Florida Law Review
Volume 68 | Issue 6 Article 9
November 2016 Who Watches this Stuff?: Videos Depicting Actual Murder and the Need for a Federal Criminal Murder-Video Statute Musa K. Farmand Jr.
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/flr Part of the First Amendment Commons
Recommended Citation Musa K. Farmand Jr., Who Watches this Stuff?: Videos Depicting Actual Murder and the Need for a Federal Criminal Murder-Video Statute, 68 Fla. L. Rev. 1915 (2016). Available at: https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/flr/vol68/iss6/9
This Note is brought to you for free and open access by UF Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Florida Law Review by an authorized editor of UF Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Farmand: Who Watches this Stuff?: Videos Depicting Actual Murder and the N
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Published by UF Law Scholarship Repository, 2016 1 Florida Law Review, Vol. 68, Iss. 6 [2016], Art. 9
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And I can’t apologize enough to them for contributing to it. My guilt doesn’t absolve me of my voyeurism. It only makes me more a part of these victims’ aEXVHDQG pain. I’m doing what the bad guys want us all to do, which is: watch.”). 6HH&DQDGLDQ3UHVVJun Lin’s Father Releases Impact Statement+8)),1*7213267 )HE $0 KWWS ZZZKXIILQJWRQSRVWFDMXQOLQIDWKHULPSDFW VWDWHPHQWBQBKWPO UHFRXQWLQJWKHVWDWHPHQWUHOHDVHGE\Lin’s father, Lin Diran, after 0DJQRWWDZDVIRXQGJXLOW\RIWKHILUVWGHJUHHPXUGHURI/LQ Published by UF Law Scholarship Repository, 2016 5 Florida Law Review, Vol. 68, Iss. 6 [2016], Art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More Than 100 Million Sold1<7,0(6 )HE KWWS ZZZQ\WLPHVFRPEXVLQHVVPHGLDIRUILIW\VKDGHVRIJUH\ PRUHWKDQPLOOLRQVROGKWPO 6HHVXSUDQRWH 6HH-HIIULHVVXSUDQRWH 6HHVXSUDQRWH 6HHLG QRWLQJWKDW“1 Lunatic 1 Icepick” LV“>Z@LWKRXWDGRXEWWKHVLFNHVWWKLQJ\RXZLOO have ever seen in your life”) $SKH[7ZLQQQ:K\'R3HRSOH:DWFK6QXII)LOPVDQG9LGHRVRI 3HRSOH'\LQJ"5('',7 $SU KWWSV ZZZUHGGLWFRPU$VN5HGGLWFRPPHQWVDXRG Published by UF Law Scholarship Repository, 2016 21 Florida Law Review, Vol. 68, Iss. 6 [2016], Art. 9 FLORIDA LAW REVIEW >9RO %HFDXVHPXUGHUYLGHRVVDWLVI\DOOWKUHHSURQJVRIWKH0LOOHUWHVWWKH\ DUHREVFHQH7KHUHIRUHDIHGHUDOVWDWXWHSURKLELWLQJPXUGHUYLGHRVVKRXOG ZLWKVWDQGFRQVWLWXWLRQDOPXVWHU7KXVIROORZLQJ5LFKDUGVDQGWKHFRXUW’V UXOLQJLQUHJDUGVWRDQGDQLPDOFUXVKYLGHRVPXUGHUYLGHRVIDOO