch of New South Wales: Facsimile

I Production of Australia the First Hundred Years 1886. 1 98. 11. E. Morriss (Ed). Cassell's Picturesque Australasia 1887. 302. 12. M. Walker et al. Loc. Cit. I 13. "Old Township Peaceful Morpeth Former Glory" Maitland Daily Mercury November 12 1935. I 1 Section 5.5

1. C.J. Mitchell. Hunters River. 48. I 1 2. Ibid. I 3. "Old Hinton" Maitland City Library Vertical File. WENDY THORP I 69 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I

4. F.F. Bailliere. NSW Gazetteer and Road Guide 1866., I 312. 5. H. Abrahams. A History of the Landscape at Bolwarra 1801 - 1903., 30. I 6. F.F. Bailliere. Loc. Cit. I Section 5.6 1. Illustrated Sydney News 25 October 1873 2. H. Abrahams. A History of the Landscape at Bolwarra 1801 - 1903., 39. I 3. Cyclopedia of Australia 1907. I 4. H. Abrahams. Loc. Cit. Section 6.0 I 1. Historical Sketch of New South Wales: Facsimile Production of Australia the First Hundred Years 1886., 98.

I Section 6.1

1. J. Turner. The Rise of High Street Maitland A Pictorial I History., 8. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid., 52. 4. A New History of Maitland., 15. I 5. E. Guilford. "Hunter Valley Inns and Innkeepers 1823" Journal Of Hunter Valley History Volume One Part I, 72. 6. Maitland Mercury quoted in John Lee Presentation I Almanac 1884., 26. 7. Suters Busteed Corner Clode Pty Ltd. Heritage Register Report and Thematic Study Hunter Region., 39. I 8. For example F.F. Bailliere. NSW Gazetteer and Road Guide 1866. 9. Suters Busteed Corner Clode Pty Ltd., Loc. Cit. I 10. Illustrated Sydney News 7 September 1878., 10. I Section 6.2 1. Maitland Mercury quoted in John Lee Presentation Almanac 1884., 27. 2. Ibid., 1885., 16. I 3. J. Armstrong. Pipelines and People., 221. 4. Ibid. 5. The Glory of the Hunter A Story Published to Mark the I Centenary of West Maitland., 32. 6. J. Armstrong. Loc. Cit. 7. A New History of Maitland., 47. I 8. J. Armstrong. Loc Cit. 9. Ibid. I 10. Ibid. WENDY THORP I 70 I ------~ -_.. ~.~._ ..-

I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I 11. Ibid. I 12. Ibid. 13. Steps in Mait1ands Progress. 14. J. Armstrong. Loc Cit. 15. Ibid. I 16. Ibid. 17. The Glory of the Hunter A Story Published to Mark the Centenary of West Mait1and., 29. I 18. A New History of Mait1and., 77.

I Section 6.4 1. F.F. Bailliere. NSW Gazetteer and Road Guide 1866. 2. Ambulance Building Campaign Committee. Back to Mait1and I Week 1927.

I Section 6.10 I 1. Illustrated Sydney News 7 September 1878., 10. Section 7.1 I 1. A New History of Maitland., 3. 2. H. Abrahams. A History of the Landscape at Bo1warra 1801 - 1903., 35. 3. Ibid., 27. I 4. 1832 Post Office Directory. 5. D. Ryan. Notes on Early Maitland., 5. 6. K.L. "Tour to the Hunter". Sydney Monitor January 19 I 1833. 7. A New History of Mait1and., 23. 8. Illustrated Sydney News 25 October 1873., 4. I 9. H. Abrahams. Op Cit., 36. 10. Mait1and Mercury 3 June 1869. 11. Suters Busteed Corner C10de Pty Ltd. Heritage Register I Report and Thematic Study Hunter Region., 41. I Section 7.2 1. J. Turner. The Rise of High Street Maitland A Pictorial History., 8. 2. C. Mitche11. Hunters River., 48. I 3. A New History of Mait1and., 16. 4. KL "Tour to the Hunter". Sydney Monitor January 19 1833. I 5. M. Walker and Gardner Browne Morpeth Conservation Planning Study., 8. 6. F.F. Bailliere. NSW Gazetteer and Road Guide 1866. 7. E. Morriss (Ed). Cassell's Picturesque Australasia., I 302. I 8. A.P. Elkin. Morpeth and I., 15. WENDY THORP I 71 I ------.------

I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I 9. A New History of Maitland.,55. Section 7.3

