Rapid Change Versus Long-Term Social Change During the Neolithic-Chalcolithic Transition in Central Anatolia
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Durham E-Theses
Durham E-Theses Neolithic and chalcolithic cultures in Turkish Thrace Erdogu, Burcin How to cite: Erdogu, Burcin (2001) Neolithic and chalcolithic cultures in Turkish Thrace, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3994/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk NEOLITHIC AND CHALCOLITHIC CULTURES IN TURKISH THRACE Burcin Erdogu Thesis Submitted for Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. University of Durham Department of Archaeology 2001 Burcin Erdogu PhD Thesis NeoHthic and ChalcoHthic Cultures in Turkish Thrace ABSTRACT The subject of this thesis are the NeoHthic and ChalcoHthic cultures in Turkish Thrace. Turkish Thrace acts as a land bridge between the Balkans and Anatolia. -
293 Radiocarbon and Stable
RADIOCARBON, Vol 46, Nr 1, 2004, p 293–300 © 2004 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona RADIOCARBON AND STABLE ISOTOPE EVIDENCE OF DIETARY CHANGE FROM THE MESOLITHIC TO THE MIDDLE AGES IN THE IRON GATES: NEW RESULTS FROM LEPENSKI VIR C Bonsall1,2 • G T Cook3 • R E M Hedges4 • T F G Higham4 • C Pickard1 • I RadovanoviÊ5 ABSTRACT. A previous radiocarbon dating and stable isotope study of directly associated ungulate and human bone samples from Late Mesolithic burials at Schela Cladovei in Romania established that there is a freshwater reservoir effect of approximately 500 yr in the Iron Gates reach of the Danube River valley in southeast Europe. Using the δ15N values as an indicator of the percentage of freshwater protein in the human diet, the 14C data for 24 skeletons from the site of Lepenski Vir were corrected for this reservoir effect. The results of the paired 14C and stable isotope measurements provide evidence of substantial dietary change over the period from about 9000 BP to about 300 BP. The data from the Early Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic are consistent with a 2-component dietary system, where the linear plot of isotopic values reflects mixing between the 2 end-members to differing degrees. Typically, the individuals of Mesolithic age have much heavier δ15N signals and slightly heavier δ13C, while individuals of Early Neolithic and Chalcolithic age have lighter δ15N and δ13C values. Contrary to our earlier suggestion, there is no evidence of a substantial population that had a transitional diet midway between those that were characteristic of the Mesolithic and Neolithic. -
Technological Features of the Chalcolithic Pottery from Târpești (Neamț County, Eastern Romania)
Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry Vol. 19, No 3, (2019), pp. 93-104 Open Access. Online & Print. www.maajournal.com DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3541108 TECHNOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE CHALCOLITHIC POTTERY FROM TÂRPEȘTI (NEAMȚ COUNTY, EASTERN ROMANIA) Florica Mățău*1, Ovidiu Chișcan2, Mitică Pintilei3, Daniel Garvăn4, Alexandru Stancu2 1Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Science Department-ARHEOINVEST Platform, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Lascăr Catargi, no. 54, 700107, Iasi, Romania 2Faculty of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Carol I, no. 11, 700506, Iasi, Romania 3Department of Geology, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Carol I, no. 11, 700506, Iasi, Romania 4Buzău County Museum, Castanilor, no. 1, 120248, Buzău, Romania Received: 11/10/2019 Accepted: 14/11/2019 *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT The technological parameters of representative pottery samples attributed to Precucuteni (5050-4600 cal BC) and Cucuteni (4600-3500 cal BC) cultures identified at Târpești (Neamț County, Eastern Romania) were determined using a complex archaeometric approach. The site is located in the north-eastern part of the present-day Romania occupying a small plateau situated in a hilly region. In order to evaluate the raw materials and the firing process we have used optical microscopy (OM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and magnetic measurements. Further on, the XRPD data were statistically treated using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) taking into account position and peak intensity, the Euclidian distance as metric and the average linkage method as a linkage basis for gaining a more refined estimation of the mineralogical transformations induced by the firing process and for defining homogenous group of samples. -
