GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS 831 Coatings for toys Under a proposed new EEC directive [122], apart from physical, mechan• ical and flammability constraints, toys will be subject to control of their chemical composition by limiting the bioavailability of a range of heavy metals (on a daily intake basis). The numerical relationship between the acceptable daily intake and the corresponding concentration of the rele• vant components in the coating, is currently under discussion as a topic for a revision of European Standard EN 7l. This will have a knock-on effect on European national legislation once it achieves an adoptable form. Transport There are separate international recommendations for the transport of dangerous goods multimodally, by sea, by air, by road and by rail. These continue to be developed but there is evidence of increasing harmonisa• tion with UN recommendations [65]. Mostyn has compiled a series of guides [123], bringing together the various route requirements for the main UN classes of dangerous goods. Light gauge metal packaging, made of steel or tin plate (thickness less than 0.5 mm) is extensively used in the conveyance of printing inks. From 1989 such packaging will be subject to regulations for sea, air, and international road/rail transport and will be required to pass performance tests and bear an official mark as evidence of compliance 1124].

GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS

ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ACOIN Australian Core Inventory ACTS Advisory Committee on Toxic Substances (to HSE) ADR Accord europeen relatif au transport international des merchandises Dangereuses par Route CEFIC European Council of Chemical Manufacturers' Federations CEPE European Committee of Paint, Printing Ink and Artist's Colour Manufacturers Associations CIA Chemical Industries Association CIMAH Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards COSHH Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (proposals) CPL Classification, Packaging and Labelling of dangerous sub• stances regulations (SI 1984, No. 1244, as amended) ECETOC European Chemical Industry Ecology and Toxicology Centre ECOIN European Core Inventory EINECS European Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances EPA (US) Environmental Protection Agency FDA (US) Federal Drug Administration 832 HEALTH, SAFETY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

HASAWA See HSW HAZCHEM (CIA voluntary scheme for vehicle marking - Dangerous goods) HMIS Hazardous Material Identification System HSC Health and Safety Commission HSE Health and Safety Executive HSW Health and Safety at Work, etc Act 1974 IMDG International Maritime Dangerous Goods (code) IMO International Maritime Organisation lATA International Air Transport Association MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet NAPIM (US) National Association of Printing Ink Manufacturers NFPA (US) National Fire Protection Association NIOSH (US) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (Dept of Health and Human Services) NPCA (US) National Paint and Coatings Association OEL Occupational exposure limits OSHA (US) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (Dept of Labour) OTS (US) Office of Toxic Substances (EPA) PIAC Printing Industry Advisory Committee (to HSE) PMA Paintmakers Association (of Great Britain) PRA Paint Research Association (Teddington) RIDDOR Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occur• rences Regulations RTECS Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (NIOSH) SBPIM Society of British Printing Ink Manufacturers SI Statutory instrument (UK) TLV Threshold limit values (established by ACGIH) TREMCARD Transport Emergency Card (Trademark CEFIC) TSCA (US) Toxic Substances Control Act TWA Time-weighted average (applied to OELs)

REFERENCES

1. Lord Robens. Safety and Health at Work: Report of the Committee 1970-1972. Command Publication 5034. HMSO, (July 1972). (ISBN 010 1503407) 2. Health and Safety at Work, etc. Act 1874: Chapter 37. (ISBN 010 543 774 3) 3. Health and Safety Commission. HSC 3: Health and Safety at Work, etc. Act 1974, Advice to employers, Reprinted 1985. (Free) 4. Health and Safety Commission. HSC 2: Health and Safety at Work, etc. Act 1974. The Act outlined. Reprinted 1985. (Free) 5, Control of Pollution Act 1974: Chapter 40, 6. Statutory Instrument 1980, No. 1709. Control of Pollution (Special Waste) Regulations 1980. (ISBN 0 II 007 709 I) 7. Sale of Goods Act 1979: Chapter 54. 8. Statutory Instrument 1974, No. 1367, The Toys (Safety) Regulations 1974. ISBN 0110413679. 9. Statutory Instrument 1974, No. 226, The Pencils and Graphic Instruments REFERENCES 833

(Safety) Regulations 1974. (ISBN 0 II 040 226 X) 10. European Community. Directive 85/374/EEC: On the approximation of the law, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States con• cerning liability for defective products. Official Journal of the fiuropean Com• munities L210, 29- 3 3. (07.08.85). II. Department of Trade and Industry. Implementation of EC Directive on Product Liability. An Explanatory and Consultative Note. November 1985. 12. Consumer Protection Bill as amended in Committee (House of Lords 59). 1987. (ISBN 010 405 907 7) 13. Health and Safety Executive. Guidance Note EH 40187.' Occupational t'xposure Limits 1987. (ISBN 0 118839403) (1987). 14. European Chemical Industry Ecology and Toxicology Centre. Technical Report NO.4: The ToxicoloBY of Ethylene Glycol Monoalkyl Fthers and its Relevance to Man. (1982). Report No. 17. The ToxicoloBY of Glycol Fthers and ils relevance 10 Man: (an updating of ECETOC Technical Report No.4). (1985). IS. Health and Safety Executive. Toxicity Review No. 10: Glycol Flhers. (ISBN 0 II 883807 5) (1985). 16. Health and Safety Executive. Guidance Nole EH 44.' Dust in lhe Work Place: General Principles of Protection. (ISBN 0 II 883 598 X) (1984). 17. Health and Safety Executive. MDHS 14: General methods for the gravi• metric determination of respirable and total dust. (ISBN 071 760 1420) 18. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values and BioloBical Exposure Indices for 1986-87. (ISBN 0 936 712(94) ( 1986). 19. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist). Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values, 4th ed. (ISBN 0 936 712554) (1986). 20. Statutory Instrument 1983 No. 1649. The Asbestos (Licensing) Regulations. (ISBN 0 II 037 649 8) (1983). 21. Health and Safety Executive. Guidance Note EH 10: Asbestos - Control Umits. measurement of Airborne Dust Concentrations and the Assessmel1l of Control Measures (revised). (ISBN 0 II 883 596 3) (1984). 22. Commission of the European Communities. ConstructinB LINECS. Basic documents: European Core Inventory (ECOIN), vols I-IV. (ISBN 92 825 2454 X) (1981 ). 23. CommIssion of the European Communities. Construction EINECS. Basic Documents: Compendium o(Known Substances, vols I-Ill. (ISBN 92 825 245') 8) (1981 ). 24. Statutory Instrument 1982, No. 1496. The Notification of New Substances Regulations 1982. (ISBN 0 II 027 496 2) 25. Health and Safety Executive. Health and Safety Booklet HS(R) 14. A Guide 10 the Notification of New Substances Regulations 1982. (ISBN 0 II 883 660 9) ( 1982). 26. Health and Safety Commission. Approved Code of Practice No. IO. Methods jLJr the Determination of Toxicity. (ISBN 0 II 883 657 9) (1982). 27. Health and Safety Commission. Approved Code of Practice No.9. Methods for the Determination of Physico-chemical Properties. (ISBN 0 II 883 655 2) (1982). 28. Health and Safety Commission. Approved Code of Praclice N,J. 8. Methods/or the Determination of Ecotoxicity. (ISBN 0 II 883 656 0) (1982). 29. Statutory Instrument 1980, No. 1248. The Control of Lead ilt Work Regula• tions 1980. (ISBN 0 I I 007 248 0) 30. Health and Safety Commission. Approved Code of Practice. Control of Lead al Work, 2nd edn. (ISBN 0 II 883 780 X) (1985). 31. Statutory Instrument 1983, No. 943. The Health and Safety (Emissions into the Atmosphere) Regulations 1983. (ISBN 0 II 036 943 2) 834 HEALTH, SAFETY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

32. Health and Safety Executive, Guidance Note EH28: Control of Lead: Air Sampling Techniques and Strategies. (ISBN 0 II 883 393 6) (1981). 33. Fire Precautions Act 1971. Chapter 40. (ISBN 10 544071 X) and Home Office: Guide to the Fire Precautions Act 1971: 2. Factories. (ISBN 011 340441) 1977. 34. Statutory Instrument 1976, No. 2003. Fire Certificates (Special Premises) Regulations 1976. (ISBN 0 II 062 003 8); and Statutory Instrument 1976, No. 2008. The Fire Precautions (Application for Certificate) Regulations 1976. (ISBN 0 II 062 008 9) 35. Home Office: Consultative Document: A Review of the Fire Precautions Act 1971 (ISBN 0 86 252194 7) (July 1985); Fire Safety and Safety of Places of Sport Bill, as amended in Committee Bill No. 107 (ISBN 010 310 7878) (1987). 36. Statutory Instrument 1972, No. 917. The Highly Flammable Liquids and Liquefied Petroleum Gases Regulations 1972. (ISBN 011 020917 6) 37. Department of Employment. Highly Flammable Liquids and Liquefied Petroleum Gases: Guide to the Regulations 1973. (ISBN 0 11 360904 3) (1973). 38. Health and Safety Executive. Guidance Note CS 2: The Storage of Highly Flamm• able Liquids. (ISBN 0 11 883027 9) (Jan. 1977). 39. Health and Safety Executive, Guidance Note CS 17: Storage of Packaged Dan• gerous Substances. (ISBN 0 11 883526 2) (Jan. 1986). 40. Health and Safety Executive. Health and Safety Booklet No. HS(G)4. Highly Flammable Liquids in the Paint Industry. (ISBN 0 11 883 219 0) (1978). 41. Health and Safety Executive. Health and Safety Booklet No. HS(G)22. Electrical Apparatus for Use in Potentially Explosive Atmospheres. (ISBN 0 1 I 883 746 X) (1984); Health and Safety Booklet No. HS(R) 15 rev. Administrative guidance on the European Community 'Explosive Atmospheres' Directive (76/117/ EEC and 79/196/EEC) and Related Directives, 2nd edn. (ISBN 0 II 8838806) ( 1987). 42. Health and Safety Commission. Consultative Document: Proposed Changes to Section 6 of the Health and Safety at Work, etc. Act 1974. (ISBN 0 7176 02257) (1984). 43. Statutory Instrument 1978, No. 209. Packaging and Labelling of Dangerous Substances Regulations 1978. (ISBN 0 11 083209 4) 44. Statutory Instrument 1984, No. 1244. Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Dangerous Substances Regulations 1984. (ISBN 0 II 047244 6) 45. Statutory Instrument 1986, No. 1922. Classification, Packaging and Label• ling of Dangerous Substances (Amendment) Regulations 1986. (ISBN 0 11 067922 9) 46. Health and Safety Commission: Authorised and Approved List: Information Approved for the Classification, Packaging and labelling of Dangerous Substances for Supply and Conveyance by Road. (ISBN 0 II 883 712 5) (1984). 47. Health and Safety Commission. Revision No.1 to the Approved List (Information Approved for the Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Dangerous Substances). (ISBN 0 II 883888 I) (1986). 48. Health and Safety Executive. Health and Safety Series Booklet HS(R)22. A Guide to the Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Dangerous Substances Regulations 1984. (ISBN 0 II 883 794 X) (1985). 49. Health and Safety Commission. Approved Code of Practice: Classification and Labelling of Substances Dangerous for Supply and/or Conveyance by Road. (ISBN 0118837737) (1984). 50. Health and Safety Commission. Packaging of Dangerous Substances for Conveyace by Road. (rev. 1): Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Dangerous Substances Regulations 1984 Approved Code of Practice. (ISBN 0 II 883 904 7) (1987). REFERENCES 835

51. European Community. Proposal for a Council Directive: 85/C211 103 Official Journal of the European Commuities, 22 August 1985, pp. 3-15. 52. Health and Safety Executive. Health and Safety Booklet HS(G)27. Substances for Use at Work: The Provision of Information (ISBN 0 II 883 844 X) (1985). 53. Health and Safety Commission, Printing Industry Advisory Committee. Chemicals in the Printing Industry: The Provision of Health and Safety Information by Manufacturers, Importers and Suppliers of Chemical Products to the Printing Industry. (ISBN 0 I I 883852 0) (1986). 54. For example: Health and Safety Executive. Guidance Note EH I 6: Isocyanates Toxic Hazards and Precautions. (ISBN 011 883 581 5); Guidance Note EH22. Ventilation of Buildings (ISBN 0 II 883 190 G) (1979).; Guidance Notel:H26. Occupational Skin Diseases (ISBN 0 II 833 374 X) (1981). 55. For example: Health and Safety Executive. Toxicity Review NO.2. Formaldehyde. (ISBN 0 II 883 452 5) (1981); Toxicity Review No. 14: Review of the Toxicity ofthc Esters of a-phthalic Acid (Phthalate Esters). (ISBN 0 II 883 8598) (1986). 56. Department of Transport. European agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road. ADR 1985 edn. (ISBN 0 II 55(7353) ( 1986). 57. Chemical Industries Association. CEFIC Tremcards, Reference edn (1979); CEFIC Tremcards, Reference edn Supplement (1982). 58. CEFIC. CEFIC Transport Emer:.qency Cards, Group Text. 1st edn. (1980). 59, Chemical Industries Association, Tremcard numbers and ADR Appendix B5, A Guide to Selecting CEFIC Tremcards, 60. Statutory Instrument 1981. No, 1059. The Dangerous Substances (Con• veyance by Road Tankers and Tank Containers) Regulatiom 1981. (ISBN (110170598) 61. Statutory Instrument 1984, No. 1244. The Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Dangerous Substances Regs 1984, (ISBN 0 I 1 047244 6) 62. Statutory Instrument 1978, No, 209. The Packaging and Labelling of Dangerous Substances Regulations 1978, (ISBN 0110832(94) 63, Statutory Instrument 1986, No, 1951, The Road Traffic (Carriage of Danger• ous Substances in Packages etc) Regulations 1986. (ISBN 0 I I 067 951 2); Health and Safety Commission. Approved Code of Pracllcc. Operational Provi• sions of the Road Traffic (Conveyance of Dangerous Substances in Pa(kagcs, etc) Regulations 1986. (ISBN 0 I I 883 898 9) (1987), Health and Safety Executive: llealth and Safety Booklet HS( R)24.· A Guide to the Road Traffic (Dangerous Substances in Packages, etc.) Regulations 1<)86 (ISBN 0 I I 883899 7). (1987). 64, Health and Safety Commission. Consultative Documel1l: Proposals J(lT Dangerous Substances (Conveyance by Road in Packages etc) Regulations 198~ (ISBN 071 760181 I) (1984), 65. United Nation,. Transport of Dangerous Goods: RC(OmJ11C1ldatll'J1S of the COI11- mittel' of Experts 011 the Transport o(Dangerous Goods, 4th rn. cdn. (ISBN 921 139022 2) (1984). 66. International Maritime Organisation. International Maritime Goods Code; Medical First Aid Guide for Use in Accidents Involving Dangerous Goods (1985); Emergency Procedures for Ships Carrying Dangerous Goods. (1985). 67, International Air Transport Association. Dangerous Goods RequlatioJ1S, 28th cdn. (ISBN 92 9035 072 5) (1987). 68. Health and Safety Commission, Consultative DocumCllI. COl1trol ,If Substances Hazardous 10 Health. Draft Regulations and Draft Approved (,,,it's of Practit'e. (ISBN 0 7176 0215 X) (1984). 69. EEC Council Directive: 80/1107/EEC: On the Protectioll of Workers from 836 HEALTH, SAFETY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