I 1. A New History of Maitland., 24. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid., 25. I 4. Ambulance Building Campaign Committee. Back to Maitland Week 1927. 5. A.P. Elkin. Morpeth and I., 60. 6. Suters Busteed Corner Clode Pty Ltd. Heritage Register I Report and Thematic Study Hunter Region., 40. 7. Illustrated Sydney News 7 September 1878., 10. 8. F.F. Bailliere. NSW Gazetteer and Road Guide 1866. I 9. Steps in Maitlands Progress. 10. A New History of Maitland 25. I Section 8.0

1. Ambulance Building Campaign Committee, Back to Maitland I Week 1927. 46.

I Section 8.1 1. Ambulance Building Campaign Committee, Back to Maitland I Week 1927. 46. I Section 8.2 1. J. Jervis. "The Genesis of Settlement at Wallis Plains and Maitland". Journal of the Royal Australian Historical I Society. Volume 26.,170. 2. For example, at Bolwarra. 3. H. Abrahams. A History of the Landscape at Bolwarra 1801 - 1983., 30. I 4. J. Maclehose. Picture of Sydney and the Strangers' Guide in NSW for 1839.,147. 5. Maitland Mercury in Lee, John and Co., Book Almanac for I 1884., 18. 6. Maitland Mercury in Ibid. 7. F.F. Bailliere. NSW Gazetteer and Road Guide 1866. 8. Ibid. I 9. Ibid. 10. Ibid. 11. Maitland Mercury in John Lee, Op. Cit., 1885., 19. I 12. Historical Sketch of New South Wales. Facsimile Production of Australia the First Hundred Years 1886., 99 13. E. Morriss (Ed). Cassell's Picturesque I Australasia.,306. 14. Association for the Advancement of Science, Handbook I of the Maitland District., 34. WENDY THORP I 72 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I 15. Ibid. Section 8.3

I 1. J. Jervis "The Genesis of Settlement at Wa11is Plains and Mait1and". Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society. Volume 26.,170. I 2. H. Abrahams. A History of the Landscape at Bo1warra 1801 - 1983., 30. 3. Maitland Mercury in John Lee. Op. Cit., 1884., 18. 4. F.F. Bailliere. NSW Gazetteer and Road Guide 1866. I 5. C. Lynne. The Industries of NSW 1882., 16 6. M. Walker and Gardner Browne, Morpeth Conservation Planning Study.,8. I 7. The Cyclopedia of NSW 1907 8. Association for the Advancement of Science, Handbook of the Maitland District.,34. I 9. Ibid., 36. 10. Ibid.

I Section 8.4

1. Association for the Advancement of Science, Handbook of I the Maitland District.,30 2. Maitland Mercury in John Lee. Op.Cit., 23. 3. Ibid., 1885, 11- 4. H. Wells. A Geographical Dictionary or Gazetteer of the I Australian Colonies. 1848.,249. 5. Ibid., 269. 6. F.F. Bailliere. NSW Gazetteer and Road Guide 1866., I 370. 7. Maitland Mercury makes mention of it in this year in John Lee. Op Cit., 1885., 12. I 8. Ibid., 45. 9. Ibid., 45. I 10. Ibid. Section 8.5 I 1. C. Lynne. The Industries of NSW 1882., 127 I Section 8.6 1. A New History of Maitland.,29. 2. M. Walker et al. Morpeth Conservation Planning I Study.,9. 3. Illustrated Sydney News 7 September 1878., 10 4. The Cyclopedia of NSW 1907 I 5. Ibid. I WENDY THORP I 73 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I Section 9.1 1. D. Ryan. Notes on Early Maitland., 3. 2. J. Backhouse. Quoted in H. Abrahams. A History of the Landscape at Bolwarra 1801 - 1903., 31. I 3. Historical Sketch of New South Wales: Facsimile Production of Australia the First Hundred Years 1886., 98. 4. Ibid., 99 I 5. E. Morriss (Ed). Cassell·' s Picturesque Australasia 1887., 302. 6. Historical Sketch of NSW., 98. I 7. Ibid. 8. Ibid., 99. 9. Ibid., 98. 10. Ibid., 100. I 11. Ibid., 99. 12. Ibid., 100. 13. Ibid., 98. I 14. Ibid., 99. 15. E. Morriss (Ed). Ope Cit., 303. 16. Ibid. 17. Cyclopedia of Australia 1907., 39. I 18. Ibid.