751 Depending on 14C Data
RADIOCARBON, Vol 51, Nr 2, 2009, p 751–770 © 2009 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona DEPENDING ON 14C DATA: CHRONOLOGICAL FRAMEWORKS IN THE NEOLITHIC AND CHALCOLITHIC OF SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE Agathe Reingruber Eurasia-Department of the German Archaeological Institute, Berlin. Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]. Laurens Thissen Thissen Archaeological Ceramics Bureau, Amsterdam. Email: [email protected]. ABSTRACT. With the introduction of the radiocarbon method in 1949 and the calibration curve constantly improving since 1965, but especially due to the development of the more accurate accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating some 30 yr ago, the application of the 14C method in prehistory revolutionized traditional chronological frameworks. Theories and mod- els are adjusted to new 14C sequences, and such sequences even lead to the creation of new theories and models. In our con- tribution, we refer to 2 major issues that are still heavily debated, although their first absolute dating occurred some decades ago: 1) the transition from the Mesolithic to the Early Neolithic in the eastern and western Aegean. Very high 14C data for the beginning of the Neolithic in Greece around 7000 BC fueled debates around the Preceramic period in Thessaly (Argissa- Magoula, Sesklo) and the Early Neolithic in Macedonia (Nea Nikomedeia). A reinterpretation of these data shows that the Neolithic in Greece did not start prior to 6400/6300 BC; 2) the beginning and the end of the Chalcolithic period in SE Europe. Shifting from relative chronologies dating the Chalcolithic to the 3rd millennium BC to an absolute chronology assigning the Kodžadermen-Gumelni˛a-Karanovo VI cultural complex to the 5th millennium BC, the exact beginning and the end of the period are still under research. -
The Aegean in the Early 7Th Millennium BC: Maritime Networks and Colonization
The Aegean in the Early 7th Millennium BC: Maritime Networks and Colonization B. Horejs, B. Milić, F. Ostmann, U. Thanheiser, B. Weninger & A. Galik Journal of World Prehistory ISSN 0892-7537 Volume 28 Number 4 J World Prehist (2015) 28:289-330 DOI 10.1007/s10963-015-9090-8 1 23 Your article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution license which allows users to read, copy, distribute and make derivative works, as long as the author of the original work is cited. You may self- archive this article on your own website, an institutional repository or funder’s repository and make it publicly available immediately. 1 23 J World Prehist (2015) 28:289–330 DOI 10.1007/s10963-015-9090-8 The Aegean in the Early 7th Millennium BC: Maritime Networks and Colonization 1 1,5 1 3 B. Horejs • B. Milic´ • F. Ostmann • U. Thanheiser • 4 2 B. Weninger • A. Galik Published online: 10 December 2015 Ó The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The process of Near Eastern neolithization and its westward expansion from the core zone in the Levant and upper Mesopotamia has been broadly discussed in recent decades, and many models have been developed to describe the spread of early farming in terms of its timing, structure, geography and sociocultural impact. Until now, based on recent intensive investigations in northwestern and western Anatolia, the discussion has mainly centred on the importance of Anatolian inland routes for the westward spread of neolithization. This contribution focuses on the potential impact of east Mediterranean and Aegean maritime networks on the spread of the Neolithic lifestyle to the western edge of the Anatolian subcontinent in the earliest phases of sedentism. -
Importance of Neolithic Civilization Stages of Agriculture Development 12000 to 9500 Years Ago • Hunters and Food-Gathers Stage Existed