the Risk Related to Exposure to Chemical. Physical and Biological Agents at Work. 70. EEC Council Proposal: 86/C 164/04: On the Protection of Workers from the Risks Related to Exposure to Chemical. Physical and Biological Agents at Work (COM(86) 296 final). 71. Statutory Instrument 1984, No. 1902. The Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazard Regulations 1984. (ISBN 0 II 047 902 5) 72. Health and Safety Executive. Health and Safety Series Booklet No. HS(R) 21: A Guide to the Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards Regulations 1984. (ISBN o 11 8837672) (1985). 73. Health and Safety Executive. Health and Safety Booklet No. HS(G)25: The Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards Regulations 1984. (CIMAH): Further Guidance on Emergency Plans. (ISBN 0 II 883831 8) (1985). 74. Statutory Instrument 1982, No. 1357. Notification of Installations Handling Hazardous Substances Regulations 1982. (ISBN 0 II 027 357 5) 75. Health and Safety Commission. Consultative Document: Dangerous Substances (Notification and Marking of Sites) Regulations and Guidance Note. (ISBN 0 11 883486 X) (1985). 76. Chemical Industries Association. Hazard Identification. A Voluntary Scheme for the Marking of Tank Vehicles Carrying Dangerous Substances by Road and Rail, Rev. edn. (1976); Chemical Industries Association. Hazchem Codings, 2nd edn. (1978). 77. Statutory Instrument 1981, No. 917. The Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981. (ISBN 011 016917 4). 78. Statutory Instrument 1985, No. 2023. The Reporting of Injuries Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1985. (ISBN 0 11 058023 0) 79. Health and Safety Executive, Health and Safety series booklet, HS(R)23: A Guide to the Reporting ofInjuries and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1985 (RIDDOR). (ISBN 011883858 X) (1986). 80. Health and Safety Executive. HSE 11 (Rev): Reporting an Injury or a Dangerous Occurrence. (1986). (Free)_ 81. Health and Safety Executive. HSE 17: Reporting a Case of Disease. (1986). (Free) 82. Department of Employment. Code of Practice: Reducing the Exposure of Employed Persons to Noise. (ISBN 0 II 880340 9) (1972). 83. EEC Council Directive: 86/l18/EEC: On the Protection of Workers from the Risks Related to Exposure to Noise at Work 1986. 84. British Standards Institution. Draft for Development: DD 80. Laboratory Fume Cupboards: Part 1 1982 Safety Requirements and Performance Testing; Part 2 1982 Recommendations for Information to be Exchanged between Purchaser, Vendor and Installer and Recommendations for Installation; Part 3 1982 Re• commendations for Selection, Use and Maintenance. 85. Statutory Instrument 1977, No. 500. The Safety Representatives and Safety Committees Regulations. (ISBN 011 070500 9) 86. Health and Safety Commission. Safety Representatives and Safety Committees. (ISBN 0 II 8803352) (1977) 87. Health and Safety Commission. HSC 9: Time Off for the Training of Safety Representatives. (1978). (Free) 88. Health and Safety Commission. HSC6 (revised): Writing a Safety Policy State• ment: Advice to employers. (1985). (Free) 89. Health and Safety Executive. Effective Policies for Health and Safety. A Review Drawn from Previous Work and Experience of the Accident Prevention Unit of HM Factory Inspectorate. (ISBN 0 11 883254 9) (1980). 90. Health and Safety Executive. Health and Safety Policy Statement. (ISBN 0 11 REFERENCES 837

8838822) (1986). 91. Health and Safety Commission: Printing Industry Advisory Committee. Health and Safety for Small Firms in the Printing Industry. (ISBN 0 II 8838512) ( 1986). 92. Society of British Printing Ink Manufacturers. Guide to Mataials and Sub· stances for Exclusion from Printing Inks and Varnishes. (February 1986). 93. Statutory Instrument 1980, No. 1838. The Emulsifiers and Stabilisers in Food Regulations 1980. (ISBN 0 II 007838 I) 94. Statutory Instrument 1980, No. 1831. The Antioxidants ill Food (Amend• ment) Regulations 1980. (ISBN 0 II 007831 4) 95. Statutory Instrument 1973, No. 1340. The Colouring Matter in Food Regulations 1973. (ISBN 01103134(2) 96. Statutory Instrument 1967. No. 1582. The Solvents in Food Regulations 1967. 97. Statutory Instrument 1978, No. 1927. The Materials and Articles in Contact with Food Regulations 1978. (ISBN 0 II 084927 2) 98. Editorial. American Ink Maker 58(9),21 (September 1980). 99. Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Food and Drug Administration (published annually). 100. Statutory Instrument 1974, No. 1367. The Toys (Safety) Regulations 1974. (ISBN 0 II 041 3679) 101. Statutory Instrument 1974, No. 226. The Pencils and Graphic Instruments (Safety) Regulations 1974. (ISBN 0 II 040 226 X) 102. Health and Safety Commission; Printing Industry Advisory Cummittl'l'. Safety in the Use of Inks, Varnishes and Lacquers Cured bv U/tra-vi(llet Ugh!. (ISBN 0 II 883678 I) (1983). 103. O'NeilL Leonard A. Health and Safety, Environmental Pollution and the Pail1l Industry, 2nd edn. Paint Research Association, (1981). 104. O'Neill, Leonard A. Health and Safety, Ellvironmel1lal Polluti(l/1 and the Pail1l Industry, Supplement to the 2nd edn of 1981. Paint Research Association ( 1986). 105. O'Neill, Leonard A. Survey o(Hazards, Pollution and Legislation in Ihe Coatings Field. Paint Research Association (Quarterly Bulleton No. I May 1986. No.2 August 1986, NO.3 November 1986, No.4 February 1(87). 106. Toxic Substance Control Act 1976. 107. US Environmental Protection Agency; Office of Toxic Substances; Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Chemical Substances Inventory, vols 1- Y. (Jan uary 1986). 108. Department of Home Affairs and the Environment. Australian Core InVCl1lorv of Chemical Subslam'cs (ACOIN). Canberra (1984). 109. United Nations Environmental Program. I RPTC Dala Profile Series NO.4. Interional Register o( Potentially Toxic Chemicals Legal File, vob I & I!. (1983). 110. International Labour Office. Occupational Exposure Limits lor Airborne Toxic Substances, 2nd edn. (1980). I II. US Department of Health and Human Services, National InstitUte lor Occupational Safety and Health. Registry 01 Toxic EficClS of Chemical Substances. 112. (Japanese) Ministry of Labour. Industrial Safety and Hygiene Law, 8 June 1972; Regulation for Prevention of Injury by Specified Chemical Substances, 30 September 1972; Regulation for Prevention of Injury by Specified Powders and Dusts 25 April 1979. 113. (Japanese) Ministry of Labour. Regulation lor Preventioll of Poisoning by Organic Solvents, 30 September 1972. 114. (Japanese) Ministry of International Trade and Industry. Chemical Sub- 838 HEALTH, SAFETY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

stances Inspection and Control Law, 16th October 1973. 115. Handbook of Existing and New Chemical Substances, 2nd edn. The Chemical Daily Co., Tokyo (March 1987). 116. (US) 29 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 1910.1200 November 1985. 117. National Association of Printing Ink Manufacturers. HMIS: Guidelines for a Hazardous Materials Identification System for Raw Materials. (December 1984). 118. United Nations: Economic Commission for Europe. Regulations and Legisla• tion on Food Additives and Chemicals for Food Packaging. ECEICHEMI54. (1984). 119. CEPE Criteria for Evaluation of Coatings in Direct Contact with Food A Summary of Existing Legislation and Practice in Europe Coatings for Metal Substates. (1985). 120. Nederlandse Vereniging-Federatie voor Kunststoffen. Translation of the fifth version of the draft packaging and food-utensils regulations (food laws). (1975). 121. Kunststoffe im Lebensmittelkverkehr. Carl Heymans Verlag (1984). 122. European Community: Proposal for a Council Directive on the Approxi• mation of the laws of the member states concerning the safety of Toys COM(86) 541 final. Official Journal of the European Communities C282 pp. 4-13 (8 November 1986). 123. H. Mostyn Packaging. Dangerous Goods for Transport: General Guide; Guide to Class 3; Guide to Class 6.1; Guide to Class 6.2; Guide to Classes 8 and 9. Aurigny Ltd (1986). 124. PIRA Packaging Division: Light gauge metal packagings for the transport of dangerous goods. Summary report of project 52/SP/28. PK/DEID23. March 1987. (A full report was issued at the same time under the reference PKIDEI 024). Index

Illustrations are indicated by rderence to a Figure in brackeh. The word bis following a page reference indicates two separate rderences to the subject on that page. The word passim means that the references arc scattered throughout the pages indicated. Page numbers in bold indicate that more than a few lines arc devoted to the subject in the text. Proprietary products are indicated by the symbol * immediately following a name. The absence of such a symbol, however, docs not mean that proprietary rights may not exist in a particular name. a-k fit test 695 Acid resistance 709 Abbe refractometer 716 (Fig. 14.7) Acid value Abel apparatus 721, 722 (Fig. 14.13) of resins 711-2 Abietic acid 193 of varnishes 716 Abrasion resistance Acidity see pH of printed metal containers Acids 267,268-9 (Table4.19) 749-51 Acigrai* process 4') of prints 8, 741 ACOIN (Australian Core Inventory) Abrasiveness, of gravure inks 739 817 Abridged spectrophotometers 91 Acrylates 218, 272 - 5 passim Absorbency, of paper 65 difunctional, as diluellts 541,542 Absorption drying 5 (Table 10.7) Aceto-acetarylamides III, 113 on SBPIM exclusion list 825,826 (Table 4.2) skin irritation and sellsitisation Acetone 234,242,376,391 from 825 flammability limits 793 trifunctional, as diluent, 542-4 (Table 15.4) Acrylic acid 266 Acetophenone derivatives, as Acrylic coated polypropylene films photoinitiators 275,530-1 415,469-70 (Table 10.5) Acrylic monomers, odour of 264 Achromatic separation, 86-7,87 Acrylic resins 216-8 (Fig. 3.11) in flexographic inks 453,464,578 in screen printing 507 in fluorescent inks 425 Acid anhydrides 267,268-9 in gravure inks 387,408,415 (Table 4.19) in jet inks 569 Acid dyes 172-4,710 in litho inks 331 Acid process, for refining linseed oil. in metallic inks 423 185 in overprint varnishes 406-7 840 INDEX

in screen inks 488, 503 American Association of Textile in water based inks 458 Chemists and Colorists 172 reaction with polyamides 210 American Newspaper Publishers styrenated 422 Association 305 Activated charcoal 43 American Society for Testing Materials, Adams and Nickerson's equation 97 standards 191 Additive primaries 78-9,80 Amines, use in photoinitiator systems (Fig. 3.5) 275,529,533,535 Adhesive lamination 394-5,395 Amino resins (see also Melamine• (Fig. 7.7),472 formaldehyde resins; Urea• testing of prints for 746-7 formaldehyde resins) 50 I Adhesion identification of 754 of flexographic inks 446 Amphoteric surfactants 264 of screen inks 486-7,511 Amyl salicylate, as reodorant 265 Adhesive nature of inks 6-7 Analysis of inks 751-79 Adhesive tape test 446 Anatase titanium dioxide 157 Adhesive tapes, inks for 470 Aniline black 180 Adhesives, laminating 394-5 Aniline point 723 Adsorption chromatography 762 Aniline printing 435 Agglomerates, in pigments 594 Anilox inking 364 Aggregates, in pigments 594 Anilox proofers 439,443,739,740 Aggregation, of pigment particles 85 (Fig. 14.19) Alcohol, in fountain solutions 22 Anilox rollers 44,436 Alcohols, as solvents 231-2,238-9 ceramic 479 (Table 4.16), 376 in drawdowns 102 Aldehyde resins 388 Anionic surfactants 263 Alkali and Works Regulations 1906, ANLab equation 97 783 Anodising, of aluminium based Alkali Blue G. 146-7 plates 26 Alkali refining, of linseed oil 185 ANPA (American Newspaper Alkali resistance 169 Publishers Association) 305 testing for 708-9 Anthraquinone scarlet 138 Alkalinity, of paper 65 Anthraquinonoid blue 148 Alkalis, usc in inks 265-7,266 Antifoam, anti-foaming agents see (Table 4.18) Dcfoaming agents in letterpress inks 286 Anti-glare varnishes 577 Alkanolamines, as chelating agents Anti-mist additives 161,294,304, 261 326 Alkyd ratio 332 Antioxidants 261,294 Alkyd resins 186,202-5,291, 330-3 in gravure inks 393 passim, 349 in litho inks 340- I, 359 in litho inks 319, 320 Anti-pinhole agents, in gravure in metal decorating inks 588 inks 393 in screen inks 490,493,500,505 Anti-setoff powders modified 188, 189 alternatives to 341, 365 Alumina extender 384 avoidance of excess 67,341 Alumina hydrate 160 calcium carbonate used as 158 Aluminium chclates 342 cause of reduced gloss 361 Aluminium foil see Foil polytetrafluoroethylene used Aluminium linings 345 as 251 Aluminium pigments 161-2 starches used as 199 in gravure inks 385,424 used in carton printing 347, 348 in rub-removable inks 509 used in printing impervious Aluminium silicate 159 substrates 349 INDEX 841

uscd with lettcrprl'~s ink~ 285 cylinder preparation 40 bis 302 Banbury mixers 616 uscd with litho inks 356 Bank note printing 60, 583-4 Anti-scttle agents 161 Barium sulphate, as 100';t" white Apparcnt viscosity 669,674,675 object 7(),9() (Fig. 13.9) Basic dyl'~ 174-7.71 () Applicator bars, for liquid inks Bauml' scale, lor measuring strength of testing 729, 730 (Fig. 14.15) etch solution,> 41 Aromatic content, 01 solvents 72 I, Bead milb 367,377, hOO. 612, 723 633-43 Aromatic hydrocarboJh 229- 31 guarding 01 816 Artificial daylight, for colour Beer-Lambert Law 758, 774 matching 814 Beeswax 255-6 Arylide yellows, I I 1-2, I I I Bl'iistein test lor halogl'1h 754.755 (Table 4.1) Bl'ntolle* 489 Asbestos dust, regulations lor 788 Bentollite 159 Asphalts 198, 199,351 Bentonite clay~ 294 Asphaltum solution 294, 304 Bellz-a-pyrene 298 ASTM (American Socil't y for Testing Ikl1Zidinl'~ I 16 Materials) standards 19 I Iknzil kl'tals, as pholOinitiators 275, Atomic absorption spel'lroscopy 726, 280, 528 772-774 Bl'llZil, as photoinitiatol 275 Attritor mills 634 Benzimidazolone pigments Auraminl' 175 brown 154 Australian Core Inventory orange 119 (ACOIN) 817 properties oj 170- I (Table 4.8) Authorised and Approved List reds 134-137passim, 139 798-9,805 Benzoic acid 268 Autoclave inks 582 Benzoin, as photoinitiator 280 Automatic process control see Proccss Benzoin l'ther~, as control photoinitiators 280,531 Automation, in ink manufacture 367, B l' n z() p hell () ne 655-6 as aid to reducing viscosity 544 helped by dcvclopml'nt of granular as photoinitiator 275,278,528- 32 pigmcnt forms 366 passim in a gravure plant h60-664 BHT (butyjated hydroxytoluenl') ncws inks 645 261. 340 programs for 60h Bisphelloj A 219,538.755 weighing 651 Bituml'llS 198,199,351 Autoxidation process 261,316-8 Black-body radiation 71 Auxochromes 84 Black pigml'llts (.1'('(' dls,' Carbon blacks), AZl'otropes 227 154-6 Azo Magenta G 137-8 in gravure inb 385 properties oj 167 (Table 4.6) Back-trapping (see also Trapping) Black printer 79,86 328,382,693 Blade coated papl'ls \99,400 Bactericides, in gravure inks 376 Blanc fixe 159,28') Baking, to extend life 01 lithographic Blankets, lor litho printing 23,311. pate~ 27 312 (Fig. 6.3),313 Ball and ring apparatus 713 cause of slur in litho printing 33 Fig. 14.6) Blankl't-to-blankl't press 25 milb 377,611-2,644 Bleach resist a nce +8 l ) guarding 01 815-6 Bleach technique, lor ,1ssessml'nt oj Ballard skin techniqul', lor gravure pigment strength 378.705 842 INDEX

