DOCSLIB.ORG

Hydrogeology in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru: Significance, Processes and Implications for Regional Water Resources

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hydrogeology in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru: Significance, Processes and Implications for Regional Water Resources Hydrogeology in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru: significance, processes and implications for regional water resources By Michel Baraër Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences McGill University, Montreal April 2012 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfilment of requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Copyright © Michel Baraër 2012 1 2 Table of content Table of content ..................................................................................................... 3 Contributions of Authors ................................................................................... 11 1. Introduction / literature review ......................................................................... 13 1.1Global glacier retreat and water resources ................................................... 13 1.2Glacial retreat in Peru .................................................................................. 14 1.3The Rio Santa and water resources .............................................................. 14 1.4Framework ................................................................................................... 16 1.5Objectives .................................................................................................... 17 1.6Approach ...................................................................................................... 17 Context of Chapter 2 within Thesis .................................................................. 19 2. Characterizing contributions of glacier melt and ground water during the dry season in a poorly gauged catchment of the Cordillera Blanca (Peru) ................. 20 2.1 Abstract ....................................................................................................... 20 2.2 Introduction ................................................................................................. 21 2.3 Study area.................................................................................................... 22 2.4 Methodology ............................................................................................... 24 2.5 Results and discussion ................................................................................ 30 2.6 Conclusions ................................................................................................. 33 2.7 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................... 35 2.8 Tables .......................................................................................................... 36 2.9 Figures......................................................................................................... 41 Context of Chapter Three within Thesis ........................................................... 45 3. Proglacial Hydrogeology in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru .................................. 46 3.1 Abstract ....................................................................................................... 46 3.2 Introduction ................................................................................................. 47 3.3 Study Site .................................................................................................... 49 3.4 Method ........................................................................................................ 52 3.4.1 General considerations ......................................................................... 52 3.4.2 Quantifying the dry-season groundwater contribution to individual watersheds ..................................................................................................... 54 3.4.3 Identifying indicators of water origin .................................................. 55 3.4.4 Identification of contributing water sources ........................................ 56 3.4.5 Evaluating spring recharge elevation ................................................... 57 3.4.6 Spring characterisation ......................................................................... 58 3.5 Results ......................................................................................................... 59 3 3.5.1 Quantifying the groundwater contribution to dry-season outflow of individual watersheds .................................................................................... 59 3.5.2 Regional indicators of water origin ...................................................... 61 3.5.3 Identification of contributing water sources ........................................ 62 3.5.4 Evaluating the elevation of spring recharge ......................................... 64 3.5.5 Spring characterisation ......................................................................... 66 3.6 Discussion ................................................................................................... 68 3.7 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 70 3.8 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................... 71 3.10 Tables ........................................................................................................ 72 Context of Chapter Four within Thesis ............................................................. 88 4. Glacier recession and water resources in Peru’s Cordillera Blanca.................. 89 4.1 Abstract ....................................................................................................... 89 4.2 Introduction ................................................................................................. 89 4.3 Study Site .................................................................................................... 91 4.4 Methodology ............................................................................................... 92 4.4.1 Data acquisition and screening ............................................................ 92 4.4.2 Trend analysis ...................................................................................... 94 4.4.3 Trend interpretation model ................................................................... 96 4.4.4 Assessing influence of precipitation on discharge trends .................. 100 4.4.5 Estimation of glacier coverage ........................................................... 101 4.4.6 Model parameterization and validation .............................................. 