I Section 9.2

1. H. Abrahams. A History of the Landscape at Bolwarra I 1801 - 1983., 34. 2. Bergsteiner, McInnes and Rigby Pty Ltd Central Maitland: A Study of Its Historic Buildings and Townscape 1977., 10-11 I 3. John Lee Presentation Almanac 1884, 1885. 4. Ambulance Building Campaign Committee Back to Maitland Week 1927 Souvenir Booklet. I 5. The Glory of the Hunter A Story Published to Mark the Centenary of West Maitland. 1935. 6. For example R.D. Ryan and his notes on early Maitland prepared in 1914. I 7. Lions Club of Maitland Maitland: Hub of the Hunter Historical Homes and Buildings 1973. 8. Bergsteiner, McInnes and Rigby Pty Ltd Loc Cit. I 9. M. Walker and Gardner Browne Morpeth Conservation Planning Study 1982. 10. Suters Busteed Corner Clode Pty Ltd Heritage Register I Report and Thematic Study Hunter Region 1988. I I I WENDY THORP I 74 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I 10.2 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books, Theses

I The New South Wales Ca lender and General Post Office Directory 1832 I Stephens and Stoker. 1832. Historical Sketch of New South Wales Facsimile Production of Australia the First Hundred Years I (1886). Lansdowne Press. 1974.

The Cyclopedia of NSW 1907 I No Details.

The Glory of the Hunter A Story Published to Mark the I Centenary of West Maitland. West Maitland. 1935.

A Town to Be Laid Out Maitland 1829 - 1979. I Mercury Print. 1979.

A New History of Maitland I Council of the City of Maitland. 1983.

H. Abrahams I A History of the Landscape at Bolwarra 1801 - 1983 University of Sydney (Thesis B. Sc (Arch). 1984.

Aldine Publishing Company I Aldine Centennial History of NSW Volume II.

J. Armstrong I Pipelines and People: .The History of the Hunter District Water Board Hunter District Water Board. 1967.

I Association for the Advancement of Science Handbook of the Maitland District I Association for the Advancement of Science. 1914. F.F. Bailliere NSW Gazetteer and Road Guide 1866 I F.F. Bailliere. 1866. E.C. Booth Australia. Volume I. I ND.

Council of the City of Maitland I Maitland 1863 - 1963 Oswald Zieglar Publications. 1963. I WENDY THORP I 75 I ------~-~- ~~------~-~ I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I

P. Cox, H. Tanner and M. Walker ~)I The Hunter Valley Regional Heritage Series ! Macmillan Company. 1978. i I A.F. D'Ombrain and W. Swan Historic Buildings of the Maitland District. Reed. 1987. I A.P. Elkin Morpeth and I I Australasian Medical Publishing Company Ltd. 1937. H.L. Harris The Story of Australian Industries I Whitcomb and Tombs. 1938. Hunter Valley Research Foundation The Value of Maitland Saleyards to the City of Maitland I Maitland City Council. 1978. J. Kerr Design for Convicts I Library of Australian History. 1984.

John Lee and Co. I Book Almanac for 1884. Maitland. John Lee and Co. Drapers and Grocers. Maitland. 1884. I John Lee and Co. Book Almanac for 1885. Maitland. John Lee and Co. Drapers and Grocers. Maitland. 1885.

I Lions Club of Maitland Maitland: Hub of the Hunter Historical Homes and Buildings I Lions Club of Maitland. 1973. C. Lyne The Industries of New South Wales 1882. I NSW Government Printer. 1882. J. Maclehose Picture of Sydney and the Strangers' Guide in NSW for 1839 I Facsimile Edition. 1979. John Ferguson. 1979.

Maitland City Council I A History of Mait1and Maitland City Council. 1983.

I C.J. Mitchell Hunters River. I Estate of C.J.Mitchell. 1973. Morpeth Progress Association I The Morpeth Story 1821 - 1871. WENDY THORP I 76 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I ML 991.4/16A1 E. Morriss (Ed) Cassell's Picturesque Australasia I Casse11 and Company. 1887. NSW Office of Post Master General Maitland and East Mait1and An Australian Post Office I History Office of the Post Master General. 1965.

W.S. Parkes, J. Comerford and DR M. Lake I Mines Wines and People A History of Greater Cessnock Council of the City of Greater Cessnock. 1979.

I D. Ryan Notes on Early Maitland. I 1914. J. Turner The Rise of High Street Maitland A Pictorial History I Council of the City of Maitland. 1989. J. Waddell St Peters Old Burial Ground Maitland. I Private. ND. H. Wells A Geographical Dictionary or Gazetteer of the Australian I Colonies. 1848. Facsimile Edition. 1970. I Council of the Library of New South Wales. R. Wilson and K. McCarthy Maitland Tramway Ventures I South Pacific Electric Railway. 1965~ I I I I I I WENDY THORP I 77 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I Reports Bergsteiner, McInnes and Rigby Pty Ltd Central Maitland: A Study of Its Historic Buildings and Townscape I Council of the City of Maitland. 1977.

