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Brandenburg Gate Brandenburg Gate Brandenburg Gate Brandenburger Tor Berlin, Germany Booklet available in English on Heft in deutscher Sprache erhältlich auf Livret disponible en français sur Folleto disponible en español en Folheto disponível em português em A füzet magyarul ezen a honlapon olvasható: Architecture.LEGO.com 21011.indd 1 6/27/11 12:44 PM The Brandenburg Gate The Brandenburg Gate (in German: Brandenburger Commissioned by King Frederick William II of Tor) is one of Berlin’s most important monuments–an Prussia as a sign of peace, it was built as the grandest of architectural landmark and historical symbol all in one. a series of 18 city gates through which Berlin was once It has been at the heart of German and European history entered. The entire construction and ornamentation of for over two hundred years. the Gate reflected its extraordinary importance as the 2 21011.indd 2 6/27/11 12:44 PM monumental entry to Unter den Linden, the renowned With its direct reference to antiquity, the gate founded the boulevard of linden trees, which formerly led directly to the Classic age of architecture in Berlin, an epoch that soon city palace of the Prussian monarchs. led the city to be called “Athens of the Spree” (in German: The Gate was constructed between 1788 and 1791 Spreeathen), after the river that runs through it. according to the designs of its architect, Carl Gotthard The Gate itself is built in sandstone and consists Langhans. His inspiration for the building came from the of twelve Doric columns, six to each side, forming five Propylaea in Athens, the monumental entry hall of the passageways. Citizens originally were allowed to use only Acropolis. Just as the Propylaea led to a shrine of the the outermost two, the central passageway being reserved ancient world, the Brandenburg Gate was to represent the for Prussian royalty and visiting foreign dignitaries. access to the most important city of the Prussian kingdom. Propylaea, entry hall of the Acropolis The Gate is built in sandstone Twelve columns, six to each side 3 21011.indd 3 6/27/11 12:44 PM Atop the gate is the Quadriga, a chariot drawn by four horses driven by Victoria, the Roman goddess of victory. It was created by Johann Gotfried Schadow, the most important sculptor in Berlin during this period. The relief on the pedestal portrays Victoria together with a number of attendants who personi- fied virtues such as friendship and statesmanship. Along with symbols of arts and sciences, these were seen as vital components ensuring the city would bloom 4 21011.indd 4 6/27/11 12:44 PM in times of peace. Down in the passageways, reliefs depicting the exploits of Hercules alluded to the time of the War and the subsequent period of reconstruction, during which time King Frederick William II had made Prussia into a true European power. Though the Brandenburg Gate has remained essentially unchanged since its completion, it has had a central role in many of Europe’s most monumental historical events. In 1806, Napoleon marched triumphantly into Berlin and Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-M10 15-327. Photo: Donath, Otto І April 1950 Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-S89875. Photo: Quaschinsky, Hans-Gunter І November 1949 5 21011.indd 5 6/27/11 12:44 PM carried the Quadriga away with him to Paris as a spoil of war. After Napoleon’s defeat in 1814 and the Prussian occupation of Paris, the Quadriga was restored to Berlin and Victoria’s wreath of oak leaves was supplemented with a new symbol of Prussian power, the Iron Cross. In 1933 the National Socialists marched through the gate in a martial torch parade, introducing the darkest chapter of German history, ultimately leaving the city in ruins and Germany divided. When Berlin was partitioned after World War II, the center of the city fell into the Soviet sector, which met the British sector at the Brandenburg Gate. After a series of demonstrations against the building of the Berlin Wall, the Soviets closed the Brandenburg Gate on August 14th, 1961. It remained closed until December 22nd, 1989, when the wall fell and East and West Berlin were unified once again. Throughout this turbulent period of history, the Brandenburg Gate had fallen into general disrepair. In 2000, the Berlin Monument Conservation Foundation (in German: Stiftung Denkmalschutz Berlin) began a full restoration of the Brandenburg Gate. It opened to the public again two 6 21011.indd 6 6/27/11 12:44 PM years and six million US dollars later on October 3rd, 2002, the twelfth anniversary of German Reunification. Today, the Brandenburg Gate is regarded as one of Europe’s most famous landmarks. Carl Gotthard Langhans (December 15, 1732–October 1, 1808) was born in Landeshut, Silesia (now in Poland). He was not originally educated as an architect. Instead he studied law from 1753 to 1757 and then mathematics and languages. He taught himself architecture using the antique texts of the Roman architecture theorist Vitruvius. His first draft of “Zum Schifflein Christi” for the Protestant Church in 1764 in Groß-Glogau earned him both his first recognition as an architect and an appointment as building inspector for the Count of Hatzfeld, whose war- ravaged palace he had rebuilt to his own design between 1766 and 1774. Through the intervention of the Count of Hatzfeld, Langhans also became known at the royal court in Berlin, and this would eventually lead to arguably his greatest work: the Brandenburg Gate. He died at Grüneiche near Breslau (now in Poland) in 1808. 7 21011.indd 7 6/27/11 12:44 PM Facts about Brandenburg Gate Location: .................................... Berlin, Germany Materials: ................................... Sandstone Architect:.................................... Carl Gotthard Langhans Date of construction: ......... From 1788 to 1791 Architectural style: .............. Classicism 8 21011.indd 8 6/27/11 12:44 PM 2x 3x 1 9 21011.indd 9 6/27/11 12:44 PM 3x 3x 2 10 21011.indd 10 6/27/11 12:44 PM 1x 1x 3 2x 11 21011.indd 11 6/27/11 12:44 PM 4 12 21011.indd 12 6/27/11 12:44 PM 1x 1x 1x 5 At the base of Brandenburg Gate lies Pariser Platz, a popular city square, which was once home to embassies, the houses of noblemen and grand hotels. At the end of World War II, the Gate was one of the few structures in the square left standing. 13 21011.indd 13 6/27/11 12:44 PM 2x 6 14 21011.indd 14 6/27/11 12:44 PM 2x 6x 7 15 21011.indd 15 6/27/11 12:44 PM 4x 6x 3x 8 16 21011.indd 16 6/27/11 12:44 PM 4x 4x 9 Shortly after the Thirty Years’ War, and a century before the Branderburg Gate was constructed, Berlin was a small walled city within a star fort with several named gates: Spandauer Thor, St. Georgen Thor, Stralower Thor, Cöpenicker. 17 21011.indd 17 6/27/11 12:44 PM 6x 10 18 21011.indd 18 6/27/11 12:44 PM 6x 11 19 21011.indd 19 6/27/11 12:44 PM 4x 12 20 21011.indd 20 6/27/11 12:44 PM 2x 13 21 21011.indd 21 6/27/11 12:44 PM 4x 14 22 21011.indd 22 6/27/11 12:44 PM 4x 15 23 21011.indd 23 6/27/11 12:44 PM 4x 16 24 21011.indd 24 6/27/11 12:44 PM 4x 17 On June 12, 1987, U.S. President Ronald Reagan spoke to West Berliners at the Brandenburg Gate, and called for his Soviet counterpart to “Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate!” 25 21011.indd 25 6/27/11 12:44 PM 2x 2x 2x 18 26 21011.indd 26 6/27/11 12:44 PM 24x 19 27 21011.indd 27 6/27/11 12:44 PM 20x 20 28 21011.indd 28 6/27/11 12:44 PM 20x 21 29 21011.indd 29 6/27/11 12:44 PM 16x 22 30 21011.indd 30 6/27/11 12:44 PM 12x 23 6x 31 21011.indd 31 6/27/11 12:44 PM 48x 24 12x 32 21011.indd 32 6/27/11 12:44 PM 4x 25 The 12 Doric columns, six on each side of the Gate, sup- port the gate’s 11 meters (36- foot) long transverse beam. 33 21011.indd 33 6/27/11 12:44 PM 1x 2x 26 34 21011.indd 34 6/27/11 12:44 PM 2x 8x 27 A complete refurbishment of the Gate was carried out in 2000, and took two years to complete at a cost of six million US dollars. 35 21011.indd 35 6/27/11 12:44 PM 8x 4x 1x 28 36 21011.indd 36 6/27/11 12:44 PM 24x 29 12x 37 21011.indd 37 6/27/11 12:44 PM 1x 2x 30 38 21011.indd 38 6/27/11 12:44 PM 4x 31 In the 1980s, decrying the existence of two German states, West Berlin mayor Richard von Weizäcker said: “The German question is open as long as the Brandenburg Gate is closed.” 39 21011.indd 39 6/27/11 12:44 PM 12x 32 40 21011.indd 40 6/27/11 12:44 PM 2x 33 41 21011.indd 41 6/27/11 12:44 PM 1x 2x 8x 4x 34 1 2 3 42 21011.indd 42 6/27/11 12:44 PM 43 21011.indd 43 6/27/11 12:44 PM 4x 1x 2x 1x 35 1 2 3 44 21011.indd 44 6/27/11 12:44 PM One of the most famous speeches given in front of the Brandenburg Gate was that of US President John F.
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