XQGHU DQ XQSURWHFWHG FDWHJRU\ RI VSHHFK DQG &RQJUHVV FDQ UHJXODWH WKHP ,9$1$552:/<7$,/25(')('(5$/&5,0,1$/67$787(725(675,&7 7+($9$,/$%,/,7<2)085'(59,'(26 7KLV ILQDO 3DUW SURSRVHV D FRPSUHKHQVLYH IHGHUDO FULPLQDO VWDWXWH 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These videos are prime examples of “unusual deviant acts.” 6HHVXSUD6HFWLRQ,,,% VHHDOVR8QLWHG6WDWHVY5LFKDUGV)G WK&LU 2014) (“We conclude similarly that Congress has a significant interest in preventing the secondary effects of animal crush videos, which promote and require violence and criminal activity.”). If &RQJUHVVKDVDVLJQLILFDQWLQWHUHVWLQSUHYHQWLQJWKHVHFRQGDU\HIIHFWVRIDQLPDOFUXVKYLGHRVLW IROORZVWKDW&RQJUHVVKDVDQHTXDORUHYHQJUHDWHULQWHUHVWLQSUHYHQWLQJWKHVHFRQGDU\HIIHFWV RIPXUGHUYLGHRV%HFDXVHPXUGHUYLGHRVLQYROYHKXPDQEHLQJVUDWKHUWKDQDQLPDOVRQHFDQVD\ PRUHGHILQLWLYHO\WKDQIRUDQLPDOFUXVKYLGHRVWKDWPXUGHUYLGHRVSURPRWHDQGUHTXLUHYLROHQFH DQGFULPLQDODFWLYLW\6HH5LFKDUGV)GDW (“Most importantlyE\UHTXLULQJSURRI of obscenity, § 48(a)(2) limits § 48(a)(1), which describes the proscribed acts of cruelty.”). %HFDXVH WKH SURSRVHG VWDWXWH DOVR UHTXLUHV SURRI RI REVFHQLW\ DV SUHYLRXVO\ PHQWLRQHG LW LV SURSHUO\QDUURZHGWRWDUJHWXQSURWHFWHGVSHHFKWKDWGLVSOD\VWKHPXUGHURIKXPDQEHLQJV 7KLV1RWHSULPDULO\ERUURZVWKHODQJXDJHRIWKH0XUGHU9LGHR6WDWXWHVSHFLILFDOO\ VHFWLRQV D E F G DQG H IURP86& https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/flr/vol68/iss6/9 22 Farmand: Who Watches this Stuff?: Videos Depicting Actual Murder and the N @ NEED FOR A FEDERAL CRIMINAL MURDER VIDEO STATUTE GURZQHG GHFDSLWDWHG FUXVKHG VXIIRFDWHG LPSDOHG VWRQHG VKRW 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FLUFXODWLRQ RU FUHDWLRQ RI D PXUGHU YLGHR RXWVLGH RI WKH 8QLWHG6WDWHVLI— WKHSHUVRQHQJDJLQJLQVXFKFRQGXFWLQWHQGVRUKDV UHDVRQ WR NQRZ WKDW WKH PXUGHU YLGHR ZLOO EH WUDQVSRUWHGLQWRWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRULWVWHUULWRULHVRU SRVVHVVLRQV RU U.S.C. § 1365(h)(3) (2012) (“[T]he term ‘serious bodily injury’ means bodily injury ZKLFKLQYROYHV— $ DVXEVWDQWLDOULVNRIGHDWK % H[WUHPHSK\VLFDOSDLQ & SURWUDFWHGDQG REYLRXVGLVILJXUHPHQW RU ' SURWUDFWHGORVVRULPSDLUPHQWRIWKHIXQFWLRQRIDERGLO\PHPEHU RUJDQRUPHQWDOIDFXOW\”). ,G UHFRXQWLQJWKHFRQGXFWRIDJJUDYDWHGVH[XDODEXVHE\IRUFHRUWKUHDW ,G GHVFULELQJWKHFRQGXFWRIVH[XDODEXVHLQZKLFKWKHYLFWLPLVWKUHDWHQHGRU LQFDSDEOHRIJLYLQJFRQVHQW 7KH1RWHERUURZVWhe definition of obscenity from the Supreme Court’s ruling in 0LOOHU