103 4.4.7 Model sensitivity to glacier retreat scenarios ..................................... 104 4.4.8 Potential future hydrologic impacts of glacier retreat ........................ 105 4.5 Results and discussion .............................................................................. 106 4.5.1 Changes in glacierized area ................................................................ 106 4.5.2 Trends in discharge parameters .......................................................... 107 4.5.3 Precipitation influence on discharge trends ....................................... 109 4.5.4 Model validation ................................................................................ 110 4.5.5 Model simulations .............................................................................. 111 4.5.6 Glaciers’ potential to further influence hydrological regimes ........... 114 4.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 116 4.7 Acknowledgments..................................................................................... 118 4.9 Tables ........................................................................................................ 119 4.10 Figures..................................................................................................... 129 5. Summary, Conclusion and Direction for Future Research ............................. 135 6. References ...................................................................................................... 139 4 Abstract The retreat of the glaciers of Peru’s Cordillera Blanca is a potential threat to the human, ecological and economic welfare within the Rio Santa watershed. In a context of increasing stress on regional water resources, the relative contributions of groundwater – a major component of the region’s dry-season stream flows - remain poorly characterised and oversimplified in existing hydrological models. By characterising both the variability of the groundwater contribution in space and time, identifying the major relevant hydrogeological processes, and using these data to produce a new mass balance based hydrological model, I investigate to what extent the forecasted loss of volume of the Andean glaciers will affect regional hydrological regimes. The use of hydrochemical, isotopic and hydrological methods shows that groundwater is a major component of the dry- season stream discharge that drains the glacierized valleys of the Cordillera Blanca. This contribution is highly dependent on the preceding two to four years’ precipitation. Spatially, it correlates with the watershed glacier cover. Talus slopes are identified as a key component of the groundwater system since they act as buffering units that collect water from areas at higher elevations and release it slowly, allowing connected springs to remain active during the dry season. Integrating the groundwater specific discharge estimated from the groundwater contribution evaluation, the modeling exercise suggests that seven of nine study
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Water Clusters in Plants. Fast Channel Plant Communications. Planet Influence
    Vol.1, No.1, 1-11 (2010) Journal of Biophysical Chemistry doi:10.4236/jbpc.2010.11001 Water clusters in plants. Fast channel plant communications. Planet influence Kristina Zubow1, Anatolij Viktorovich Zubow2, Viktor Anatolijevich Zubow1* 1“Aist Handels- und consulting GmbH”, R&D Department, Groß Gievitz, Germany; *Corresponding Author: [email protected] 2Department of Computer Science, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany; [email protected] Received 19 April, 2010; revised 30 April, 2010; accepted 7 May 2010. ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION In tubers of two potato cultivars and in one ap- It is well known, that in the bulk water molecules form ple cultivar, water clusters, consisting of 11 ± 1, clusters [1]. Though clusters were discovered in bio- 100, 178, 280, 402, 545, 715, 903, 119, 1351, 1606 logical matrices [2] until now there isn’t still a method and 1889 molecules, were directly (in-vivo) by which clusters in plants can be identified during analyzed by gravitation spectroscopy. The growth in-vivo. By Okonchi Shoichi [3] it was suggested, clusters’ interactions with their surroundings that water molecules are in the form of clusters in living during plant growth in summer 2006 in Germany organisms. In Figure 1 computer models of some water were described where a model represents the clusters are given. In our laboratory, we developed a states of water clusters in bio matrices. Fur- gravitation spectrometer for water cluster identification thermore, a comparison with clusters in irriga- in bio-matrices of plants [4-6]. Knowing the state of tion water (river, rain) is given. To achieve a high water clusters in plants could be helpful for understand- and good quality yield it is necessary to choose ing the relation between biochemical processes at nano- the right irrigation water that has to correspond scale level during growth and qualitative yields.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Cluster Ensembles As Interface to the Structure of Epicenter and the Earthquake Mechanism on the Jawa Island  ´ S
    id4277265 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com ISSN : 0974 - 7524 Volume 7 Issue 3 Physical CCHHEEAMMn InIIdSSiaTnT JRoRurYnYal Trade Science Inc. Full Paper PCAIJ, 7(3), 2012 [87-95] Water cluster ensembles as interface to the structure of epicenter and the earthquake mechanism on the Jawa island ´ s. 112 ´ e.) (8 73 36 K.Zubow2, A.Zubow1, V.A.Zubow2* 1Dept.of Computer Science, Humboldt University Berlin, Johann von Neumann Haus, House III, 3rd Floor, Rudower Chaussee 25, D-12489 (BERLIN) 2«A IST H&C», Dept.R&D, D-17192 Groß Gievitz, Dorfstraße, 3, (GERMANY) E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Received: 6th December, 2011 ; Accepted: 7th January, 2012 ABSTRACT KEYWORDS The long-range order (LRO) in underground water (North Germany) that Water; was excited by gravitation was investigated in the period of August 13th to Clusters; 14th, 2009. The average molecular mass of water clusters, the forms of the Epicenter; Structure; base water cluster (H2O)12 and of the Chaplin cluster (H2O)280, were found to correlate with a series of gravitation excitation which is connected with Earthquake; the earthquake on the Java island. It has been investigated how earth- Mechanism; quakes at distance influence the general energy capacity of the water Jawa. cluster ensembles. A mechanism describing generation and development of gravitation tensions in the epicenter on Java as the result of changed hydrogen bridges in water under the influence of impulse pressure up to 0.46 GPa has been suggested.