Bleeding of pigments 398 BS 391: 1962, specification for tung Blister packs 506 oil 186 Block wax 254 BS 458: 1977, specification for Blocked catalyst systems 525 xylenes 228 Blocked isocyanates 220 BS 508: 1966, specification for Blocking (see also Set -off) n-butanol 232 causes of 478 BS 658: 1962, determination of fatty acid amides used to prevent distillation range 721 252 BS 684: Section 2.13: 1981, general means of prevention of determination of iodine 230,429 value 183 in foil printing 409,410,429 BS 805: 1977, specification for in screen printing 511 toluenes 228,230 plasticisers used to prevent 245 BS 950: 1967, artificial daylight for testing for 429,745,746 colour matching 814 (Fig. 14.24) BS 1733: 1955 (withdrawn), flow waxes used to prevent 249 cups 677 Bloom, on UV lacquers 275,551 BS 2000: Part 34: 1983, flash point Blowing compounds 580 determination by Pensky-Martens Blown oils 186 closed tester 722 Blue pigments 142-149 BS 2663C: 1961, grey scale 708 in gravure inks 384 BS 2782:Part 1: Method 123B: 1976, in litho inks 330 ball and ring method 713 properties of 166 (Table 4.5) BS 3020: 1959, letterpress process Blue Wool Scale 169,707 inks 129 Blushing, in nitrocellulose based BS 3110: 1959, methods for flexographic inks 452 measuring the rub resistance of Boa 500 mill 638,641 (Fig. 12.28) print 287, 742 Board, flexo printing of 47 BS 3483: Part B6: 1982, Board marking inks 575 determination of matter volatile at Body of litho inks 323 105°C 704 Bodying agents 161, 224 BS 3483: Part B7: 1982, Bodying, of linseed oil 185 determination of oil absorption Boil-in-the-bag packaging 395,417, value 704 470,747 BS 3591: 1985, specification for Boiled oils 185 methylated spirits 231 Boiling range, of solvents 721 BS 3755: 1964, odour and taint BON red pigments 126-31 passim testing 748 Book printing 308 BS 4160: 1967, letterpress process Bordeaux red pigments 124 inks 297 Boron trifluoride, as photoinitiator BS 4321: 1969, methods of test for 536 printing inks 169,707,708,709 Bottles, printing of 52,499-502 his, 741 Bridging agents 192, 292 BS 4666: 1971, litho process Bridging solvents see Co-solvents inks 95, 129,508 British Resin Manufacturers BS 4781: Part 1: 1973, specification Association 192 for self-adhesive plastic labels British Society for Rheology 667 498 British Standards Institute BS 6455: 1984, monitoring residual proposed method for calculating solvent levels in flexible packaging colour difference 98 materials 770,771 specifications for bitumens 199 Bronze blue 145-6 BS 188: 1977, determination of in gravure inks 384,397,410 viscosity 676,677 use of driers with 260 INDEX 843

Bronze linings, 345 Calcium driers 259 Bronze powers 162 Calcium perborate driers 341, 359 in gravure inks 385,423-4 Calendered papers 399,402 Brookfield viscometer 379, 717 for postage stamps 421 Brown iron oxides 152- 3 Canddilla wax 257 Brown pigments 152-4 Canon bubble-jet 56, 57 (Fig. 2.33) Brunner control strips 30 CAP see Cellulose acetate propionate Bubble tubes, for viscosity Capillary gas chromatography 766 measurement 718 Capillary viscometers 676 Bubbling Caprolactam 209 ingravure 371 Capsule foil 410 in screen printing 486, 5 I I Carbazole violet 150- I in UV cured films 536 Carbitol* 241 Buhler mills, 627 (Fig. 12.20),638 his, Carbon blacks 154-5 639 (Fig. 12.26),661 (Fig. 12.41) in letterpress inks 290 663 (Fig. 12.43) in news inks 645-7 Bulk value, of pigments 169 in UV inks 272 Business cards 19 exposure limits for 788 (Table Butanol see n-butyl alcohol 15.3) 2-butanone see Methyl ethyl ketone Carbon paper inks Butoxyethanol. exposure limits for lanolin used in 257 786 (Table 15. I) nigrosine dyes used in 180 Butterfly mixers 606,607 (Fig. 12.9). waxes used in 249,253,255,256 617 Carbon tissue 40 n-butyl acetate 244 Carbonising inks see Carbon paper inks exposure limits for 787 (Table Carcinogens 175 15.2) Carmine FB 121 n-butyl alcohol 232,238 Carnauba wax 256,257 exposure limits for 787 Carpet tiles 54, 582 (Table 15.2) Carpets, printing of 181 flamability limits 793(Table 15.4) Carriers, component of toners 59, Butyl Carbitol* 241 563 Butyl Cellosolve* 241 Carrimed viscometers 681 Butyl Digol* 241 Carry-over piling )5~ ButylOxitol* 241 Cartons 35 Butyl ricinoleate 248 gravure inks for 407-9 Butyl rubber, in stereos for gravure printed 39,44 flexography 440 litho inks for 347-9,742 Butylaldoxime 261 litho printed 309,329.363.365 Butylated hydroxyanisole 261 pigments for 117.121.122 Butylated hydroxy toluene 261, 340 Casci n in coated papers 66 CAB (cellulose acetate butyrate) in water based inks 458 224 Casson's equation 682- 3 Cadmium, usc in inks discontinued Cast-coated papers 359 430 Castor oil 187.191-2 Cadmium red 131 usc as plasticisers 248 Cadmium yellow 116, 383 Catalogue printing 310.402-3 Calcium carbonate extenders 158, Catalytic inks (see also Two-pack inks) 289 for screen printing 488, 50 I. 504 in gravure inks 375,384 Cathode ray tube 57 in paper coatings 340 Cationic polYIllerisation 536 in UV curing varnishes 551 Cationic suriactants 263 exposure limits for. 788 (Table 15.3) Cavitation mixers 610.648 844 INDEX

CEO (cohesive energy density) 226 in gravure printing 39 CEI 12/66, letterpress process colours in heatset printing 35,356-7 297 China clay 159 CEI 13-67, litho process colours 95 in gravure inks 375,384 Cellosolve* 241 China wood oil see Tung oil Cells China, decoration of 53 in anilox rollers 45 Chinese blue 145-6 in gravure cylinders see Gravure cells Chinese white 156 Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) Chips see Pigment chips; Nitrocellulose 224 chips Cellulose acetate propionate (CAP) Chlorinated para red 121, 290 224,386-7,415,417 Chlorinated rubber 212 in flexographic inks 452 in gravure inks 388,402,403,419 Cellulose ethers see Ethyl cellulose; Chroma, in the Munsell colour system Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose 95,96 (Fig. 3.19) Cellulose films 462 Chromatic adaptation 75 gravure inks for 416 Chromaticity co-ordinates 82,84,95 flexographic inks for 462 - 5 Chrome scarlet 131 Cellulose gum 225 Chrome yellows 115-6,450,513 Cellulose inks, early type of screen Chromium antimony titanium buff ink 490 rutile 153 Cellulose nitrate see Nitrocellulose Chromium plating, of gravure Central impression presses 441 cylinders 42 Centrifugal sedimentation, for particle Chromophores 84 size measurement 702 Churchill tackmeter 686, 688 Ceramic inks 498, 499 CICI (Confederation of Information Ceramic rollers, in flexography 45 Communication Industries 10 Ceramic tiles, as standards in CIE colour difference equations 97 colorimetry 90 CIE (Commission lnternationale de Ceresin wax 254 l'Eclairage) 71, 84 Cerium driers 293 CIE system 79 Chain terminators 209 CIELab equation 97,98 Chalking 295 Cigarette cartons, printing of 407, in litho printing 359 408,411, 742 of radiation curing links 731 Cigarette tip inks see Cork tip inks Channel black 155 Citroflex* plasticisers 245 Chases Clamshell, type of platen press 12 in letterpress forme production 15 Classification, Packaging and Labelling in rubber plate making 48 (CPL) Regulations 791,800,802, Cheese, resistance of inks to 169,741 805,807 Chelating agents Clean Air Acts 783 in varnishes 595 Clean colours 100 use as ink additives 260- 1 Cleveland open cup 722 Chemical diffusion transfer plates 28 Close-cut, of distillates, meaning of Chemical drying (see also Oxidation 228 drying; Radiation curing) CMC (sodium carboxymethyl assisted by infrared cellulose) 225 radiation 524-5 Co-ball mills 638,664 Chemical Industries Association, guide Co-solvency 226 to Tremcards* 799 Co-solvents 334,354,357,358,360 Cheques in screen inks 488 inks for 156,174,199,233,584 in varnishes 594 security inks for 172, 215 Coated paper 61, 66 Chill rollers scumming with, in offset INDEX 845

printing 22 Colour triangle 79,82 (Fig. 3.7) Cobalt driers 258-9,260,293, Colour vision 72,74 335-6 Column chromatography 721, 756 legislation relating to 808 Comics, inks for 175, 815 Cobden Chadwick Ltd, novel Commission Internationale de development ill flexographic press l'Edairage (CIE) 71,84 design 48 Common impression cylinder 14, 15 Cobra mills 638,661. 663 (Fig. 12.43) Common impression press 47,48 Coextruded films 413,468-9 (Fig. 2.28) Cohesive energy density 226 [or web offset 25 Cold cut varnishes 597-8 Communication, to achieve Cold seal packaging 397-8,413, satisfactory print 67-68 414,418,455,747-8 Computer colour matching 91, 94, adhesives for 387,415,476 102-7 inks for 748 Computers, in ink manufacture see Coldset inks (see also News inks) 308, Automation 315,350-1,358 Conductive inks 514,576 storage 01 648 Conductivity, ofjet inks 567 delivery of 655 Cone and plate visconll'ters 321, 322 Collapsible tubes 588, 590 (Fig. 6.7),680- L 717 Collotype printing I I, 60 Confederation of In lor mati on Colorimeters 89-90,90 (Fig. 3.13) Communication Industries. The Colorimetric tests, in analysis 754 10 Colour atlases 95 Conical Bend Test apparatus 750 Colour bars, in litho colour printing Consistency, of litho inks 323 33,33 (Fig. 2.18) Consumer protection sec Product Colour blindness 72 liability Colour change inks see Thermochromic Contact angle 262,263 (Fig. 4.2), inks; Sterilisation indicator inks; 310,311 (Fig. 6.2) Invisible inks Continuousjet 54,55 (Fig. 2.) I). 567 Colour charts 94- 5 (Fig. 11.3) Colour circle 70,95,100,100 Continuous stationery 19,282 (Fig. 3.22) Continuous tone illustrations 16 Colour difference 95-8 Continuous tone positive 42 Colour filters 89,90 Continuous tone wedge 30 Colour Index Contraves visconll'tl'rs 681 brief description of arrangement in Control of Industrial Major Accident 85 Hazards Regulatiom 808-9 classification used in 173 Control of Pollutioll Act 782-4 (Table 4.9) Control of Substances Hazardous to mentioned 110,163,383 Health (COSHH) 800-2 Colour match prediction 91, 94, Control strips, in platemaking 30 102-7 Conventional gravure lTlls 6),64 Colour matching (see also Computer (Figure 2.42) 88 Colour matching) 98-102 Conveyance labelling 802-4,809 Colour measurement 88-94 Cooked varnishes 3)2,595-7,714 Colour separations 86,87 (Fig. 3.11) Copal resins 198 in litho printing 33 Copper ferrocyanide blue, 148-9 Colour space 95,96 (Fig. 3,19),97 Copper ferrocyanide pink 133 (Fig. 3.20) Copper powder 162 Colour standards 95 Copperplate inks sec Intaglio inks Colour strength 2, 70, 85 Cork tip inks 407 acceptdllce of variMiom in, by pigmcnts lor I I'; customer 97 Corona, in electrophotography 59 846 INDEX

Corona discharge treatment 466 Deep freeze resistance 244,375,387 Corrugated board, flexo printing testing for 709- 10 of 49,67 Defoaming agents 268-70,456,477, Corrugated cases 282,285,296,458 511 COSHH (Control of Substances Dehydrated castor oil (DCa) 187-8, Hazardous to Health) 807-8 191 Coumarone resins 205 De-inking 299 Crabtree-Vickers keyless inking Delta plastic viscosity test 695 systems 305 Densitometers Crazing, in printing of plastics 511 for colour control on the press 33, Credit cards 506 34 Crosfield Electronics Ltd 38,43 for measurement of colour, 90- I, 92 Crown closures 586, 587 (Fig. 3.15 and Fig. 3.16) Crows' feet, in gravure 371 for measurement of dot gain 30,88 Crystal violet 15 I Density, solid Curing, definition of 515 in colour reproduction 31-2 Cushion-back, in flexo plate mounting related to reflectance 90 49 Deodorants 264-5 Customs and Excise, Commissioners Desensitisers, in fountain solutions of 231 21, 22 Cutting and creasing 67 Design, of print 67,68 Cutting mills, in pigment chip Detergent resistance 169,487 manufacture 615 testing for 708 Cyclised rubber 213,331, 347,400 Dextrin 199 in fluorescent inks 425 Di-litho printing 311 Cyclohexan~ 232,238 Diacetone alcohol 235 Cyclohexanone 235,242 DIAF tackmeter 688 exposure levels for 808 Dianisidine orange 118 in screen inks 511 Dianol* diacrylate (DDA) 274,276 Cyclohexanone oxime, as antioxidant Diarylide orange 118 261 Diarylide yellows I 12 - 5, 113 Cylinder press, in screen printing 51, (Table 4.3), 114 (Table 4.4) 51 (Fig. 2.30) in screen inks 489 Diarylmethylaniline yellow 175 Dampening systems see Damping Diazo brown 153 systems Diazo coatings, for lithographic plates Damping systems, in litho printing 26 20-22,363 Diazonium salts, as photoinitiators Darocur* photo initiators 280 536 Daventest dynamic friction tester 745 DIBP (diisobutyl phthalate) 247 Daylight see Artificial daylight; North dibutyl phthalate (DBP) 247 daylight Dichroism 77 DBP (dibutyl phthalate) 247 Dichromatism 174 DCHP (dicyclohexyl phthalate) 247 Dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) 247 DCa (dehydrated castor oil) 187-8, Dielectric loss tangent 521 191 Diels-Alder reaction 195,269 DDA (Dianol* diacrylate) 273,276 Diene value 717 De-aeration, in ink manufacture Diethanolamine 266 606,608 (Fig. 12.10) 2, 2-diethoxy acetophenone (DEAP), Dean and Stark apparatus, 719 as photoactivator 279 Decalcomania 499,504-5 Diethylene glycol 233,239 DEAP (2, 2-diethoxy acetophenone), Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether as photoactivator 279 241 Deep-etch plates 27 Diffuse reflectance 70,94, 103 INDEX 847