Suters Busteed Corner Clode Pty Ltd I Heritage Register Report and Thematic Study Hunter Region Department of Planning. 1988.

W. Thorp I Non Institutional Convict Sites: A Study on Work Gang Accommodation. I National Parks and Wildlife Service. 1987. M. Walker and Gardner Browne Morpeth Conservation Planning Study I Council of the City of Maitland. 1982. I I I I I I I I I I I WENDY THORP I 78 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I Journal Articles A. Barcan "The Establishment of Secondary Education in the Newcastle Maitland District 1880-1930" I Journal of Hunter Valley History Volume 1 Number 1 1985., 132 ff. I W. J. Goold "Old Maitland" The Newcastle and Hunter District Historical Society I Journal Volume 10 June - July 1956., pp 138 - 148 E. Guilford "The Glendon Stud of Robert and Helenus Scott and the ,I Beginnings of the Thoroughbred Breeding Industry in the i Hunter Valley" Journal of Hunter Valley History Volume 1 Number 1 1985, I 63ff E. Guildford "Hunter Valley Inns and Innkeepers 1823-1850; Part One the I 1820s" Journal of Hunter valley History Volume 2 Number i 1986, I 70 ff E. Guilford "The Governor Comes to Town: Official Tours of the Hunter in the 1830s and 1840s" I Journal of Hunter Valley History Volume 2 No. 2, pp 67 ­ 105

I E. Guilford "Inns and Innkeepers of the Hunter Valley Part 11: The 1830s. I Journal of Hunter Valley History Volume 2 No. 2, pp 120 ­ 156 c. Hunter I "Government Cottages at Hunters River 'For Sundry Useful Purposes at My Discretion'" Journal of Hunter Valley History Volume 2 Number 1 1986., I 126ff J. Jervis "The Genesis of Settlement at Wallis Plains and Maitland" I Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society. Volume 26 pp 165 - 187. I I I WENDY THORP I 79 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I 1I News Articles KL "Tour of the Hunter" I Sydney Monitor 19 January 1833 "The Flood at Maitland" I Illustrated Sydney News 16 July 1864., 4 "The Town of Morpeth" I Illustrated Sydney News 16 October 1865., 3, 5. "The New Bridge at Maitland" Illustrated Sydney News 27 October 1869., 289.

I "Bridge Over Wallis Creek Between East and West Maitland" Illustrated Sydney News 25 October 1873., 4 I "Maitland" The Illustrated Sydney News 7 September 1878., 10

"The Victoria Bridge" I Mait1and Mercury 23 June 1852.

"The West Maitland Bridge" I Mait1and Mercury 3 June 1869 "Official Opening of New Long Bridge" I Mait1and Mercury 22 May 1894. "Sale of Bolwarra Estate" 1 Mait1and Mercury 21 February 1894 "Lorn" I Mait1and Daily Mercury January 1895 "Old Township Peaceful Morpeth Former Glory" Mait1and Daily Mercury November 12, 1935.

I "Post Office Past and Present Years of Progress" Mait1and Daily Mercury 25 September 1936. I "Civic HIstory of West Maitland" Mait1and Daily Mercury September 23 1936

"Steps in Maitland's Early Progress" I Mait1and Daily Mercury 23 September 1936

"Maitland's Early Progress" I' Mait1and Daily Mercury 23 September 1936

"Old Hinton" I Mait1and Daily Mercury 5 April 1948 I "131 Years Later Jail Keeps its Strengths and Uses" WENDY THORP I 80 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I Newcastle Morning Herald 22 December 1979 "Minister Holds Talks on Jail Museum Future" Maitland Mercury 7 June 1985

I "The Hunter Valley in Ferment" Current Affairs Bulletin Volume 58 Number 1 June 1981, 9ff I "Survival Strategy" Australian Business 10 August 1983 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I WENDY THORP I 81 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I Returns, Minutes and Other Documentation Gazettal Notice of Maitland Government Gazette November 11, 1835.