Stages of agriculture development - Era of civilization- Importance of Neolithic civilization Stages of agriculture development 12000 to 9500 years ago • Hunters and food-gathers stage existed. • Stone implements (microliths) were seen throughout the Indian subcontinent. • Domestication of dog occurred in Iraq. • Earliest agriculture was by vegetative propagation (e.g., bananas, sugarcane, yam, sago, palms, and ginger). 9500 to 7500 years ago • Wild ancestors of wheat and barley, goat, sheep, pig, and cattle were found. 7500 to 5000years ago • Significant features were invention of plough, irrigated farming, use of wheel, and metallurgy and in Egypt, seed dibbling said to be practiced. 5000to 4000years ago • Harappan culture is characterized by cultivation of wheat, barley and cotton; plough agriculture and bullocks for drought. Indus Valley is the home of cotton. • Wheeled carts were commonly used in the Indus valley. • Harappans not only grew cotton but also devised methods for ginning / spinning / weaving. 4000 to 2000years ago • In North Arcot, bone / stone tools were found. • In Nevasa (Maharastra), copper and polished stone axes were used. First evidence of the presence of silk was found at this location. • At Navdatoli on Narmada river (Nemar, Madhya Pradesh), sickles set with stone teeth were used for cutting crop stalks. Crops grown were wheat, linseed, lentil, urd (black gram), mung bean, and khesari. • In Eastern India, rice, bananas, and sugarcane were cultivated. 2000-1500 years ago • Tank irrigation was developed and practiced widely. • Greek and Romans had trade with South India; pepper, cloth, and sandal wood were imported by Romans. • Chola King Karikala (190 AD) defeated Cheras and Pandyas, invaded Srilanka, captured 12000 men and used them as slaves to construct an embankment along the Cauvery, 160km along, to protect land from floods. -
Mehrgarh Neolithic
Paper presented in the International Seminar on the "First Farmers in Global Perspective', Lucknow, India, 18-20 January, 2006 Mehrgarh Neolithic Jean-Fran¸ois Jarrige From 1975 to 1985, the French Archaeological had already provided a summary of the main results Mission, in collaboration with the Department of brought by the excavations conducted from 1977 Archaeology of Pakistan, has conducted excavations to 1985 in the Neolithic sector of Mehrgarh. in a wide archaeological area near to the modern From 1985 to 1996, the excavations at Mehrgarh village of Mehrgarh in Balochistan at the foot of the were stopped and the French Mission undertook the Bolan Pass, one of the major communication routes excavation of a mound close to the village of between the Iranian Plateau, Central Asia and the Nausharo, 6 miles South of Mehrgarh. This excavation Indus Valley. showed clearly that the mound of Nausharo had Mehrgarh is located in the Bolan Basin, in the north- been occupied from 3000 to 2000 BC. After a western part of the Kachi-Bolan plain, a great alluvial Period I contemporary with Mehrgarh VI and VII, expanse that merges with the Indus Valley (Fig. 1). Periods II and III (c. 2500 to 2000 BC) at Nausharo The site itself is a vast area of about 300 hectares belong to the Indus (or Harappan) civilisation. covered with archaeological remains left by a Therefore the excavations at Nausharo allowed us to continuous sequence of occupations from the 8th to link in the Kachi-Bolan region, the Indus civilisation the 3rd millennium BC. to a continuous sequence of occupations starting from the aceramic Neolithic period. -
Review of Karin Bartl (Ed.), 2018. the Late Neolithic Site of Shir / Syria I
Book Review Rosenstock, Eva Review of Karin Bartl (ed.), 2018. The Late Neolithic site of Shir/ Syria I. The excavations at the South Area 2006 - 2009. Damaszener Forschungen 18. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft/ Zabern. ISBN: 978-3-8053-5190-4. € 92.50. With this volume presenting the results of the South Area excavations between 2006 and 2009, Karin Bartl starts the publication of her fi eldwork at the Late Neolithic ( c. 7000-5000 BCE) Syrian site of Shir under the auspices of the German Archaeological Institute’s Orient Department (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Orientabteilung) between 2003 and 2010. The volume, comprising almost 760 pages, is substantial in both content and weight. Its layout makes it comfortable to read, but the sizes of fi gures are, in many cases, slightly too small, such as the detailed maps in the fi rst chapters. Unfortunately, the affi liations and contact addresses of the 23 contributors to the 19 total chapters (including a summary chapter) are