    [Show full text]
  • BEYOND the STATUS QUO: 2015 EQB Water Policy Report
    BEYOND THE STATUS QUO: 2015 EQB Water Policy Report LAKE ST. CROIX TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction . 4 Health Equity and Water. 5 GOAL #1: Manage Water Resources to Meet Increasing Demands . .6 GOAL #2: Manage Our Built Environment to Protect Water . 14 GOAL #3: Increase and Maintain Living Cover Across Watersheds .. 20 GOAL #4: Ensure We Are Resilient to Extreme Rainfall . .28 Legislative Charge The Environmental Quality Board is mandated to produce a five year water Contaminants of Emerging Concern . .34 policy report pursuant to Minnesota Statutes, sections 103A .204 and 103A .43 . Minnesota’s Water Technology Industry . 36 This report was prepared by the Environmental Quality Board with the Board More Information . .43 of Water and Soil Resources, Department of Agriculture, Department of Employment and Economic Development, Department of Health, Department Appendices available online: of Natural Resources, Department of Transportation, Metropolitan Council, • 2015 Groundwater Monitoring Status Report and Pollution Control Agency . • Five-Year Assessment of Water Quality Degradation Trends and Prevention Efforts Edited by Mary Hoff • Minnesota’s Water Industry Economic Profile Graphic Design by Paula Bohte • The Agricultural BMP Handbook for Minnesota The total cost of preparing this report was $76,000 • Water Availability Assessment Report 2 Beyond the Status Quo: 2015 EQB Water Policy Report Minnesota is home to more than 10,000 lakes, 100,000 miles of rivers and streams, and abundant groundwater resources. However, many of these waters are not clean enough. In 2015, we took a major step toward improving our water by enacting a law that protects water quality by requiring buffers on more than 100,000 acres of land adjacent to water.
    [Show full text]
  • 2Nd Annual Report Cluster Topic Water and Water Resources
    2nd Annual Report Cluster Topic Water and Water Resources Submitted by Akanda, A., Amador, J., Boving, T.*, Craver, V., Guilfoos, T., Johnson, K., Lohmann, R., Opaluch, J. * Contact: Tom Boving ([email protected]) May 31, 2014 A. Background Life on Earth depends on water and there is simply no substitute for it. Yet, humanity has degraded or depleted many sources of water and is now confronted with a severe water crisis that already affects large parts of the World. Humanity's response to the water crisis requires that scientists, engineers, economist and policy makers to work together and develop effective and sustainable strategies for managing this essential natural resource. For the foreseeable future, it is of vital importance to strive for an understanding of the compleX connections between the various compartments of the environment that influence the availability and quality of water on local and global scales. In an area that is critical to the Rhode Island and the world, and equally important, to student learning and future employment, the study of water enhances the magnitude and impact of learning and discovery at the University of Rhode Island. Consequently, URI decided to invest into a cluster of three new faculty positions that strategically address the most pressing issues of the 21st century: Safe, Sustainable, and Secure Water. The following provides an overview of the activities that completed the hiring process of three new water cluster faculty members. It also provides a perspective on the activities of the water cluster faculty during the Academic Year 2013/14. B. Summary of Activities The “Water Cluster” is a university wide initiative in which four Colleges (CELS, COE, A&S and GSO) and ten departments (BIO, CHE, CHM, CVE, GEO, LAR, NRS, PSC, PLS, and WRT) and several eXtension and outreach programs proposed to hire three new faculty members.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:2012.00131V1 [Cs.LG] 30 Nov 2020 Long-Range Interactions [10]