Diffusion transfer plates 28 63-4 Digol* 239 Doctor streaks 63 Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) 247 DOl' (dioctyl phthalate) 247 Diisooctyl phthalate (DIOP) 247,504 Dot gain 30- 1,68,88, 326, 359-60 Dilatancy 670,672 (fig. 13.6) dependence on tack 328 Diluents dependence on yield value 692 definition of 226 Dot generation, by clect ronic in litho inks 334 means 88 in radiation curing inks 274-5, Dot size (sec also dot gain) 29- 30 276-7 (Table 4.2 1),525,540-4 Dot skip see Speckle quality control of 725 Double tone inks 172,584 Dilution-viscosity curves, for Doubling, ill lithographic printing 33 flexographic inks 444 (Fig. 8.2) Doughnut, appearance of prints ill Dimn acid 210 half-tone gravure 63 Dimerised rosin 196 Draeger tubes 77<).785-6 Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) 247 Draisal*. grinding medium 642 Dimethyl salicylic acid, as laking (Fig. 12.29) agent 175 Draiswerke bead mil" 635-42 passim DIN 16539, standard for litho process Draiswerke GmbH. introduce glass inks 508 media for bead mills 634 Dinitroaniline Red I 17 Draize ratings. of l1lonomers 273. Dioctyl phthalate (DOP) 247 274,825 DIOP (diisooctyl phthalate) 247,504 Drawdowm 101-2.382 Dioxazine violet pigments 150-2 for assessing strength of trial Dioxitol* 241 pigments 705 Dipole moments 521 for testing liquid inks 729 Dipropylene glycol 233,240 Drawn and redrawll (DRD) cans 587 Direct dispersion 641 Drawn and wallironl'd (DWI) cans Direct dyes 710 587-8 Direct image plates 29 Drier absorption, in litho inks 358 Dirty colours 100 Driers (catalysts) 258-60 Dirty working, print fault in absorbed by chanllel blacks 155 flexography 477 absorbed by white extenders 160 Dispersants (see also Hyperdispersants) in boiled linsccd oil 186 use in gravure inks 393 in letterpress inks 285.293 Disperse dyes 180- 3,580 in litho inks 335-9 Dispersers, high speed 619 - 2 I in scrcell inks 49() Dispersion forces, ill ,>olvents 226 not needed with iron blue Dispersion of pigments (see also Milling) pigments 146 how achieved 593-594 quality control of 726 micrographs showing extent of Driers (equipment) set' Dryer) 627,629-31 (Fig. 12.22),702 Driographic* plates 29 (Fig. 14.1) Driography* 364 testing lor 287,445, 704, 727 Drop on demand jet printing see Display advertising 53 Impulse jet print ing Dissolvers, type of mixer 617 Dry offset (sec alwl.ettcrset), llsed for Distillates see Petroleum distillates metal decorating 585 DMP (dimethyl phthalate) 247 Dryers (cquipment) DNA Orange 117 in flexographic printing 47,441 Doctor blades in gravure printing 39 in gravure 35,37-8,40,370 in heatset prillting 35 in keyless inking 306 in PYdC coating 396 in three-roll mills 625 in screcn priming 484 streaking in gravure caused by Drying (.ICC als(1 Absorption drying; 848 INDEX

Oxidation drying; Evaporation pollution control 784 drying; Chemical drying; toys safety 820 Radiation curing; Heatset drying; Effluent 458,782-3 Penetration drying; uv curing; Efflux flow cups see Flow cups Electron beam curing) 5-6, EHEC see Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose 515-6 EINECS (European Inventory of of flexographic inks 443-5 Existing Chemical Substances) of letterpress inks 285-6, 303 788-9 of screen inks 484-5 Einstein, unit of radiation 518 tests for 321,444,445 Elaeostearic acid 183,186 Drying oils 183-9 Electro-curtain*, electron beam curing in litho inks 330-4 passim, 335 equipment 558 oxidation of, catalysed by lead Electrodeless lamps 555 chromes 116 Electrolytic deposition, in gravure Drying time of inks, tests for 732 - 3 cylinder preparation 39 Duct feed, in rotary letterpress 283 Electrolytic etching 43 design of 694 Electromagnetic radiation 517-9, Duncan Lynch press 105 519 (Table 10.2) Duncan's work on K/S values 103 Electron beam curing Duplicate plates radiation sources for 516, 517, 520 in letterpress printing 17-8 equipment design 557,558 rubber plates for flexo 48 mechanism of 532 Duplicator inks 187,191 Electron beam curing inks (see also UV Dupont bead mills 634,635 curing inks) 271, 365,525-52 Dusts compared with UV curing inks 552 exposure limits for 788 testing of 731 (Table 15.3) safety in use 825 hazards of 788,814 Electron beam engraving systems 43 Dycril* plates 17 Electron microscopy 702,777-8 Dye toners 199 micrographs 702 (Fig. 14.1), Dyes 84, 172-83 703 (Fig. 14.2) in flexographic inks 448-9,456-8 Electron spectroscopy for chemical in gravure inks 371, 385 analysis (ESCA) 777 in ink manufacture 616 Electronic engraving 48,374 in jet inks 568 (Fig.7.4) in textile transfer inks 580 Electrophotography 56-9,58 testing of 710 (Fig. 2.34), 563-6, 564 (Fig. II. I ) Dyno mills 637 print recognition 65 printability 67 Easily dispersible (ED) pigments Electroplating, in gravure cylinder 114,366,401-2,601 preparation 39 ECGIN (European Core Inventory) Electrostatic imaging 563 788-9 Electrostatic plates 28 ED pigments see Easily dispersible Electrostatically assisted ink transfer pigments 38,67 Edible oils, resistance of inks to 169 Electrotype, type of duplicate plate 18 EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra acetic Embossing, characteristic of letterpress acid) 261, 342 printing 284 EEe legislation 826 Embossment 61 food additives 828 Emulsification, in litho labelling 390, 796-7 cause of various printing problems new substance notification 789 352-5 passim occupational exposure limits 230, control of 332-3 813 effect of, on flow and tack 695 INDEX 849

excessive, caused by high pH of exposure levels for 808 fount solutions 22 flammability limits 794 (Table fundamental to success of litho 15.4) process 311 Ethyl cellulose 222, 382. 386,452 importance in small offset 346 in textile transfer inks 581 influenced by viscosity of inks Ethyl Oigol* 241 312-3,326 Ethyl glycol 241 problems caused by calcium ions Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC) 342 223,382,386,400,402 promoted by surfactants 262 in screen inks 4')0 Emulsion systems 261 Ethyl lake red C. orange pigment I I') high-solids 266-7 Ethylene diarnine tetra acetic acid En 71 (European standard on toys (EOTA) 261. 342 safety) 831 Ethylene glycol 232,23') Enamels, in ceramic inks 499 exposure limits lor 787 Encapsulated perfume inks 265,571 (Table 15.2),808 Environmental monitoring 778-9 Ethylene glycolll1onoethers 240- I Environmental Protection Agency Ethylene oxide indicator inks 583 (EPA) 826 Erucamide 252 Eosine 174 Eugenol 261 Epichlorohydrin 2 19 European Core Inventory (ECOIN) Epoxide resins see Epoxy resins 788-9 Epoxyacrylates 272,275,537 European Inventory 01 Existing in UV curing resists 575 Chemical Substances (EINECS) Epoxy-amine systems 788-') in flexographic inks 475 European Standard EN 71, safety 0\ in gravure inks 414 toys 831 Epoxy ester resins 50 I Evaporation drying ).44 Epoxy resins 218-20 of litho inks 3 I 5 identification of 755 Evaporation rate, 01 solvellts 227. in combination with reactive 376.38'),391-2 (Table 7.1) polyamides 210,498,50 I Exclusion list see uncia Society of in two-pack inks 469 British Printing Ink Manufacturers Esacure EB3*, 280 Expandable inks 580 Escolol 507*,279 Explosion limits 792 _. 3 Essential oils, as reodorants 265 Explosives Act 22 I Ester gum 194 Exposure limits sec Occupational Ester interchange 332, 598 exposure limits Esters, as solvents 235,243,244 Extenders 156-61 Etching, of letterpress plates 16-7, in f1exographic inks 450 17 (Fig. 2.7) in gravure inks )75,384 of gravure cylinders 40-2 in litho inks 330 Etch resists, for printed circuit properties or 168 ilablc 4.7) boards 573 Ext rusion coating 3')6.473 Ethanol, exposure limits for, 787 Extrusion lamination 3')5-6,3')6 (Table 15.2) (Fig. 78). 473 Ethoxyethanol 234, 390, 513 Eye 72,76 (Fig.3.2) exposure limits for 786 (Table 15.1 ) Fabric mesh see Meshes Ethoxyethyl acetate, exposure limits Facsimile transmissioll, lise ill for 786 (Table 15.1) producing laser exposed plates Ethoxypropanol acetate 243 28-9 Ethoxypropanols 234 Factories Act 1'161 813,814 Ethyl acetate 235,243,244,376,391 Falling rod viscometers 681-3 850 INDEX

diagrams of 682 (Fig. 13.12), Flax. as source of linseed oil 184 720 (Fig. 14.12) Flexibility for determination of apparent of metal decorating inks 750 viscosity, 684 (Fig. 13.13) of printed films, test for 743 mentioned 287, 321, 717 Flexographic inks 3-4.435-80 operating range of 322 (Fig. 6.7) formulating principles 447-56 Falling sphere viscometers 676-7, manufacture of 608-16 717 Flexographic plates 46. 48-9 Fanal* pigments see PMTA pigments Flexographic process 44-50,436-7. Fastness properties 169 436 (Fig. 8.1) Fat dyes 178 for newspaper printing 307 Fats, resistance of inks to 169 print recognition 61-2.62 (Fig. Fatty acid amides, as waxes 252-1 2.39) Fatty acids 183 printability in 67 FDA approval 115,821-2 Floating-roll systems, in three-roll mills of materials for cork tip inks 407 633 of pigments 146,156,159, bis, 160, Flocculation 161 in gravure inks 428 of plasticisers 245-8 passim reduction of, by surfactants 263 Feathering, fault in screen printing Flotation, in flexographic inks 455 512 Flow (see also Viscosity) Ferranti-Shirley viscometer 680 at low shear stresses 683 Ferric chloride solution 40,42 checking of. in trial inks 705 Fertilizer sacks, pigments for 121, 146 in ideal systems 667-8 Fibre optics 57 measurement of 695-6.728 Filling-in 304 of letterpress inks 288 Filtration of inks 624,648 of litho inks 323,324 (Fig. 6.8). Fineness of grind gauge (see also 360 Hegmann gauge) 287,445,704, of screen inks 486. 696 705 (Fig. 14.4) testing of, of finished inks 727 Fire Flow cups 379.442.677-8.717 legislation 790-2 Flow-out. of gravure inks 390.407 theory of 792 Fluff 66 Fire extinguishers 795-7 Fluon* waxes 251 Fire retardant additives 252 Fluorescence 71 Fire Precautions Act 790 of waxes 250 First Aid Regulations 809-11 Fluorescent dyes 174. 175. 176 Fish oils 188 Fluorescent inks 425.475 Fixing, of toners 59 for screen printing 506-7 Flame ionisation detector 769 Fluorescent lamps 71. 77 Flame photometric detector 724, 769 Fluorescent pigments 162-3 Flame-proofing, in ink manufacture Fluorescent yellow 116 608,610,797 Flushed colours 147.361 Flame treatment of polyethylene manufacture of 602-4 bottles 777 Fluxes. in ceramic inks 499 Flammability limits 793-4 Flying see Misting Flammable liquids, definition of 722. Foaming (see also Defoaming agents) 791,806 268,477 Flash points, of solvents 227. checking for. in water-based inks 391-2 (Table7.1) 735 determination of 721-2 Fogra control strips 30 Flat-bed cylinder presses 13. 19.283 Foil inks for 301 flexographic inks for 457.471 Flatting agents 161. 224 gravure inks for 409- 10 INDEX 851

Foil boards, inks for 350 Galleys, in letterpress forme Foil laminates, gravure printing of production I 5 410-2 Galvanometer 90 Foil prints, testing of 749 Gardner tubes, for colour comparison Foil washing 221 715 Folding 39 Gas chromatography 765-72 Food additives, international Gas chromatography/mass legislation on 822 spectroscopy (GC/MS) 769 Food and Drugs Act Regulations USA Gas liquid chromatography (GLC) see FDA approval 445,72 L 765-6, 786 Food and Drugs Acts (UK) 821 Gas solid chromatography (GSC) 766 Food contact legislation 819 Gel permeation chromatography Food packaging inks (GPC) 714,763-5 avoidance of retained solvents in Gel varnishes 333-4,342 390,454,477 Gelatine coatings 40 cadmium pigments not permitted in Gelation, of polyamide inks 413 116 Gellants 342 dehydrated castor oil used in 188 Gelled reducers 343,355 distillates suitable for usc in 335 Gelled varnishes 366, 595,691 driers suitable for use in 336 General Preparations Directive 800 for cartons 348, 349 Geometric metamerism 77 lead chromes unsuitable for 116 Gersthofen waxes 255 polyamides suitable for use in 387 Ghost images, in flexography 445, Food wrappers, inks lor 394,405, 477,478 474,820-3 Gibbs-I ndophenol test 755 Foots, precipitated from linseed oil Gilsonite 198, 35 L 385 184 in gravure inks 388 Ford cups 717 Glass Forme, in letterpress printing 15, decoration of 53, 498-9 282,283 as grinding medium Fount solutions 20-2,310,313,326 642 (Fig. 12.29) effect on metallic driers 258,259 Glitter effects, in screen printing 510 Fountain roller. in fiexography 45 Gloss 3 Fountain solutions see Fount assessment 01 729 solutions cause of problems in colour Four-colour printing see Process matching 77 printing decrease of, through addition of Fourier transform infrared waxes 249 spectroscopy (FTlR) 761 increase of. by usc of plasticisers Fragrance. incorporated into inks 244 265,571 imparted by UV cured varnishes Frame, in screen printing 50 549 Frame board, used in cigarette carton of gravure print 378 printing 422 of inks for DWI cans 588 French chalk 160 of litho inks 361 Friction, of printed film 744-5 ofpapcr 6') Frits, in ceramic inks 499 Gloss inks, for screen printing 492- 3 Fryma Co-ball mills 638,664 Glossifilm Ltd, ')26 (Fig. 10.2) Fugitive inks see under Cheques Glycerides 183 Fumaric acid 269 Glycerine 23 3 -4, 240 Fumaric resins, rosin modified 197 Glycerol 267 Fume cupboards 813 Glycerol triacrylate 277 Fumed silicas 342 Glyccryl propoxy trialTylate (GPTA) Furnace black 155, 385 274 852 [NDEX