I Returns of the Civil Engineer 1840­ SAONSW 4/7340

I Engineers Letter Book 1840­ SAONSW 4/3891 I Colonial Secretary Correspondence Maitland Gaol SAOSNW 4/2430

I Ambulance Building Campaign Committee Back to Maitland Week 1927 I Souvenir Booklet. I E.G. Pickering Hunter District NSW Early History Chiefly Relating to 1I Maitland and Singleton and Collected from the Maitland Daily Mercury, From Souvenirs and Other Sources. ML Q 991.4/10 I Vertical Files Local History Section Maitland City Library I I I I I I I I I WENDY THORP I 82 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I

Maps and Plans

E.C. Close's Property in the Morpeth District. 18401 ML M2 811.25/1840/2

I Plan of XXXV Allotments in West Maitland the Property of E. Turner Esq. 1840. I ML M4 811.25g/Maitland West/1840/1 Tracing of the Town of East Maitland. 1829. SAONSW AO Map 3640.

I Plan of the own of Maitland East 1861. SAONSW AO Map 87.

I Plan of the Small Allotments Near Maitland. 1840 - 91. SAONSW AO Map 999. I Plan of a Portion of the Town of Maitland being and Extension to the Church of England Burial Ground. 1850. SAONSW AO Map 2164.

I Survey of Maitland. 1857. SAONSW AO Map 3636 (1-4). I Survey of East Maitland. 1864. SAONSW AO Map 3637 (1-2). I Survey of West Maitland. 1864. SAONSW AO Map 3639 (1-3).

Church Lands West Maitland. 1839. I SAONSW AO Map 1921.

Plan Showing the Old Made Road and New Line of Road in the I District of the Hunter. 1833. SAONSW AO Map 5091.

Church Lands Maitland. 1835. I SAONSW AO Map 1865, 1866.

Church Lands West Maitland. 1846. I SAONSW AO Map 2044. Plan of the Town of Maitland. 1855. I SAONSW AO Map 3635. Plan of the River Hunter from Port Hunter to the Falls at West Maitland. 1844. I SAONSW AO Map 3114.

Plan of Maitland. 1820. I SAONSW AO Map 3627. I Plan of Maitland. 1829. WENDY THORP I 83 I I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I I SAONSW AO Map 3629. Plan of the Town of Maitland. 1829. SAONSW AO Map 3632.

I Plan of Maitland. 1828. SAONSW AO Map 3628. I Allotments at Morpeth. 1823. SAONSW AO Map 2950.

Map of the County of Northumberland. 1839. I SAONSW AO Map 4424.

Map of the County of Northumberland. 1854. I SAONSW AO Map 4425.

Map of the County of Northumberland. 1863. 1I SAONSW AO Map 4463. Map of the County of Northumberland. 1864. I SAONSW AO Map 4426. Map of the County of Northumberland. 1869. I SAONSW AO Map 4427. Map of the County of Northumberland. 1843. I ML M2 811.25/1843/1 Plan of the Louth Park Estate in the Parish of Maitland Showing the Subdivision thereof into Farms, Garden Allotments and Homestead the Property of W. Nicholson Esq. I 1854. ML M2 811.25/1854/2 I Sketch Plan showing the Buttai Estate and Adjoining Lands the Proposed New Colliery and the Proposed Line of Railway to Hexham. 1873. I ML M4 811.25g/1873/1 Plan of the County of Northumberland. 1875. I ML M2 811.25/1875/1 Plan of the South Maitland Coal Fields. 1904. ML M3 811.25gbhm/1904/1

I R. Clint Plan of 30 Farms and 70 Allotments on the Estate of Woodford in the Parish of Alnwick near Maitland adjoining I the Village Reserve and near the Town of Hexham. 1842. ML M2 811.25/1842/1 I I WENDY THORP I 84 I ------~-~- -'-' ~'- I MAITLAND HERITAGE SURVEY REVIEW: THEMATIC HISTORY I -I Other Graphics J. Hardwick Entrance to Maitland by the Morpeth Road. ND. Watercolour. I ML ZPXA6925

J. Hardwick I West Maitland and the Hunter River. ND. Wash. I ML ZPXA 6925. J. Hardwick Suspension Bridge Maitland. ND. Wash. I ML ZPXA 6925.

C. Martens I Church and Part of the Town of Morpeth 1841. Pencil Sketch ML Z SSV*/Sp Coll/Martens/20

I Floods West Maitland 1893. NSW Government Printer I ML Video Disc I Frame 47683 Hinton Slipway 1946 NSW Government Printer I ML Video Disc I Frame 41794 Morpeth Butter Factory 1920 NSW Government Printer I ML Video Disc I Frame 37117 I I I I I I I WENDY THORP I 85 I