    HydroNet: Benchmark Tasks for Preserving Intermolecular Interactions and Structural Motifs in Predictive and Generative Models for Molecular Data Sutanay Choudhury Jenna A. Bilbrey Logan Ward [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Sotiris S. Xantheas Ian Foster Joseph P. Heindel [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Ben Blaiszik Marcus E. Schwarting [email protected] [email protected] Abstract Intermolecular and long-range interactions are central to phenomena as diverse as gene regulation, topological states of quantum materials, electrolyte transport in batteries, and the universal solvation properties of water. We present a set of challenge problems 1 for preserving intermolecular interactions and structural motifs in machine-learning approaches to chemical problems, through the use of a recently published dataset of 4.95 million water clusters held together by hydrogen bonding interactions and resulting in longer range structural patterns. The dataset provides spatial coordinates as well as two types of graph representations, to accommodate a variety of machine-learning practices. 1 Introduction The application of machine-learning (ML) techniques such as supervised learning and generative models in chemistry is an active research area. ML-driven prediction of chemical properties and generation of molecular structures with tailored properties have emerged as attractive alternatives to expensive computational methods [20, 24, 23, 32, 31, 7, 14, 16, 22]. Though increasingly used, graph representations of molecules often do not explicitly include non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding, which poses difficulties when examining systems with intermolecular and/or arXiv:2012.00131v1 [cs.LG] 30 Nov 2020 long-range interactions [10].
    [Show full text]
  • Ionization Dynamics of the Branched Water Cluster: a Long-Lived Non-Proton-Transferred Intermediate
    Title Ionization dynamics of the branched water cluster: A long-lived non-proton-transferred intermediate Author(s) Tachikawa, Hiroto; Takada, Tomoya Computational and theoretical chemistry, 1089, 13-20 Citation https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comptc.2016.05.008 Issue Date 2016-08-02 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/71126 © 2016. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license Rights http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Rights(URL) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Type article (author version) File Information Tachikawa-CTC(1089).pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP Ionization Dynamics of the Branched Water Cluster: A Long-lived Non-Proton-transferred Intermediate Hiroto TACHIKAWA*a and Tomoya TAKADAb aDivision of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan bDepartment of Bio- and Material photonics, Chitose Institute of Science and Technology, Bibi, Chitose 066-8655, Japan Manuscript submitted to: Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Section of the journal: Article Running title: Reaction rate of proton transfer Correspondence and Proof to: Dr. Hiroto TACHIKAWA* Division of Materials Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-8628, JAPAN [email protected] Fax +81 11706-7897 Contents: Text 15 Pages Figure captions 1 Page Table 1 Figures 7 Graphical Abstract 1 Highlights 1 Ionization Dynamics of the Branched Water Cluster: A Long-lived Non-Proton-transferred Intermediate Authors: Hiroto TACHIKAWA*a and Tomoya TAKADAb aDivision of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan bDepartment of Bio- and Material photonics, Chitose Institute of Science and Technology, Bibi, Chitose 066-8655, Japan Abstract: The proton transfer (PT) reaction after water cluster ionization is known to be a very fast process occurring on the 10-30 fs time scale.