Glyceryl tri ricinoleates 248 Green pigments 139-42 Glyceryl triacetate 248 in gravure inks 384 Glycol ethers 390 in litho inks 330 exposure limits for 786 properties of 166 (Table 4.5) (Table 15.1),787 Greetings cards 117, 163 in gravure inks 376,406,415 Gretag control strips 30 in screen inks 513 Grey balance 30, 32,88 Glycols 232-4,239 Grey scale 708 in jet inks 568 Grinding media, for bead mills 639, in letterpress inks 286,290 642 (Fig. 12.29) Gold inks (see also Metallic inks) 345 Guaiacol 261 simulation of 178, 179,420,424 Guarding of machinery 814-6 Goss presses 306 Gum arabic 199, 311 GPC (gel permeation desensitiser for litho plates 21, 22 chromatography) 714,763-5 in water based inks 458 GPTA (glyceryl propoxy Gum rosin, 193 triacrylate) 274 Graco pump 653 Haake viscometers 681, 692 Grahamite, type of bitumen 198 Haematite pigments 152 Graining, of aluminium based Halftone dots 61, 62 plates 26 Halftone gravure 42,43,63,64 Granular pigments 366 (Fig. 2.42) Graphic reproduction 86-8 Halftone plates, in letterpress printing GRAS, an FDA category 246,823 16 Gravure cells 40-3 passim Halftone screens conventional, 63, 64 (Fig. 2.42), 372 for electrostatic plate making 28 (Fig. 7.2) for letterpress plate making 16, 19 diamond shaped, 374 (Fig. 7.4) in lithography 88 halftone, 63, 64 (Fig. 2.42) Halo, print defect in gravure 369,427 hard dot (direct), 373 (Fig. 7.3) Hand retouching 88 Gravure cylinder wear, 157,376,377, Handling of inks 648-653 379,384 Hanging back in the duct 304, testing of tendency of inks to 325 (Fig. 6.9), 690 (Fig. 13.17) cause 739 Hansa yellows III Gravure cylinders 39-42,371 Hard resins 205,291,318,319,330 conventional engraving of 372 Hardness testers 749 (Fig. 7.2) Hazard labels 798-9 direct engraving of 373(Fig.7.3) Hazardous Materials Identification electronic engraving of 374 System (HMIS) 828 (Fig. 7.4) Hazchem signs 809, 810 wear of see gravure cylinder wear HDDA see I ,6-hexanediol diacrylate Gravure inks 3-4,44,368-434 Headspace analysis 770 formulating principles 382-93 Health and Safety at Work, etc. Act, manufacture of 608-6 281, 660, 781-2 water based 43.1 Health and safety data sheets 796, Gravure process 35-44, 36 800-2 (Fig. 2.20),370 (Fig. 7.1) guidance on, by NAPIM 828 print recognition 63 US requirements for 828 printability in 67 Health and Safety Executive Gravure proofing presses 738 guidance on exposure limits 785, (Fig. 14.18) 787 Gravure screen 40,41 (Fig. 2.22) guidance on health and safety data Grease resistance, of printed films sheets 820 748 Health and safety legislation 109, INDEX 853

30 1,780-832 Hue 2,69,84 Heat resistance 8 importance to customer 97 of metal decorating inks 586, 750 in the Munsell system 95 of overprint varnishes 408 Humidity of pigments 708 effect on ink drying 258,286 of wallcovering inks 419 effect on lightfastness 707 testing for 746,750 efiect on paper 66 Heat seal coatings 211,213,214,252 Hydrocarbon resins 205 Heat seal lacquers 387 bis in gravure inks 388 Heat sealing, test for 394,446 in letterpress inks 291 Heat transfer printing sec under Textile in litho inks 331,332 printing in news inks 189, 291 Heatset drying 308, 315, 318 micronised, as rheology modifiers Heatset inks 35,251, 319, 334, 343 351-2358,367 modified 366-7 manufacture of 600 Hydrocarbon solvents 228-31, Hegmann gauge 377,382 236 (Table 4.16), 376, 391 Heidelberg platen machine 19 in liquid toners 565 Helio-klischograph l'I1graving 371, Hydrocarbon waxes, halogenated 374 252 Helio-Klischograph machines 43 Hydrogen bonding lotH'S, in solvents Hell, manufacturer of Helio- 226 Klischograph machines 43 Hydroperoxides 316-8,336 Hexalin 238 Hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) n-hexane, exposure limits lor 808 264 I ,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) Hydroquinone 261, 341 as diluent in UV curing inks 274 as inhibitor in UV systems 275 excluded from UV inks in the UK Hydroxyl value, of resins 712.719 274,826 Hygrostability, of paper 65 Hexone,235,242 Hyperconcentrated pigment Hexylene glycol 233,239 dispersions 604 High performance liquid Hyperdispersants 294.402,604-6, chromatography (HPLC) 721, 614 761-3 High speed stirring, for manufacture IA T A regulations 806 of gravure inks 377 ICS see Instrumental Colour Systems Highly Flammable Liquids and IG* waxes 255 Liquefield Petroleum Gases IGT drying time recorder 733 Regulations 1972 221,791 IGT printability tester 10 I, 688, 736, Highly flammable liquids, definition oJ 736 (Fig. 14.16).7'>7 (Fig. 14.17) 722,792-4 Iiluminants, standard 71 Hildebrand, work on solubility Image transfer parameters 226 from blanket to paper 30 HLB values 264 from film to plate 29, 30 HMIS (Hazardous Materials from plate to blanket 3() Identification System) 828 Imaginary primaries 82,83 (Fig. 3.9) Hochstedder, Robert, invl'l1tor of IMDG Code 806 pigment flushing 602 Impeller mixers 617,618 (Fig. 12.14) Hold-out, of litho inks 361 star type 618, 62() (fig. 12.16) Hostaflon* waxes 251 Impervious substrates, litho inks lor Hot foil stamping 499 349- 50 Hot melt inks 249 Impression roll. it! gravure 38 HPLC (high performance liquid Impube jet printing 5(), '56 chromatography) 721, 761-3 (Fig. 2.32). 56h 854 INDEX

IMS (industrial methylated spirits) see in gravure 692 Methylated spirits Ink trough In-line converting 44 in flexo printing 45 In-line flexographic press 47 in gravure printing 37 In-line numbering 55 Inkometers 686,688,689 (Fig. In-mould labelling 499 13.16) Indanthrene violet 384 for monitoring ink misting, 734 Indanthrone blue 148 Institute of Petroleum Indicator panels, screen printing 489 IP 34, 35, 36, flash point Indirect flexo see Keyless inking determination 722 Induline dyes 179-80,29 I IP 128, 156, aromaticity of solvents on SBPIM exclusion list 824 723 Industrial methylated spirits (IMS) see IP 155, sulphur content of petroleum Methylated spirits solvents 724 Inflammable see also Flammable test methods for mineral oils 191 Inflammable liquids, as defined in UN Institute of Printing, The 10 recommendations 806 Instrumental Colour Systems (ICS) Infrareddrying 35,60,516,517, 98 519 (Table 10.2) typical set of results from ICS equipment design 553-4 instrument 99 (Fig. 3.21) future of 561 photograph of ICS instrument in letterset printing 589 106 (Fig. 3.27) radiation sources 522-4 Intaglio inks 670 Infrared spectroscopy 714,715,720, pigments for 154, 156, 158 757-61 Intaglio printing I 1,60,60 (Fig. Inhibitors, in UV systems 278, 540, 2.37),583-4 725 Integral damping 346 (Fig. 6.10) Ink duct, controls on 33-4,34 (Fig. Intensity of colour see Colour strength 2.19) Interfacial tension see Surface tension Ink film thickness International Agency for Research on as an aid to print recognition 61,64 Cancer 298 compared for all printing processes International Labour Office, review of 484 occupational exposure limits 827 effect on colour strength 85 International Standards Organisation effect on hue 77 (ISO) 169 for rub-removable inks 509 Invert gravure see Halftone gravure in flexography 439 Invisible inks 172, 174, 583 ingravure 375 Iodine value 183 bis, 184, 716 in intaglio printing 584 Ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS) 777 in litho 314 IP standards see under Institute of in screen printing 484 Petroleum in UV curing inks 535 Irgacure* photoinitiators 279-80 Ink fly see Misting passim Ink-jet printing 54-6 Iron blue 145-6 inks for 566-71 Iron driers 260 print recognition 64-65 Iron oxide pigments 152 - 3, 156 printability in 67 Iron oxide yellows 115 Ink rail feed, in rotary letterpress 283, Ishihara's test for colour blindness 72 299 ISO (International Standards Ink-squeeze see Squash Organisation) 169 Ink transfer 691-2 Isocyanates (see also Toluene electrostatically assisted 38 diisocyanate; MDI) 220 in colour printing 32 from urethane oils 186 in flexography 439 in gravure inks 414 INDEX 855

Isomerised rubber see Cyclised rubber Laevo-pimaric acid 193, 195 Isophoronc 23 5, 243 LakeredC 119,127,128,290,384 exposure limits for 787 (Table in gravure inks 410 15.2) Laking agents 174, 175, bis, 270, 448 Isophthalic acid 268 Lambert-Beer equation 535 Isopropyl acetate 244,376,391 Laminating adhesives 394- 5 Isopropyl alcohol 23 I - 2, 238, 391 Laminating inks flammability limits 794 (Table pigments for I 54 15.4) resins for 224 Lamination 67, 365, 394-7 J & P Coats, work on colour Lamp black 154 difference equations 97 Lamps, for UV curing 554-6 Japan wax 257 Lanolin 257 Jet dryers, in screen printing 484 Laser beams, possible w,e in ink Jobbing printing 19,282,283 manufacture 664 John mills 635 Laser engraving 49 Joyce Loebl disc centrifuge 703 Laser exposed plates 28 (Fig. 14.3) Laser printers 56 JPC 79, colour difference cq uation 97 Lasers, light sourccs in K bars 102 electrophotography 57 K/Svalues 103-7passiml04 Lasergravure* 43 (Fig. 3.25),105 (Fig. 3.26) Latex inks 509 Kaolin clay 159 Lay Karl Fischer method, for determining of f1exographic inks 477 water content 719,723,737 of gravure inks 371,375,407, Katharometer detector 723,769 427-8 Kauri butanol (KB) value 232,723 of litho print 360 Kerosine 229,236 Lead chromates sec Chrome yellows Ketone resins 216, 388,413 Lead compounds Ketone solvents 234-5,242- 3 exposure levels tor 790 Ketoximes, as antioxidants 261 in sterilisation indicator inks 582 Kettles, tor varnish manufacture 595 levels permitted in toys 774, Keyless inking 299,305,306 (Fig. 823-4 5.1 ) lise in inks discoIltiIlucd 281,383, Kinematic viscosity 676 430,513,790 Kitchen towels, printing of 711 Lead driers 259,260 Knifcability 301. 323,325 Leafing, of metallic powders 345 Koenig & Bauer 306 Leeds University, Department ot Kraft paper, pigments for 117,118, Colour Chemistry 107 120 Letter headings 19 Kubelka Munk analysis 103 Letterpress inks 4,282- 307 manufacture of 600-8 Labels UV curing 546-7 inks for 344-5,388,403-5 Letterpress process 11-20 printing of 19,285,305,309,329 print recognition 61 PVC self-adhesive type sec PVC self- Lettcrset printing 62,499, 588-91 adhesive labels UV curing inks tor 547-8 UV curing inks for 547 Licanic acid 187 Labelling of inks (see also Classification, Liebermann-Storch test 754 Packaging and Labelling Lifting of heavy loath, sa!cty in 812 Regulations) 109,390 Light-emitting diode array 57,59 legislation for 798-9 Light sources (.IW also Lasers) 71 - 2 Lac see Shellac Lightfastncss 7-8 Lactams 209 of pigments 329,487.706 856 INDEX

of prints, testing of 706-7 index) Lighting, in the workplace (see also Lithol reds 127,384 Light sources) 814 Lithol rubine 4B 129 Lightness, of colour 70 Lithopone 156-7 Limed rosin 194 Livering 116, 156,290 Line casting, for letterpress forme Lottery tickets 506, 509, 510 production 15 (Fig. 9.13) Line plates, in letterpress printing 16 Low odour inks 367,375-6 Linings 162 Luminance 84 Linoleic acid constituent of dehydrated castor oil Macbeth MS 2020 188 spectrophotometer 93 constituent of linseed oil 185,316 (Fig. 3.17) constituent of soya bean oil 189 Magazine printing 44,290, 308 peroxide formation from 316-7 Magnesium silicate 160 volatile by-products from 337-8 Magnetic iron oxide pigments 156 Linolenicacid 183,185,316 Magneto-optic array 57 Linotype* 48 Maintenance strategy, in ink Linseed oil 184-6 manufacture 656-60 drying mechanism of 315-8 Make-ready epoxidised 538 for letterpress printing 18-9 in letterpress inks 291 reduction of, in litho printing 29, in litho inks 331,358 34 spontaneous combustion of 794 Maleic anhydride 269 Linting 298, 304, 327 Maleic resins 195-6,291,292 Lipophile 264 in jet inks 569 Liquid crystal array 57 in metal decorating inks 588 Liquid crystals, in inks 571 rosin modified 388 Liquid inks (definition) 3 MaIthas, type of bitumen 198 colour matching 102 MAN presses 306 Liquid packaging, cartons for 365, Manganese 2B toners 412 474 Manganese driers 259,260,293,335 Liquid-liquid chromatography (LLC), Manila copal 198 762 Manufacture of inks and varnishes Liquid-solid chromatography 762 592-665 Litho break tester 695 Mar-resistance 249,350 Litho inks 4,34-5,310-67 Marine oils 188 formulating principles 328-52 Marking-off 303 formulations 343-52 Marks and Spencer, theoretical work for process printing 95 on colour difference 98 manufacture of 600-8 Masking 88 UV curing 545-6 Mass spectrometry 769 viscosity of 312-3 Masstone 102, 706 Litho plates 25-9,312 Mastermix PMD dispersers 621-3 gumming up 225 Materials and Articles in Contact with photosensitive coatings for 215 Food Regulations 821 platemaking control 29-30 Materials safety data sheets see Health Litho process 20-35,21 (Fig. 2.9) and safety data sheets print recognition 61, 63 (Fig. 2.40) Matrix printability in 66 as material used in rubber plate Litho/gravure conversion 374 making 48 (Fig. 7.4) for making duplicate plates 17 Lithographic varnish 185 of dots in ink-jet printing 55 Lithography see 'Litho' throughout this Matting agents 342,375,378 INDEX 857