not disclosed in an author list or after their respective chapters. cess version under a hyperlink 1 instead of the cumber- The initial research schedule and how it ended some loose foldout attachment sheet of olden days is abruptly in early 2011 with the start (1) of what led much appreciated. However, inconsistencies between to a still ongoing war is outlined along with a short the published version and the digital one would require research history in Karin Bartl’s fi rst subchapter. This cross-checking by the authors. The graph was created subchapter, together with Karin Bartl’s and Thomas using yEd2 (37), a freeware originally designed for very Urban’s subchapter on the methods applied (7-12), diff erent graph types such as fl owcharts, but certainly serves as an introduction to the volume. -
23 Contextualising Neolithic Cyrpus: Preliminary
23 CONTEXTUALISING NEOLITHIC CYRPUS: PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS INTO CONNECTIONS BETWEEN CYPRUS AND THE NEAR EAST IN THE LATER NEOLITHIC Joanne Clarke Introduction that was both internally homogeneous and lacking in any It is widely held that connections between Cyprus and the clear evidence of links with contemporary mainland cultures Levant ceased around 7000 BC when the expansive world (Clarke 2003, 212). My view then was that “the absence of the Pre-pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) contracted and of any evidence for external influences [in the Ceramic dislocated into a number of smaller ‘worlds’ during the later Neolithic period] appears to have been socially prescribed Neolithic period (all dates referred to in this paper are cal rather than any real absence of contact” (Clarke 2003, 215). BC). In northern Syria and upper Mesopotamia, a dynamic As circumstantial evidence for contact between Cyprus and and continuously changing, east/west sphere of influence the mainland subsequent to the PPNB continues to accrue can be documented through the post-PPNB/ Halaf /Ubaid (Clarke 2007; see also Erikh-Rose 2004; McCartney 2007) traditions of the 7th to 5th millennia. Likewise, in the south it seems appropriate to return to the question of how Cyprus a largely disconnected, east/west sphere of influence existed, negotiated its relationships with the outside world and beginning with the Yarmoukian around 6200 BC and con- whether human agency, in the form of social identity, was tinuing into the Wadi Rabah and Chalcolithic traditions of the only factor shaping interaction. the 6th and 5th millennia. Between these two geographically delineated spheres of influence is the less well documented region of the central Levant, comprising the Syrian and Connections: What Connections? Lebanese coastal zone, the Ansariyah, Zawiyah, Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountains, the Homs Gap and the Beqa’a In order for connections between Cyprus and the Levant valley (Fig. -
Ceramic Composition at Chalcolithic Shiqmim, Northern
UC San Diego UC San Diego Previously Published Works Title Ceramic composition at Chalcolithic Shiqmim, northern Negev desert, Israel: investigating technology and provenance using thin section petrography, instrumental geochemistry and calcareous nannofossils Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1cv2r3kg Journal Levant, 50(2) ISSN 0075-8914 Authors Burton, Margie M Quinn, Patrick S Tamberino, Anthony et al. Publication Date 2018-05-04 DOI 10.1080/00758914.2019.1625656 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Levant The Journal of the Council for British Research in the Levant ISSN: 0075-8914 (Print) 1756-3801 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ylev20 Ceramic composition at Chalcolithic Shiqmim, northern Negev desert, Israel: investigating technology and provenance using thin section petrography, instrumental geochemistry and calcareous nannofossils Margie M. Burton, Patrick S. Quinn, Anthony Tamberino & Thomas E. Levy To cite this article: Margie M. Burton, Patrick S. Quinn, Anthony Tamberino & Thomas E. Levy (2018) Ceramic composition at Chalcolithic Shiqmim, northern Negev desert, Israel: investigating technology and provenance using thin section petrography, instrumental geochemistry and calcareous nannofossils, Levant, 50:2, 237-257, DOI: 10.1080/00758914.2019.1625656 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2019.1625656 View supplementary material Published online: 18 Jul 2019. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 8 View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ylev20 Ceramic composition at Chalcolithic Shiqmim, northern Negev desert, Israel: investigating technology and provenance using thin section petrography, instrumental geochemistry and calcareous nannofossils Margie M. -