    [Show full text]
  • IOB Evaluation
    IOB Evaluation Tackling major water challenges Policy review of Dutch development aid policy for improved water management, 2006-2016 IOB Evaluation | no. 418 | Tackling major water challenges | IOB Evaluation | no. 418 | Tackling major water challenges | IOB Evaluation | no. 418 | Tackling major water challenges IOB Evaluation Tackling major water challenges Policy review of Dutch development aid policy for improved water management, 2006-2016 December 2017 Tackling major water challenges Preface Improved water management is a priority of the development aid policy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands. It is a complex field of Dutch foreign policy that must deliver on global commitments in different national and local contexts, and also involves other parts of the Dutch government and water sector. This review gives insights into how the Dutch aid policy was carried out, and how effectively and efficiently it was implemented. In doing so, it distinguishes water management in agriculture, (sub) national water management and transboundary water management. In addition to these thematic areas, the review studies the integration of cross-cutting policy themes: climate change, environment, governance, gender and women’s participation. It also assesses the contribution to the overarching policy objective of poverty reduction. The involvement of the Dutch water sector is also reviewed. The policy review was undertaken by a three-member IOB team led by the IOB coordinating policy evaluator Rita Tesselaar. The other members were Stephen Turner, independent consultant, and Pim de Beer, IOB policy evaluator. Among the information sources for the review were four IOB country case studies conducted by Stephen Turner, together with the other members of the IOB team and a national expert for each of these four studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Revealing Water's Secrets: Deuterium Depleted Water
    Goncharuk et al. Chemistry Central Journal 2013, 7:103 http://journal.chemistrycentral.com/content/7/1/103 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Revealing water’s secrets: deuterium depleted water Vladyslav V Goncharuk, Alina A Kavitskaya, Iryna Yu Romanyukina and Oleksandr A Loboda* Abstract Background: The anomalous properties of water have been of great interest for generations of scientists. However the impact of small amount of deuterium content which is always present in water has never been explored before. For the first time the fundamental properties of deuterium depleted (light) water at 4°C and 20°C are here presented. Results: The obtained results show the important role of the deuterium in the properties of bulk water. At 4°C the lowest value of the kinematic viscosity (1.46 mm2/s) has been found for 96.5 ppm D/H ratio. The significant deviation in surface tension values has been observed in deuterium depleted water samples at the both temperature regimes. The experimental data provides direct evidence that density, surface tension and viscosity anomalies of water are caused by the presence of variable concentration of deuterium which leads to the formation of water clusters of different size and quantity. Conclusions: The investigated properties of light water reveal the origin of the water anomalies. The new theoretical model of cluster formation with account of isotope effect is proposed. Keywords: Deuterium depleted water, Surface tension, Viscosity, Water clusters Introduction At zero°C the ice structure has all hydrogens in a Foroverthousandyearswaterkeptitssecrets.Atthe “bonded” state. With the gradual increase of temperature first glance water seems to be one of the most simple thenumberofbrokenwaterhydrogenbondsincreases and abundant substances, however in addition to H2Oit too.
    [Show full text]
  • An Assessment of Southwestern Pennsylvania's Water Sector
    An Assessment of Southwestern Pennsylvania’s Water Sector i Acknowledgements The United Nations Environment Programme appointed Pittsburgh to serve as North America’s Host City for World Environment Day 2010. In deploying its chosen theme and strategy, Water Matters!, the Pittsburgh World Environment Day Partnership commissioned Fourth Economy to develop this 2010 report. Pittsburgh’s H2Opportunity: An Assessment of Southwestern Pennsylvania’s Water Sector was made possible through the support of The Alcoa Foundation and generous funders of the Pittsburgh World Environment Day Partnership including: Bayer Corporation, Bayer USA Foundation, The Benter Foundation, Buhl Foundation, Claude Worthington Benedum Foundation, The Heinz Endowments, Hillman Foundation, LANXESS, and Richard King Mellon Foundation. The Pittsburgh World Environment Day Partnership was facilitated by Sustainable Pittsburgh. Special thanks to the committee that provided direction for this report. They included: David Dzombak, Carnegie Mellon University Tim Fogarty, Innovation Works Court Gould, Sustainable Pittsburgh Michael Matesic, Idea Foundry Tim McNulty, Carnegie Mellon University Dave Nakles, Carnegie Mellon University Bill O’Rourke, Alcoa Rich Overmoyer, Fourth Economy Jerry Paytas, Fourth Economy Jeanne VanBriesen, Carnegie Mellon University Dennis Yablonsky, Allegheny Conference on Community Development Jeaneen Zappa, Allegheny County Printed on 100% post-consumer recycled paper Table of Contents Executive Summary .............................................................................................................2