Maximum allowable 787 (Table 15.2) concentrations 788 Methoxyethanol 214, 51 ") Maxwell's triangle 79,82 (Fig. 3.7) exposurc limits lor 786 (Table McDonald's colour difference 15.1 ) equations 97 Methoxyetilyl acctatc, cxposurc limits McLaren, K 84 for 786 Cfable 15.1 ) MOL identification or resins based on Methoxypropanol (MP) 234, 241 755 exposu re limits lor 786 (Table Mead Dijit 2800*, ink-jet printer 56 15.1 ) Mechanical engraving 43 Mcthyl catechol 261 MEK sec methyl ethyl ketone Methyl Cellosolvc* 234, 240 Melamine-Iormaldehyde resins Methyl cyciohexJllol 212,219 208-9 Methyl cyciohexJnonc 215,243 Melaminc laminatcs, inks for 394, Mcthylethyl kctonc (MEK) 421-422,433,578 214-215,242, \76,391 Melting point, of rcsins 713 cxposurc limits tm 711.7 (Table Membrane switches 506,514, 15.2) 576-8,577 (Fig. 11.6) flammability limits 794 (Table Meshes 50,481,482 15.4) Metal complex dyes see Solvcnt dyes solvcnt in jct inks ')611. Metal containers, screcn printing of, Methyl ethyl kctoxill1c )4() 494-5 Methyl glycol 24() Metal decorating 585-8 Methyl iso-butyl kctonc 21'),242 Metal decorating inks 115,585-8 Mcthyl Oxitol* 240 passim Methyl violet I ')(), 177 antioxidants in 261 Methylated spirits 231, 218 driersusedin 259 flammability limih 794 (Table oils used in 188, 189 15.4) ovcrprint varnishes used with 220 Methylated Spirits Rcgulations 1962 pigments tor 122,135 his, 137, 139, 231 150, 154, 156, 157,588 MG poster papcr 411.8 resins for 202, 2 17, 588 Micas 161 solvents used in 215,244 exposurc limits lor 788 (Table testing or 749- 51 15.3) Metallic effects see Pcariescent Michler's ketonc 27,), 532 materials; Mctallic pigments on SBPIM exclusion list 11.26 Metallic inks 345-6 Micro lines, in platcmaking control for carton printing 408-9 30 for flexography 473-4 Microcomputers, in infrarcd tor gravure 422-4 spectroscopy 7')9 for label printing 405 Microcrystallinc waxcs 253,254 for screcn printing 509-10 Microencapsulatcd pcriumcs 26'), Metallic pigments (sct' also Aluminium 571 pigmcnts; Bronzc powders) Microflow mills 377,644 161-2 Micrographs, showing dispersion levels in UV inks 272 629-31 (Fig. 12.22) Metallic rcsinatcs see Resinates Microniscd hydrocarbon resins 343 Metalliscd films, printing of 418, Microniscd pigmcnh 1')7 471-2 MilTonised waxcs 293. 340, 393 Metailised papers 404,409,471-2 causcofpiling 354 Metamerism 72,75-7,98 his, 107 in gravure inks 415 Methacrylic acid 266 in varnishcs 599 Mcthacrylic resins 453,497 Microsphcrcs, expandable 4") 3 MethanoL cxposure limits for Microwave drying 516,519 858 INDEX

(Table 10.2),521-2 in gravure 63,407 equipment for 552-3 in letterpress 284, 302 future of 561 Mould, in rubber plate making 48 in screen printing 484 Moulding powders 207 Migration into food MP see Methoxypropanol of coatings components 821-2 Muller. automatic 10 I of plasticisers 244-5 Multi-filament screens 52 Milk bottle tops, printing of 410 Multi-metal plates 27 Milling 592,624-4 Multiple internal reflection (MIR) Milori blue 145-6,158 spectroscopy 759 Mineral oils 189, 229, 291. 292 Munsell colour system 95,96 carcinogenicity of 298 (Fig. 3.19), 100 refined 301 Murray-Davies equation 30-1,88 Mineral spirit 236 MIR spectroscopy 759 N/C see Nitrocellulose Mirrors, decoration of 498 Naphthenic solvents 229-30,237 Misting 303-4,326,692 Naphthol red pigments 120-6 passim, (Fig. 13.18) 693 13 1-4 passim, 137,489 caused by cyclised rubber in ink NAPIM (National Association of formulations 213 Printing Ink Manufacturers) 828 of DWI can inks 588 National Institute for Occupational of news inks 191, 288, 298 Safety (NIOSH) 827 bis reduction of. by use of waxes 253 Natural resins 193-9 reduction of. in keyless inking Natural rubber, in stereos for systems 307 flexography 440 reduction of. in UV overprint Natural waxes 255-7 varnishes 551 NEDO Printing Industries Economic testing for 689,733-4 Development Committee 10 Mixing, 592,610-1 Neopentyl glycol 267 high speed 623-4 Netzsch mills 635 Mixing equipment 616-24 New substances notification 789,826 guarding of 808 News inks 297-301,300 (Table 5.2) Moire pattern, in gravure 428 manufacture of 641. 645-8 Moisture absorption of pigments, test mineral oils in 189-191 for 704 pigments for 143 Moisture content. of paper 66 smear test for 287-8 Moisture proofing agents 252 strike-through 288 Moisture set inks 285 Newspaper printing Moisture set vehicles 158, 159 by flexo 48, 49-50 Molybdate orange 131 by rotary letterpress 282 Mono-component toners 59 plates for 28 Monoazo yellows III Newspaper Society, the 305 Monoethanolamine 266, 294 Newton, Sir Isaac. understanding of Monofilament screens 52 colour 70,71 Monomers see Diluents Newtonian flow 321,667-8 Monotype 48 deviations from 668-75 Monotype machines, in letterpress Nigrosine 180 forme production 15 NIOSH (National Institute for Montan esters, as waxes 255 Occupational Safety and Health) Montan wax 254-5,293 827 bis Montmorillonite clays 342 Nitrile rubber, in stereos for Morpholine 266 flexography 440 Mottle 692,692 (Fig. 13.18) Nitro pigment 154 in flexography 477 Nitrocellulose 221-2,386 INDEX 859

identification of by diphenylamine 807-8 test 754 published by International Labour in flexographic inks 451-2,460 Office 827 in gravure inks 404,406,412 Odour in screen inks 492 in polyamide inks 412 legislation relating to 792 of acrylic monomers 217,264,273, Nitrocellulose chips 541 in flexographic inks 452 of litho inks 336-9,348-9 in gravure inks 409 passim manufacture of 614-6 of printing inks 264- 5,812 pigments suitable for 125, 128, 129 of UV curing inks 546 Nitrocellulose coated films 416,463 testing for 724,748,821 Nitrocellulose lacquers I 15 Offset gravure process 389,416 NMR spectroscopy 776 for printing decorative wall panels Nobbs, J, critical review of Kubelka• 421 Munk theory 107 Offset letterpress sec Letterset Noise Offset printing see Litho process legislation relating to 783,812-3 Oil absorption, of pigments 702,704 reduction 01, in printing plants 813 Oil dyes 178 Non-bottoming 6 L 66 Oil painting reproductions, printed by Non-drying oils 189-92 gravure 44 Non-impact printing processes 54-9, Oils 183-92 562-71 Oiticica oil 187 print recognition 64- 5 Oleamide 252 Non-ionic surfactants 263 Oleic acid 183,186,189 Non-Newtonian flow see Oligomt'fs, meaning of 540 Newtonian flow On-press densitometer 34 Non-skinning see Skinning Opacity Norrish fragmentation reactions of drawdowns 102 528-9 of inks 2 North daylight 71 of paper 65 Notation inks, [or printed circuit boards of pigments 85, 157 575-6 Open cup metods, for flash point Notification of new substances 789, determinatioll 722 826 Optical brightening agents 71 NPIRI Raw Materials Data Handbook Optical properties, of paper 65 245 Orange chrome 131 Nuclear magnetic resonance Orange-peel effects 550 spectroscopy (NMR) 776 Orange pigments 117-20 Nuvopol EMBO* photoact ivator 279 in gravure inks 383 Nylon, polyamides 209 in litho inks 329- 30 Nylon films properties of 164 (Table 4.5) flexographic inks for 470 Original plates, in letterpress printing gravure inks for 417 16 Nyloprint* plates 17 Organoleptic, meaning of 822 Ostwald U-tubc viscolllcters 676 Obliterating inks 509- 10 OTA 480*, a reactive dilucnt 277 Occupational exposure limits 785-8 Ottawa sand 633,634,639,642 cause of virtual elimination of some (Fig. 12.29) traditionally used solvents 390 Ouricury wax 257 extraction and ventilation used to Over-lacquers see Overprint varnishes keep solvent levels below 608 Over-proof. grades of methylated for hydrocarbon solvents 230 spirits 23 I proposed legislation concerning Overlay, in \elterpress make-ready 19 860 INDEX

Overprint varnishes 349 Paste driers 260 applied by screen printing 505-6 Pastes, pigment 100,101 aqueous 365,460 Pasteurisation, resistance of inks to in conjunction with flexographic 751 inks 465,475-6 PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), on in conjunction with gravure inks SBPIM exclusion list 825 376,384,406-7,408 Pearlescent effects 161, 413,420 methods of application, on litho Pearlescent inks 425 presses 365 Pearlised films 377, 413, 468, 469 oils used in 189 Pencils and Graphic Instruments quickset type 344 Regulations 784,824 resins for 206,211,220,221. 224 Pendulum hardness tester 750 reticulation of 360 Penetration drying solvents used in 231 bis, 244 of letterpress inks 285,287,291 UV curing 365,549-51 of litho inks 315 waxesusedin 252,256 Pensky-Martens apparatus, for flash Oxidation drying 5,34,53,291 point determination 721 catalysts for 258-60 passim, 293 Pentaerythritol inhibition of, by antioxidants 261 chemical structure of 267 of letterpress inks 285 esters of rosin 195 of litho inks 315-8,319,330,335, Pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA) 336, 356 542 Oximes, as antioxidants 340 Peptisers 194 Oxitol* 241 Perborate driers 293 Oxygen inhibition, in radiation curing Perfecting 13,15 (Fig.2.5),19,23,24 processes 534,535,539 (Fig.2.11), 25 (Fig. 2.13), 303 Ozokerite 254 Perfumed inks 265,571 Ozone, from UV radiation 556 Perkin-Elmer gas chromatograph, 769 (Fig. 14.35) Packaged Goods Regulations 805 high performance liquid Packaging, of inks 653-5 chromatograph 761 (Fig. 14.31) Packing, fault in gravure inks 428, infrared spectrometer 757 432 (Fig. 14.27) Paddle mixers 616 Perl mill 634, 641 Page-Pak system 283,299 Permanent red pigments 117, 120, PAHs (polycyclic aromatic 121,123,126,132,384 hydrocarbons) 298 Peroxides 316-8,336,535 Palmitic acid 183 as components of paste driers 260 Pantone system 95 Perykne Red Y 138 Paper, dimensional stability of 66 Petrolatum see Petroleum jelly 253, for textile transfer printing 581 254 Paper bags, inks for 177 Petroleum Consolidation Act 1928 Paper chromatography 756 790,791 Paper cups, flexographic printing of Petroleum distillates 228-9 476 properties tabulated 236-7 Paper sacks, inks for 67,458 (Table 4.16) Paper storage 66 in letterpress inks 285,291. 292 Para red 120 in quicksetting inks 318 Paraffin oil (kerosene) 229,236 in litho inks 330-5 passim Paraffin wax 254,293,396 in varnishes 596 Particle size 2,85 new grades 367 measurement of 702 quality control of 721, 724 Partition chromatography 765 flammability limits for Pascal second, unit of viscosity 667 794 (Table 15.4) INDEX 861

Petroleum jelly 25),254,294 Picking 66 his, 28'),327 Petroleum waxes 253 - 5 Piezo-elcnric crystal 54. 56 pH Pigment chips (scc ills(l Nitrocellulose of fountain solutiolls 22 his chips) 212. ,\77 orjet inks 568 ill f1exographic ink, 445 of paper, dlel! Oil ink drying 258, manufacture oj 612-6 286 resins for 225 of water-based inks 7)5 testingol 71() Phenol-forlllaidehyde resins 388 Piglllent flushes sec Fillshed colours Phenolic resins 199-202 Pigment paper 40 identification 01 755 Pigment pastes 100, 101 in combination with polvJmides Pigment settling 379,393,7)5 210 Pigment wetting in grJvurc inks 40 1,416,419.422 by mineral oib 189 in lllelJI decorJting inks 588 by surlactants 262 4 passim rosin-Illodilied 201-2,291 his Pigment, 110-72 Philips lamps 71 lor flcxographic ink, 449- 51 Phosphates, out of fJVOLIr as plasticislTs lorgravureink... 171, >75,383-85 247 lor iettcrpres, inks 28()-9 I Phosphorescen t inks ') 7 2 lor litho inks 328- 3ll. 361> Phosphors 71 lor process colour, 329 Phosphotungstic pigments sec PTMA lor screen inks 488- () pigments lor UV curing ink... 544- 5 Photo-conductive materials, use in product ion 01 593 production of electrostatic plates propert ies tabulated 164-71 28 (Tables 4.5, 4.6, 47, and 4.8) PhotoJctivJtors 279 (Table 4.2») t('stingol 163,701-10 Photoconductive drulll 57 Piling 314, 34(), 34 J 353-4,364, Photocopiers 56 688,691 Photodetector 90 Pimaric acid 193 Photodirect plates 28 Pinelle 1Il01l01llerS, alpi1a- alld beta- Photoinitiators 275,278 (Table 4.22), 206 279 (Tables 4.21 and 4.24). ')25 Pillholing 27(),4J6,477 mechanism of action 527 in screl'1l printillg 48lJ. ') 12 quality control of 725 Pink piglllenh J 3() Photons 5 I 7 PIRA 10 PhotopolYIl1l'f plates carton board creelser 742. 744 lor f1exography 49 (Fig. 14.22) lor letterpress 17, 282 Guide I,l Siandardised l.ili1o,qmpill( for newspaper printing 305 CtJ/(lllr Prinlinq 9') resistance to solvents 440 hold ,tandard i;lks lor prOless (Table 8.1). 452 colou rs 9') Photosyncrgists 275,529,532, ink drying timc testn 7l2- 3 533 (Table 10.5) rotary rub testn 7l 1-42,743 quality control 01 725 (fig. 14.21) Phthalate pla,tici'l'r, 247 -8, ')04 sludy oj 187 - 8 Phthalic anhydride 268 Pitches J ')8, J 99 PhthalocYillline pigments 140-5 PlanograplIil printing 20,) 14 PIAC (Printing Industry Advisory Plastic viscosity 669 Committee) 298,82') Plasticiscr blecd, testing lor 709 Pick off Plaslicisers 244-9 ill Ilcxography 478 castor oil J 91 in gravure 382 lor ethyl cellulose 22 l in screen printing ') 12 in lkxographic illks 455 862 INDEX