Y&DOLIRUQLD86 7KH0XUGHU9LGHR6WDWXWHUHTXLUHVWKDWFRXUWVDSSO\WKH 0LOOHUWHVWDVWKH)LIWK&LUFXLWDSSOLHGLWLQ5LFKDUGV Published by UF Law Scholarship Repository, 2016 23 Florida Law Review, Vol. 68, Iss. 6 [2016], Art. 9 FLORIDA LAW REVIEW >9RO WKH PXUGHU YLGHR LV WUDQVSRUWHG LQWR WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHVRULWVWHUULWRULHVRUSRVVHVVLRQV G 3HQDOW\—$Q\SHUVRQZKRYLRODWHVVXEVHFWLRQ E VKDOO EH ILQHG XQGHU WKLV WLWOH LPSULVRQHG IRU QRW PRUH WKDQ \HDUVRUERWK H ([FHSWLRQV— ,QJHQHUDO—7KLVVHFWLRQVKDOOQRWDSSO\ZLWKUHJDUG WRDQ\YLVXDOGHSLFWLRQLIWKHSXEOLFJRRGZDVVHUYHG E\WKHDFWVWKDWDUHDOOHJHGWRFRQVWLWXWHWKHRIIHQVHDQG LIWKHDFWVDOOHJHGGLGQRWH[WHQGEH\RQGZKDWVHUYHG WKHSXEOLFJRRG— $ )RUWKHSXUSRVHVRIWKLVVHFWLRQLWLVDTXHVWLRQ RIODZZKHWKHUDQDFWVHUYHGWKHSXEOLFJRRGDQG ZKHWKHUWKHUHLVHYLGHQFHWKDWWKHDFWDOOHJHGZHQW EH\RQG ZKDW VHUYHG WKH SXEOLF JRRG EXW LW LV D TXHVWLRQ RI IDFW ZKHWKHU WKH DFWV GLG RU GLG QRW H[WHQGEH\RQGZKDWVHUYHGWKHSXEOLFJRRG L ,QWKLVVHFWLRQWKHSKUDVH‘VHUYHGWKHSXEOLF JRRG’PHDQVGLVFORVXUHRIPDWWHUVRIOHJLWLPDWH SXEOLFFRQFHUQLQFOXGLQJDFWVWKDWVHUYHDERQD ILGH DQG OHJLWLPDWH OLWHUDU\ DUWLVWLF SROLWLFDO VFLHQWLILF HGXFDWLRQDO RU RWKHU VLPLODU QHZVZRUWK\SXUSRVH *RRGIDLWK GLVWULEXWLRQ—7KLV VHFWLRQ VKDOO QRW DSSO\WRWKHJRRGIDLWKGLVWULEXWLRQRIDPXUGHUYLGHR WR— $ DODZHQIRUFHPHQWDJHQF\ RU % DWKLUGSDUW\IRUWKHVROHSXUSRVHRIDQDO\VLVWR GHWHUPLQHLIUHIHUUDOWRDODZHQIRUFHPHQWDJHQF\LV DSSURSULDWH 7KLV1RWHERUURZVWKLVODQJXDJHIURP&DQDGD&ULPLQDO&RGH56& F& KWWSV ZZZFDQOLLRUJHQFDODZVVWDWUVF FFODWHVWUVF FFKWPO>KHUHLQDIWHU &RUUXSWLQJ0RUDOV6WDWXWH@ H[SODLQLQJWKHH[FHSWLRQVWRWKH&RUUXSWLQJ0RUDOV6WDWXWH )RUDEULHI analysis of Canada’s Corrupting Morals Statute in regards to Marek, who was charged under 6HFWLRQ163 for posting “1 Lunatic 1 Icepick” on bestgore.com, see Jeffries, VXSUDQRWH 7KLV1RWHERUURZVWKLVODQJXDJHIURPWKHWKLUGSURQJRIWKH0LOOHUWHVW0LOOHU86 DW 7KLV1RWHERUURZVWKLVODQJXDJHIURP86& https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/flr/vol68/iss6/9 24 Farmand: Who Watches this Stuff?: Videos Depicting Actual Murder and the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’VSURSRVDORI86&DQGWKH FRXUW’s ruling in 5LFKDUGVZKLFKKHOGWKDWDQLPDOFUXVKYLGHRVPD\EH UHJDUGHG DV XQSURWHFWHG REVFHQLW\ DQG WKXV LV IDFLDOO\ FRQVWLWXWLRQDO 7KH6WDWXWHDOVR UHOLHV RQWKHH[FHSWLRQV SURYLGHGLQ Canada’s Corrupting Morals StatuteWRQDUURZLWIXUWKHU,QDGGLWLRQ OLNHPDQ\IHGHUDOFULPLQDOVWDWXWHVWKH6WDWXWH’s prohibitions include the ODQJXage “using a