Changes in Human Mandibular Shape During the Terminal Pleistocene
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Changes in human mandibular shape during the Terminal Pleistocene-Holocene Levant Received: 3 May 2018 Ariel Pokhojaev 1,2,3, Hadas Avni1,2, Tatiana Sella-Tunis1,2,3, Rachel Sarig2,3 & Hila May 1,2 Accepted: 4 June 2019 The transition to food production, exploitation of ‘secondary’ products (e.g., milk), and advances in Published: xx xx xxxx cookware technology have afected all aspects of human life. The aim of the present study was to follow changes in mandibular form and shape throughout the terminal Pleistocene-Holocene Levant. The hemimandibles of four populations were included in this study: Natufan hunter-gatherers (n = 10), Pre-pottery Neolithic early farmers (n = 6), Chalcolithic farmers (n = 9), Roman-Byzantine (n = 16), and modern (n = 63) populations. A surface mesh of each mandible was reconstructed from CT or surface scans. Changes in mandibular form and shape were studied using the Procrustes-based geometric morphometrics method. Univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out to examine diferences in size and shape between the studied populations. Our results reveal considerable temporal changes in mandibular shape throughout the Holocene Levant, mainly between the pre-agricultural population (the Natufan) and the succeeding ones, and between the post-industrial (the Modern) and the pre- industrial populations. A tendency for a reduction in mandibular size was identifed between the pre-agricultural population and the farmers. Most regions of the mandible underwent shape changes. In conclusion, substantial changes in mandibular shape occurred throughout the Holocene Levant, especially following the agricultural revolution. These changes can be explained by the “masticatory- functional hypothesis”. -
Funerary Practices in the Iberian Peninsula from the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic
Funerary Practices in the Iberian Peninsula from the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic Edited by Juan F. Gibaja António F. Carvalho Philippe Chambon BAR International Series 2417 2012 Published by Archaeopress Publishers of British Archaeological Reports Gordon House 276 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7ED England [email protected] www.archaeopress.com BAR S2417 Funerary Practices in the Iberian Peninsula from the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic © Archaeopress and the individual authors 2012 ISBN 978 1 4073 1015 2 Printed in England by Information Press, Oxford All BAR titles are available from: Hadrian Books Ltd 122 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7BP England www.hadrianbooks.co.uk The current BAR catalogue with details of all titles in print, prices and means of payment is available free from Hadrian Books or may be downloaded from www.archaeopress.com ALGAR DO BOM SANTO: A MIDDLE NEOLITHIC NECROPOLIS IN PORTUGUESE ESTREMADURA António Faustino CARVALHO,a David GONÇALVES,b Raquel GRANJAc and Fiona PETCHEYd a. Universidade do Algarve, FCHS, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-117 Faro, Portugal ([email protected]). b. Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua do Arco da Traição, 3000-056 Coimbra, Portugal ([email protected]). c. Instituto de Arqueologia e Paleociências das Universidades Nova de Lisboa e do Algarve, FCHS, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-117 Faro, Portugal ([email protected]). d. Radiocarbon Dating laboratory, University of Waikato, Gate 9, Hillcrest Road, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand ([email protected]). Abstract: A research project on the Algar do Bom Santo necropolis started in 2010. This paper presents a preliminary synthesis on the exhumed human population and a first insight into the funerary practices recorded during the site excavations in the 1990s, as well as palaeodiet reconstitutions.