in gravure inks 376,404,406 in membrane switches 576 quality control of 726 Polyester resins 202 Plastics films 44 use as plasticisers 248 Plastics substrates, litho inks for 349 Polyether acrylates, as prepolymers in Plastisol inks 504, 510 UV curing 540 Plastisols 712 Polyl'l her adhesives 395 Plate scanner, to predict ink demand Polyethylene bottles, screen printing of across the duct 34 487,499-501, 500 (Figs. 9.8, 9.9) Platen presses 11- 12, 283 Polyethylene coated board 474 Plates see Litho plates; Flexographic Polyethylene sacks 468 plates; Photopolymer plates; Polyethlene waxes 250,293,340, Rubber plates; Wrap-around 359 plates; Zinc plates; Duplicate plates Polyethylene, printing of 387 Plating resists, for printed circuit boards f1exographic inks for 466-8 573 gravure inks for 412- 3 PMD mixers 621- 3 Polyimide resins 211 PMT A pigments Polyisocyanates 220 bleeding of 412 Polyol esters, used as plasticisers 248 blue 142-3 Polyols 267,542 green 139-40 Polypropylene films (see also in chip production 377 Coextruded films) in gravure inks 384,407,412 f1exographic inks for 466- 7 pink 130 gravure inks for 413-6 use of driers with 260 Polystyrene resins 205 violet 149, 150 Polytetrafluorethylene waxes 251, Point of sale materials 54 293,340,359 Poise, unit of viscosity 668 Polyurethane resins 220-1 Polar forces, in solvents 226 identification of 755 Pollution see Control of Pollution Act; in adhesives 394 Waste disposal; Noise in gravure inks 412 Poly (amide imide) resins 211-2 Polyvinyl acetate resins 214 Polyamide resins 209-11 Polyvinyl alcohol resins 214- 5 alcohol soluble 412 Polyvinyl butyral resins 215-6 as rheology modifiers 342 - 3 in f1exographic inks 453 in f1exographic inks 452,466,467, in foil inks 410 468 in melamine laminate inks 422 in gravure inks 387,404,412,414, Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 418 containers, screen printing of in jet inks 569 501-2 in screen inks 50 I films 470 Polycarbonate resins 497 in membrane switches 576 sheet plastic see Polyvinyl chloride printing of 514 sheet plastic Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), on Polyvinyl chloride self-adhesive labels SBPIM exclusion list 825 inks for 496-8 Polychromatic pigment mixtures 450 metallic inks for 510 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons overprint varnishes for 506 298 production of 496 Polyester acrylates 272,275 process inks for 508 as prepolymers in UV curing systems UV inks for 547 539 Polyvinyl chloride sheet plastics Polyester films cyclohexanone used to promote f1exographic inks for 470-1 adhesion of inks to 511 gravure inks for 417 fluorescent screen inks for 507 INDEX 863

inks for 495-7 Process control printing of 486 in ink manufacture 660-4 Pope and Gray Litho-Break Tester in litho 29- 34 736 Process engraving 16 Porosity, of paper 225 Process inks Postage stamps cyan pigmCl1ts lor 144, 146 adhesives for 199 driers used in 260 gravure inks for 422 effect of hard resin interactions on printing 44 205 Posters lor UV curing 546 cadmium yellow not suitable for in flexography 474 116 in gravure 378 fluorescent pigments for 163 in letterpress 296-7 pigments for 100,120,329 in litho 329 screen printing of 489,491,506, in screen printing 507-9 508 manufacture of 367 Potassium dichromate 40 magenta pigments lor 122, 129, Powder toners 59 130,135 Powderless etching 16,17,43 standards for, 95, 297 Precipitation drying 285 yellow pigments lor 114 Predispersed pigments (see also Easily Process printing 79,86,87 (Fig. dispersible pigments) 100, 377, 3.10).95 504 Process white 159 testing of 710 Procter and Gamble rub tester 742 Premixing, in ink manufacture 600, Product liability 784- 5 616 Product resistance sec Grease Pre polymers 272-3,273 (Table resistance; Acid resistance; Alkali 4.20),525,537-40 resistance; Detergcnt resistance; Presensitised plates 26 Fats Preservatives, in fountain solutions Productivity, in litho printing 362-4 22 Proofing inks 3 I Press cakes, in pigment production Proofing presses 101 594 for paper testing 398 Press design Proofs, in litho colour printing 31 for UV curing 556 Propanol sec Propyl alcohol litho 362 - 3 n-propylacctate 243,244,391,415 Press speeds 320,355,40 1,362 flammability limits 794 (Table in gravure 389,430 15.4) Pressure-sensitive adhesives, screen n-propyl alcohol 231. 238 printing of 496 exposure limits for 787 (Table Primary irritation index, see DraiZl' 15.2) ratings flammability limits 794 (Table Primary particles, in pigments 594 15.4) Primers Propylene glycolethcr solvents 234, in extrusion lamination 395 241 in gravure printing 394 Propylene glycol 23 3,239 Print recognition 60 Priifbau Lithomat tester 101. 105, of letterpress 283-4 695, 737 Printability 66-7' Prussian blue 145-146 Printed circuits Pseudoplastic flow ('70, I> 7 I resists for 573-576 (Figs. 13.4., 135) screen printing of 487, 573 rTFE see Polytctrafluoroethylcnc Printing Industry Advisory Committee waxes (PIAC) 298,825 Publicllioll gravure. USA ,tandard for 864 INDEX

127 Radiofrequency (RF) drying 516, Publication printing 398 519 (Table 10.2),521-2 inks for 398-403 equipment for 552-3 Pumping, of inks 324-5,652-3, future of 560 685,696 Rafaelite 198 Purity, of colour see Colour strength Reactive diluents see Diluents PVC films see Polyvinyl chloride films Reactive dyes 710 PVC self-adhesive labels see Polyvinyl Recess printing see Intaglio printing chloride self-adhesive labels Recycling of paper 224 PVdC coatings 396,747 Red pigments 120-39 PVdC coated films, printing of 386 in litho inks 330 flexographic inks for 452,464-5 properties of 165-6 (Table 4.5) gravure inks for 415-6.416, Reducer, definition of 226 417 his Redundant inks, to be worked off 107 identification of 755 Redwood viscometers 191 Pyrazolone orange 118 Refined oils 30 I Pyrocatechol 261 Reflectance 70,90, 94 Reflection densitometers see Quality control 286-9 Densitometers of finished inks 726-40 Reflectors, for UV lamps 556 of raw materials 700-26 Reflex Blue 2G 146-7 Quantacure* photoinitiators 278,279 Refractive index 2,85,715,723-4 Quaternary ammonium compounds, for quality control of solvents 724 as surfactants 263,264 of gravure vehicles 400 (Table 4.17) Register 66 Quickset drying, of litho inks in fJexo 47 318-20,319 (Fig. 6.6) in gravure 39 Quicksetting inks in litho colour printing 30,33 effect of paper characteristics on in screen mounting 52 trapping of 693 Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical for carton printing 347-9 Substances (RTECS) 827 for letterpress printing of coated Relative density, of solvents 721 paper 295 Release lacquers 476 for litho printing 330-5 passim, Reodorants 264-5 343 RF drying see Radiofrequency drying mineral oils in 189 Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and suitability for different substrates Dangerous Occurrences 303 Regulations 81 I Quicksetting varnishes 291,292,344, Residual pitch 199 366 Residual pitch 199 Quinacridone pigments 132, 136, Residual solvents see Solvent retention 138-9 Resin-to-oil ratio 332,356 in screen inks 489 Resinates 193,195(Table4.10),291 Quinones, as antioxidants 341 in gravure inks 388,400,402 R-K coater 105 Resins Radiation curing (see also UV curing; definition of 192,711 Electron beam curing) 6, in gravure inks 375 515-61 in letterpress inks 291 compared with other drying in litho inks 330-4,366 processes 515-6 in screen inks 487 of litho inks 320 testing of 711-4 pigments for 271-2 Resistance properties of inks and raw materials for 271-80 pigments see Lightfastness; Heat testing of 724-5 resistance; Abrasion resistance; INDEX 865

Product resistance; Weathering; identification of 754 Deep freeze resistance; Acid in conjunction with mineral oils resistance; Wax resistance; 189 Plasticiser bleed modified 385 Resista nce properties of pri nt s 740-2 Rotary presses, for letterpress printing Resists, for printed circuit boards 13-5,19 573-5 Rotational viscometers 287,678-80 Retained solvents see Solvent retention Rotor mixers 610- L 617-8 Retarding solvents, in gravure RTECS (Registry ofToxic Effects 01 369,410,428 Chemical Substances) 827 Reticulation 270 Rub-removable inks 509- 10 Retortable pouches 395,417 Rub resistance Retorting process 586 at test lor drying of litho inks 321 Retrofit units, for keyless inking 305 effect of anti-set off powders on Reverse angle doctor blades 45, 341 46 (Fig. 2.26), 479 improved by usc of waxes 249, Reverse printing 340, 359 in f1exography 461,462 of gravure inks 376 in gravure 394,413,415 of letterpress inks 285,303 Rheograms 669-73 passim of prints on matt coated paper 67 Rheology modifiers 342- 3 of radiation curing inks 731 Rheology (sec also Viscosity; ofsCfceninks 512 Thixotropy; Yield value; Flow; of UV cured varnishes 551 Viscometers). 666-98 test for 287-8,742 of litho inks 32l-6,354-5 Rub testing 249 Rhodamine dyes 130, 175-6 Rubber-based inks 347 Ricinoleates, as plasticiscrs 248 Rubber latex, in cold seal adhesives Ricinoleic acid 188 397 Ring and ball apparatus 713 Rubber plates, for flcxo 48-9 (Fig. 14.6) Rubber stereos Risk and safety phrases 805 in flexography 49,439-40,477 Rod mills, for gravure ink manufacture in letterpress 282 377 resistance to solvents 440 Roller coating machine, for production (Table 8.1) of wipe-on plates 27 Rubinc red pigments 126,135-6 Roller coatings Rubproofness, imparted by waxe, usc of castor oil in 188 250 UV curing 274 Runnability, of paper 65 varnishes for metal signs 493 Rutile pigments 153 Roller stripping, fault in litho printing Rutile titanium dioxide 1'57,290 342,353 Rollers, in printing presses Sacks see Paper sacks; Polyethylene cleaning solvents for 235 sacks manufacture from polyurethanes Safety audits 816- 7 220 Safety committees 817-20 on a n offset press 2 1 (Fig. 2.'J), 3 I 3 Safety policies 820 silicone based 207 Safety representatives 820 synthetic 206 Safflower oil 189 Rollers, in three-roll mills see Three-roll SAlB (sucrose acetate iso-butyrate), as mills plasticiscr 245 Roll-on closures 587 Sale of Goods Act 784 Rosin esters 331, 332 Salicylates, as r('odorants 265 Rosi n soa ps 194 Sampling techniques 700- I Rosin 193-7 Sand mills sec Bead mills 866 INDEX

Saponification value 718-9 Serigraphy see Screen printing SATRA rub tester 748 Set-off (see also Anti-setoff powders; Saturation see Colour strength Blocking) 302 Saw-tooth effect 63 in cold seal packaging 397 SBP solvents see Special boiling point in letterset printing 590 solvents in litho printing 319,355-6 SBPIM see Society of British Printing in web UV 548 Ink Manufacturers tests for 320 Scale wax 253-4 use of waxes to minimise 252,256 Scanners 88 Setting time of inks, testing for 733 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Settlement. of pigments 339,393, 778 735 Scatter, of light by pigment particles Sextone B* see Methyl cyclohexanone 85 Sextone* see Cyclohexanone Scotch tape test 250,743,751 Shade cards 70 Scratch resistance 250,340,359 Sheen cups 717 testing for 749 Sheet plastics see Polyvinyl chloride Screen inks 4-5,53,481-514 sheet plastic manufacture of 608 Shell cups 717 speciality types 571-2 Shellac Export Promotion Council for testing of 740 Indian Shellac 198 UV curing 548-9 Shellac wax 257 Screen printing 50-54,482 (Fig. Shellac 192, 197-8 9.1),483 (Figs. 9.2, 9.3) alternatives to, in letterpress inks print recognition 64 292 Screen rulings see Halftone screens cause of packing in gravure inks Screening 388,428 print defect in flexography 478 in gravure inks 385,395 print defect in gravure '369,429, in flexographic inks 451 432 in liquid inks 206 Scrubbability test. for wallcovering inks in wash coatings for foil 411 420 Shore hardness, of rubber rollers 739 Scuff resistance 249 Shot mills 603 imparted by UV cured varnishes Show-through 288 551 Shrink labelling 499 of carton board 347-8 Sienna pigments 152 testing for 743 Signs Scuffing metal 493-4 of gravure print 394 plastic 495-6 of litho print 340 printing of 53,487,492 Scumming 21,22,62,352-3 Silica 160, 341 in gravure 384,427,739 exposure limits for 788 Second impression set-off 284,303, (Table 15.3),808 307 Silica based pigments 375 Secondary ion mass spectrometry Silicone based coatings, in waterless (SIMS) 778 plates 29,207,364 Security inks (see also under Cheques) Silicone defoaming agents 270,489 pigments for 138, 152 Silicone resins 207 polyvinyl alcohol resins in 215 Silicones, as slip aids 359,393 Segregated oils 188 Siliquarzite*, grinding medium 642 Selenium, as photoconductive drum (Fig. 12.29) 57 Silk-screen printing see Screen printing Self adhesive tape test 410 Siloxanes, used as defoaming agents Semi-drying oils 188-9 270 INDEX 867

Silver inks (see also Metallic inks) 345 Solder resists 574-5 Silverson mixers 617 Solid density see Densit y Singlet state, of molecules 528 Solubilising of resins 266 Skin sensitisation 186, 536, 542,825 Solubility, of resins, testing 712 Skinning, of litho inks 336, 341, 346 Solubility parameters 223,226,389 Skins, greaseproof paper circles 101 Solvent dyes 178-80,71 () Skipping see Speckle Solvent fractionation, ill analysis 752, Slack wax 253 753 (Fig. 14.26) Sliding platen, type of platen press 12 Solvent power 226 Sling, of inks (see also misting) 288, Solvent recovery 39,43 734 Solvent release 381, 382, 387, 388, Slip properties 250,340, 359 390 of OWL can inks 588 Solvent retention of gravure inks 376,393,394,415 in f1exography 454,477-8 of printed film 744- 5 in gravure 38 L 390,414,415,417 Slugs, in letterpress type casting 16 quantitative anlaysis of 770- I Slur Solvents 225-44,236-43 in litho printing 32-3 (Table 4. 16) in screen printing 486 determinatioll of airborne Slur out, print defect in gravure 369 concentrations of 785-6 Small offset disposal of 782- 3 presses 23,346 (Fig. 6.10) harmful effects of 227-8,230 inks 346-7 in flexographic inks 453-5 Smoothness, of paper 65, 67 in gravure inks 375-6,389-93 Soap, as surfactant 263 in jet inks 568 Soap resistance 169 in litho inks 334- ') testing for 708 in screen inks 488 Soaps see Driers legislation relating to 227,390, Society of British Printing Ink 429,610,780-829 passim Manufacturers (SBP1M) risk and safety phrases lor 390, action to discontinue usc of lead 391-2 (Table 7. I), 393 compounds 28 L 289-90 skin complaints from 228, 610 approved monomers and diluents testing of 720-4 274,4)3 Soya bean oil 189,272, B 1,358 design of safety data sheets 798 epoxidised 246, ') 38 excluded acrylates (fulliisl) 817 Special boiling point solvents 228, general exclusion list 274,394, 236 405,542,590,812,815-6 flammability limits 793 (Table guide to labelling legislation 797 15.4) opinion on inks for children's comics Specilic gravity, of solvents 721 815 Specification of colour 94- 5 recommendations for food wrapper Speckle, in gravure 38,42,64,67, inks 812 398-9,399 (Fig. 7.10) recommendations for inks for Spectrophotometers 91, 93 toys 815 (Fig. 3.17),94,106 study of tack measurement 687-8 for assesslllent of gloss 73 1 Society of Dyers and Colourists 85, Spectrum locus 82,83 (Fig. 3.8) 110,172 Specular reflectance 70,94 Colour Measurement Committee Spermaceti wax 256 98 Spices, resistancc 01 inks to 169 naming of disperse dyes by 180 Spindle oil 189,292 Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose Splicing 39,47 (CMC) 225 Spongeability test, for gravure inks Softening point see Melting point 419 868 INDEX