means or facility of, interstate or foreign commerce” DV GHILQHG LQ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV &RGH 7RJHWKHU WKHVH FRPSRQHQWV FUHDWHDUHJXODWLRQQDUURZO\WDLORUHGWRSURKLELWRQO\PXUGHUYLGHRVDQG WKHVWDWXWHLVHYHQQDUURZHU:KDWWUXO\QDUURZVWKH6WDWXWHDQGVKRXOG DOORZLWWRSDVVFRQVWLWXWLRQDOPXVWHULVWZRIROG WKHUHTXLUHPHQWWKDWWKH 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0DQ\FULPLQDOVWDWXWHVXQGHU7LWOHRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV&RGHXVHWKLVODQJXDJH6HH HJ86& 6HHHJ:LOOLDPVVXSUDQRWH =HUR&HQVRUVKLS,6,6&KLOG6ROGLHU%HKHDGLQJ6\ULDQ6ROGLHU=(52&(16256+,3 -XO\ $0 KWWS ZZZ]HURFHQVRUVKLSFRPWXQFHQVRUHGLVLVH[HFXWLRQLVLV FKLOGVROGLHUEHKHDGLQJV\ULDQVROGLHUJUDSKLFYLGHRD[]]YN)LWK GLVSOD\LQJWKHYLGHRRID FKLOGFXWWLQJRIIWKHKHDGRID6\ULDQVROGLHU Published by UF Law Scholarship Repository, 2016 25 Florida Law Review, Vol. 68, Iss. 6 [2016], Art. 9 FLORIDA LAW REVIEW >9RO DWDWLPHZKHQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVDQGWKHUHVWRIWKHFLYLOL]HGZRUOGLVDW ZDU ZLWK ,6,6 —ZRXOG IDOO XQGHU WKH H[FHSWLRQ LQ VHFWLRQ H $FFRUGLQJWRWKH6WDWXWHFRXUWVZRXOGGHFLGHZKHWKHUEHKHDGLQJYLGHRV ZRXOG IDOO XQGHU WKH H[FHSWLRQ 6LPLODUO\ YLGHRV WKDW VKRZ WHUURULVW DWWDFNVRQ$PHULFDQVRLORUDEURDGRUSROLFHEUXWDOLW\RQDFFRXQWRI UDFH PD\ DOVR IDOO XQGHU VHFWLRQ H RI WKH 6WDWXWH 7KH NH\ WDNHDZD\LVWKDWWKHH[FHSWLRQVDOORZFRXUWVWRH[DPLQHPXUGHUYLGHRV ZLWK D PRUH FULWLFDO H\H 7KH VWDWXWH GRHV QRW DXWRPDWLFDOO\ FRQYLFW ZLWKRXW GXH SURFHVV RI WKH ODZ 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WKHSURWHVWVWKDWODWHUHQVXHG 3KLO+HOVHO:DOWHU6FRWW'HDWK %\VWDQGHU:KR5HFRUGHU&RS6KRRWLQJ6SHDNV2XW 1%&1(:6 $SU $0 KWWS ZZZQEFQHZVFRPVWRU\OLQHZDOWHUVFRWWVKRRWLQJPD QZKRUHFRUGHGZDOWHUVFRWWEHLQJVKRWVSHDNVRXWQ 6HH0,//6VXSUDQRWH DW https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/flr/vol68/iss6/9 26 Farmand: Who Watches this Stuff?: Videos Depicting Actual Murder and the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FDQ UHWDLQ VRFLHWDO PRUDOH E\ GUDZLQJDOLQHDVWRZKDWLVDFFHSWDEOHFRQWHQWIRULQGLYLGXDOVWRSRVWDQG YLHZRQWKH,QWHUQHW7KHPHVVDJHLVFOHDU VRFLHW\ZLOOQRWDIIRUGRXU FLWL]HQV WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR LQILQLWHO\ DQG UHSHDWHGO\ YLHZ WKH DFWXDO LQWHQWLRQDOPXUGHURIRQHKXPDQEHLQJE\DQRWKHURQWKH,QWHUQHW Published by UF Law Scholarship Repository, 2016 27 Florida Law Review, Vol. 68, Iss. 6 [2016], Art. 9 https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/flr/vol68/iss6/9 28