    [Show full text]
  • Increasing Innovation in America's Water Systems
    Increasing Innovation in America’s Water Systems August 2017 Executive Council on Infrastructure Water Task Force Steve Bartlett Former U.S. Representative Former Mayor Henry Cisneros Former Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Former Mayor Patrick Decker President & CEO, Xylem, Inc. George Heartwell Former Mayor Aldie Warnock Senior Vice President, American Water Staff Michele Nellenbach Director of Strategic Initiatives Sarah Kline Fellow Andy Winkler Senior Policy Analyst Jake Varn Policy Analyst Bryce Campanelli Intern 1 bipartisanpolicy.org Table of Contents 3 Introduction Condition of Water Infrastructure in the United States Water Sector Is Starved for Innovation 6 Realizing the Benefits of Innovation Create Efficiency Meet Regulatory Requirements Adapt to Emerging Pressures 12 Barriers to Innovation Risks Costs Regulations Fragmentation 18 Recommendations Increase Regional Collaboration Incentivize Performance Directly Support Research and Development Reduce Regulations That Unnecessarily Deter Innovation 25 Endnotes ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was supported by the Executive Council on Infrastructure and a grant from the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation. For more information, visit www.mott.org. DISCLAIMER The findings and recommendations expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views or opinions of the Bipartisan Policy Center’s founders or its board of directors. bipartisanpolicy.org 2 Introduction America leads in producing cutting edge technologies in nearly every field, from self-driving cars to advanced medical
    [Show full text]
  • Structures and Properties of the Self-Assembling Diphenylalanine Peptide Nanotubes Containing Water Molecules: Modeling and Data Analysis
    nanomaterials Article Structures and Properties of the Self-Assembling Diphenylalanine Peptide Nanotubes Containing Water Molecules: Modeling and Data Analysis Vladimir Bystrov 1,* , Jose Coutinho 2, Pavel Zelenovskiy 3,4 , Alla Nuraeva 3, Svitlana Kopyl 5 , Olga Zhulyabina 6 and Vsevolod Tverdislov 6 1 Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology, Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, RAS, Pushchino, Moscow 142290, Russia 2 Department of Physics & I3N, University of Aveiro, Campus Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; [email protected] 3 School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620000, Russia; [email protected] (P.Z.); [email protected] (A.N.) 4 Department of Chemistry & CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal 5 Department of Physics & CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; [email protected] 6 Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; [email protected] (O.Z.); [email protected] (V.T.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 11 August 2020; Accepted: 27 September 2020; Published: 10 October 2020 Abstract: The structures and properties of the diphenylalanine (FF) peptide nanotubes (PNTs), both L-chiral and D-chiral (L-FF and D-FF) and empty and filled with water/ice clusters, are presented and analyzed. DFT (VASP) and semi-empirical calculations (HyperChem) to study these structural and physical properties of PNTs (including ferroelectric) were used. The results obtained show that after optimization the dipole moment and polarization of both chiral type L-FF and D-FF PNT and embedded water/ice cluster are enhanced; the water/ice cluster acquire the helix-like structure similar as L-FF and D-FF PNT.
    [Show full text]
  • And Magnetic-Activated Water and Its Influence on the Workability and Mechanical Properties of Cement M
    sustainability Article Preparation of Electric- and Magnetic-Activated Water and Its Influence on the Workability and Mechanical Properties of Cement Mortar Kaiyue Zhao 1, Peng Zhang 1,2,*, Bing Wang 1,3, Yupeng Tian 1, Shanbin Xue 1 and Yuan Cong 1 1 School of Civil Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China; [email protected] (K.Z.); [email protected] (B.W.); [email protected] (Y.T.); [email protected] (S.X.); [email protected] (Y.C.) 2 Center for Durability & Sustainability Studies of Shandong Province, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China 3 Qingdao Municipal Construction Group, Qingdao 266000, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Cement-based materials prepared with activated water induced by a magnetic field or electric field represent a possible solution to environmental issues caused by the worldwide utilization of chemical admixtures. In this contribution, electric- and magnetic-activated water have been produced. The workability and mechanical properties of cement mortar prepared with this activated water have been investigated. The results indicate that the pH and absorbance (Abs) values of the water varied as the electric and magnetic field changed, and their values increased significantly, exhibiting improved activity compared with that of the untreated water. In addition, activated water still retains activity within 30 min of the resting time. The fluidity of the cement paste prepared with electric-activated water was significantly larger than that of the untreated paste. However, the level Citation: Zhao, K.; Zhang, P.; of improvement differed with the worst performance resulting from cement paste prepared with Wang, B.; Tian, Y.; Xue, S.; Cong, Y.
    [Show full text]