Spot tests, in analysis 754 Stormer viscometers 717 Spray system, in the gravure inking Stouffer control strips 30 system 37 Stoving, of metal decorating inks 585 Spraying see Misting Streaking, print defect in gravure Spreading see Contact angle 384,393,426-7 Squash 61 his, 66, 284, 692-3 Strength of colour see Colour strength Squeegee 50,5 L 48 L 482 (Fig. 9.1) Strength, of paper 65 in intaglio printing 60 (Fig. 2.37) Stress cracking, of PVC bottles 502, Stabilisers 512 in diluents 725 Strike-through 288,298,304 in gravure inks 376,393 in gravure publication printing 400 Stability in jet printing 569 of inks on ageing 732 Stringiness, of letterpress inks 252, of inks on the press 691 728 Stack press 46,47 (Fig. 2.27) Stripping, print defect in litho 342, Stamp-pad inks 180 353 Stamping inks 180 Structuring additives, in screen inks Stamps see Postage stamps 489 Stand oil 185 STS mills 637,638 (Fig.12.25), Standard print 169 639 (Fig. 12.26), 640 (Fig. 12.27) Standards (see International Standards Styrene monomers Organisation; see also under British odour of 264 Standards Institute; CEI standards; polymerisation of 206 European standards; Institute of Styrene-allyl alcohol resins 388 Petroleum) Sublimable dyes 172,181,461 for litho printing 3 I Sublimable pigments 122 for gravure printing 127, 146 Sublistatic printing see under Textile Starch 199,341 printing Static electricity 655, 793-4 Substance identification numbers elimination of 608 805,806 (Table 15.5) Stator mixers see Rotor mixers Subtractive primaries 79,81 (Fig. Stearamide 252 3.6) Stearates, as plasticisers 248-9 Sucrose acetate iso-butyrate (SAIB) Stearic acid 183 245 Steel shot, grinding medium 642 Sulphur content, of solvents 724 (Fig. 12.29) Sunflower seed oil 189 Stefan-Boltzmann laws 522 Supply labelling see under Labelling of Steinemann varnishing machine inks 526 (Fig. 10.2) Surface Coating Resin Index 192 Stencils 50,481,482 Surface tension 262,268, 310, 311 direct photographic 52 of ink-jet inks 55,567 indirect 52 Surfactants 262-4,264 manufacture 52-3 (Table 4.17) Stereos, for newspaper printing 16 added to overprint varnishes 360 Stereotype, type of duplicate plate 17 cause of foaming 269 Sterilisation indicator inks 582-3 in flexographic inks 455 Stock control 107, 648- 52 passim in gravure inks 393,402 Stoddart solvent 236 use in UV systems 278 Stokes, unit of kinematic viscosity Sussmeyer mill 634 676 Sutherland rub tester 742 Storage and handling Sward rocker hardness tester 749 of flammable liquids 791 Sweat-back, of litho inks 356 of inks 648-53 Synergism of varnishes 598-9,611 in dispersion see Hyperdispersants INDEX 869

in photoinitiation see Photosyncrgists Thin layer chromatograpln (TI.C) 756 T -shirts see Textile printing Thioindigo red pigmcllts 152 TAA see Titanium acetyl aCt:tonate Thioxanthoncs, as photoinitiatms Tack of inks 5 1,685-9,693-4 275,531 measuremmt of 326-7,686-8, Thixotropy 261,672- 3 728,729 (Fig. 14.14) of gravure inks 377. 37') of gravure inks 382,400 01 litho inks 322- 'i PdS.llll1, n 3 of lel1erpress inks 288 Three-colour printing .I[,t' PJ'()cess of litho inks 326-8,355,357 printing (Fig. 6.11) Three-dimensional ellcciS 433 reduction of, by extenders 160, ThrlT-roll mills 10 l. 367 6() I, 606. 161, 375,400 624-33 reduction of, by gelled reducers guarding 01 80') 343 Threshold Limit Y,i1ut:s (TtYS) sec reduction of, by TPGDA 274 Occupationall'xlH)SUIT limits reduction of, by waxes 253,257 Tin-plait' printing)') Taint see Odour Tin printing inks sc,' Mctal del'orating Talc 160 inks exposure limits for 788 Tinting strt:ngth we Colour strength (Table 15.3),808 Tinting, delect in lithography ()2,352 Tanker Regulations 805,806 Tintomcter colour cOlllpalators 71 'i Tanking, bulk storage and handling 01 Tissucs, printillg 01 71 () inks 648-5} Titanalt's 261 Tannic acid 270 Titanium acctyl acetonatc (1AA) 393. as laking agent 174, 175 413,414,417 substitutes lor 270- I Titaniulll dioxide 8'i. 1'i7 Tartaric acid salts 342 exposure limits lor 80l Tartrazine yellow lake I 15 ill gravure ink<, 375.384 TBC (tributyl citrate) 245-6 in PCJricsccllt materials 161 TDI see Toluene di-isocyanate TLC .Ice Thin layl'!' lhromatographv TEA see Triet hanolaminc 756 TEC (triethyl citrate) 245-6 TLvs .ICC Thrcshold Lilllit \' alues Tcflon* 207,251 TMPTA see Trillll'thylol propallc Telephone directories, printing of trianylatl' 44 Tobacco seed oil 189 Tension control 39,43 Tobacco wraps, ink<, 1m )94 Terephthalic acid 268 Toluenc 228, 130, 237 Terpenc resins 206 as solvellt in gravurl' illks 376,40 I Tt:st mcthods, for icl1crprcss inks cxposurc limih lor 787 287-9 (Table I 'i.2), 802 Testing, of inks and prints (.ICC a/so flammabilitv limits 7') 3 (Table Quality control) 699-751 1'i.4) Tex bcad mills 636 Tolucnl'di-isocyanatl' 186,220, 'i 38 Tcxtileprinting 53,181 identificatioll of rcsills based Oil by sublimation transfer 172, 755 504-5,580-2 Oil SBPIM excill';ioll list 81 h heattrans/cr inks for 122, 181, Toluidine red 111 182,461 Toluol 237 screen inks for 502,514 mcaning 01 22S Texturing vamishers 578 Tonl'fpigmel1ts 147,150,155 Thermochromic inks 571-2 Toners, lor cicct[opi1o\()graphy ')7, Thickt:ning Jgents 22 5 59,5') (Fig. 1.')6). 563-6 in textile transfer inks 581 Top tone, 01 inks 70h 870 INDEX

Toxic Substances Control Act 826-7 274,276 Toxicity, test methods for 789 Tristimulus filters 89,89 (Fig. 3.12) Toys TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act) coatings for 820 826-7 inks for 116 bis Tubes, printing of 588 Toys (Safety) Regulations, 1974 774, Tubs, printing of 588 784,823-4 Tung oiL 186-7 TPGDA see Tripropylene glycol in combination with phenolic diacrylate resins 199-202 passim Transfer inks see under Textile printing in litho inks 33 L 358 Transmission electron microscopy iodine value of 716 (TEM) 777-8 polymerisation of 315, 317 Transparency speeds drying of letterpress inks of inks 2,85 291 in multicolour printing 329 Tungsten filament lamps 71,89, 91 of pigments 85 Turkey red oil 191 Transparent white 160 Turner-bar marking Transport emergency cards 802-4 in gravure 381 Transport of dangerous goods in web-offset printing 357 - 3 58 805-6,831 Two-component toners 59 Trapping, 693 Two-pack adhesives 395 in gravure colour printing 378, 381 Two-pack inks 6, 179,207,21 L 219 in letterpress colour printing 256, as solder resists 575 688 for screen printing 498, 50 I in litho colour printing 30, 32, 328, flexographic, 468, 469, 475 355 gravure 414 Tremcards* 802-4 Two-pack lacquers 207 Triacetin* 248 Two-part inks see Two-pack inks Tributyl citrate (TBC) 245-6 Two-pot inks see Two-pack inks L I, I,-trichloroethane 391 Two-roll mills 614-615 Tri-chromatic inks (see also Process Type-matter, for letterpress 12 (Fig. colours) 2.1), IS dyes for 181, 182, 183 Typeface 68 fluorescent pigments for 163 Typewriter ribbons, inks for 180, 187, Tridecanol 334 191 Triethanolamine (TEA) 266,294 as chelating agent 261 Ugra control strips 30 as photoactivator 279 UK printing industry 10 Triethyl citrate (TEC) 245-6 Ultramarine blue 146 Triethylene glycol 233,240 Ultramarine violet 150 Trifoil mixers 623 Ultrasonics, in ink manufacture 664 Triglycerides 183 Ultraviolet curing inks see under UV Trigonal* photoinitiators 278,280 curing Trimellitic anhydride 212 Ultraviolet -visible spectroscopy Trimethylol ethane 267 774-6 Trimethylol propane triacrylate Under colour removal 86 (TMPTA) 274,277,543 Undercutting, of image in platemaking to be excluded from UV curing inks 29 817 underlay, in letterpress make-ready Trimethylol propane 267 19 Triple roll mills see Three-roll mills Undertone, assessment of 706 Triple salts (PMTA) 130 United Nations, recommendations on Triple state, of molecules 528 potentially toxic chemicals 826-7 Tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) Unsaturated polyesters 272 INDEX 871

Urea formaldehyde resins 207-8 in litho inks 330 identification of 754 in gravure inks 384 Urethane acrylates, as prepolYI1lers Visco-elasticity 674- ') 273, 538 Viscorneters (sec also Falling-rod Urethane oils 186 viscometers; Cone and plate UV curing viscometcrs; Rota t iOlla I equipment design 554-6 viscometcrs; Brookfield for lelterset printing 589 viscometers; Stormer viscoll1etcrs; for metal decorating inl--s '585 etc.) 32 L 323,675-85,717 future of 560 Viscosity (sa als(l Apparellt viscosity) solder resists 575 control of. in flexographic printing UV curing inks 35,54,218,271-80, 438,442- 3 525-51 control of, in gravure prillting 36, for flexography 549 37,43,381 (Fig. 76).390 for gravure 432, 549 influence of temperature on 674 for web offset 548 measurement of (5('(' (1/.1(' for screen printing 485,513 bis, Viscoll1eters; Flow ClipS) 287. 548 379,717 handling and manufacture 645 ll1odification of, in inb 266-7 safety in use 825-6 of gravure inks 369, 379 testing of 731 of litho inks 321-6, 333 UV radiation 516,517,519 of screell inks 486 (Table 10.2) Wall covering inks 378, 394, Vacuum packaging of inks 653-4 419-21, 424,578-80 Value, pa rameter in the Munsell colour pigmentslOr 151, 153,375 system 95,96(Fig.3.19) Wash coats scc Primers Vanillin, as reodorant 265 Waste disposal 4'58, 782- 3 Varnishes (see also Lithographic Water based inb varnish; Overprint varnishes; drying of, by microwave and Cooked varnishes) radiofrequency radiation 521-2 manufacture of 594-8, 610- 61 I for tlcxography 458-6(), '578 testing of 714-20 for gravure 431- 2 Vegetable black 154 lorjet printing 568 Vegetable oils lor screen printing '504, 513 drying, 183-8,315 testing 01 73 ') non -drying 191 - 2 usc of alkalis in 265 Ventilation, in the workplace 813-4 UV curing 01 540,560 Victoria bl ue pigments 142, 148 - 9, Water content 176-7 of oils and varnishes 719 Vinyl chloride emulsions, in overprint of pigments, determination of 704 varnishes 406 of solvents 72 3 Vinyl films 418,470 Water marking, in litho 353 gravure inks for 418 Water ll1arks, imitation 187, 191 n-vinyl pyrrolidone, as diluent in UV Water reducible inks 286 curing systems 274,276,541 Water take-up tests 695,736-7 Vinyl resins 214-6,497 Waterless plates 29,364 in gravure inks 387,417 Wax lamination 396,41 I in screen inks 488 Wax pastes, manufacture 01 599 Vinyl wall coverings 419-20,578 Wax resistance, test lor 709 Vinyls, self-adhesive see Polyvinyl Waxed paper 62 chloride self-adhesive labels Waxes 249-58 Violet pigments 149-52 in flexographic inks 455 properties 01 167 (Table 4.5) in gravure inks 376 872 INDEX

in litho inks 339-40 Wrap-around plates 17 in screen inks 490 Wrinkle finishes 188 in varnishes 599-600 quality control of 726 Xenon arc source, for lightfastness resistance of inks to 169 testing 706 Waxing, of petroleum distillates 367 Xenon discharge tube 91 Weathering 8-9 Xerography* 563 Web offset inks see Coldset inks; Xenotest* 707 (Fig. 14.5) Heatset inks X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Web offset, presses 23,25 (XPS) 777 Weir system, in the gravure inking X-rays 519 system 37 Xylene 228,230,237 Weissenberg effect 680 as solvent in gravure inks 376 Wet-on-wet printing see Trapping exposure limits for 808 Wetting agents, in flexographic inks flammability limits 794 (Table 455 15.4) White base coats, in gravure 394,411 Xylol see Xylene White pigments 156-61 Xyl(J\e 237 in litho inks 330 properties of 168 (Table 4.7) Yellow pigments 111-7 White Reduction test 443 in gravure inks 383 White spirit 229,236 in litho inks 329 exposure limits for 787 (Table properties of 164 (Table 4.5) 15.2) Yellowing 344 flammability limits 794 (Table of urethane acrylates 538 15.4) Yellowness of vision 74 Whiting see Calcium carbonate Yield value 321,326,333 extender defined 669,678 Wicket dryers of oil inks 728 in metal decorating 585 Yoghurt containers, printing of 410, in screen printing 484 588 Wi en's law 522 Wifag presses 306 Z-blade mixers 603 (Fig. 12.5),614, Wijs method for determining iodine 616-7 value 716 Zahncups 369,678,717 Wipe-on plates 27 Ziegler process 251 Wood grain laminates, inks for Zinc soaps 259 imitating 153,421,422 Zinc plates, in flexo 48 Wood rosin 193 Zinc sulphide pigments 157-8,384 Wool grease 257 Zinc white 156 Worshipful Company of Stationers, Zirconium driers 260,293 The 10