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El Factor Humano Frente Al Imaginario Épico Nacional En La Novela Bélica Australiana Sobre La Gran Guerra

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El Factor Humano Frente Al Imaginario Épico Nacional En La Novela Bélica Australiana Sobre La Gran Guerra UNIVERSIDAD DE OVIEDO PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO DE LITERATURA INGLESA TESIS DOCTORAL El factor humano frente al imaginario épico nacional en la novela bélica australiana sobre la Gran Guerra Autor: Rafael Monreal Iglesia Oviedo, 2015 RESUMEN DEL CONTENIDO DE TESIS DOCTORAL 1.- Título de la Tesis Español/Otro Idioma: El factor humano frente Inglés: The human factor versus the al imaginario épico nacional en la novela bélica imaginary national epic in Australian war australiana sobre la Gran Guerra. novels about the Great War. 2.- Autor Nombre: RAFAEL MONREAL IGLESIA DNI/Pasaporte/ Programa de Doctorado: LITERATURA INGLESA Órgano responsable: FILOLOGIA ANGLOGERMANICA Y FRANCESA RESUMEN (en español) S I B - El encumbramiento del soldado voluntario australiano (digger/Anzac) en numerosas obras 0 1 0 - bélicas sobre la Gran Guerra como símbolo de las cualidades propias y distintivas de la A O V sociedad australiana ha estado al servicio político de la construcción de Australia como país - T A independiente. Pero también existe otro corpus de obras, de mayor calidad literaria, que M - R antepone la figura literaria del soldado (misfit/outsider) a la figura del excelso digger. Este otro O F tipo de soldado australiano, protagonista de una importante serie de novelas sobre la Primera Guerra Mundial, está hermanado con los personajes de las novelas bélicas europeas y con sus preocupaciones existenciales fruto de las tensiones y cambios que caracterizaron al siglo XX. RESUMEN (en Inglés) The exaltation of the Australian volunteer (digger/Anzac) in numerous war novels about the Great War, as a symbol of the distinctive features and qualities to be found in Australian society, has been at the service of politicians in the creation of Australia as an independent nation. But there is also another corpus of literary works, of greater merit, which place the literary figure of the soldier (misfit/outsider) before that of the glorious digger. This other kind of Australian volunteer, who is the main character in quite a number of First World War novels, is equated to his European brothers-in-arms and shares their same poblems and existential anxiety stemming from the major changes characterizing the 20th century. SRA. DIRECTORA DE DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOLOGIA ANGLOGERMANICA Y FRANCESA El factor humano frente al imaginario épico nacional en la novela bélica australiana sobre la Gran Guerra _____________________________________________________________ Para Pepita y Andrés AGRADECIMIENTOS La generosidad no está considerada ni una virtud teologal ni una virtud cardinal. En mi modesta opinión, debería estar incluida en ambos y selectos grupos. Una de las relevantes características de la generosidad es que se puede manifestar de manera tangible o intangible y, al final, nunca sabemos cuál de las dos manifestaciones realmente tiene más mérito. Sin la generosidad de la Doctora María Socorro Suárez Lafuente y, especialmente, sin la generosidad de la Doctora Aurora García Fernández, está tesis no se hubiera escrito. Tampoco sin la generosidad de mi mujer, Eva, a quien debo cientos de horas que devolveré. La presencia, ánimo y comprensión de mis hijos, Laura y Rafael, han sido el auténtico hilo conductor de esta tesis doctoral, desde la primera a la última página. Muchas gracias Rafael Monreal Iglesia i El factor humano frente al imaginario épico nacional en la novela bélica australiana sobre la Gran Guerra _____________________________________________________________ ii El factor humano frente al imaginario épico nacional en la novela bélica australiana sobre la Gran Guerra _____________________________________________________________ Índice Agradecimientos 1. Introducción……………………………………………………………..…………….1 2. El héroe épico australiano en su contexto cultural…………………………………..13 2.1. La tensión entre dicotomías culturales……………………………………….15 2.1.1. Gran Bretaña/Australia: dos hogares en conflicto……………………... 18 2.1.2. La urbe/la naturaleza (bush)………………………………….…………19 2.1.3. Australia ante la guerra: militarismo/antimilitarismo………….………..21 2.1.4. Jerarquía-brass-hats/igualitarismo/mateship……………………..……..22 2.1.5. El mundo exterior-war/la retaguardia-home……………………….……23 2.1.6. Clasismo/igualdad de oportunidades………………………………..…..27 2.2. La génesis del digger…………………………………………………………30 2.3. La legalidad…………………………………………………………………..35 2.3.1. La legalidad y los diggers………………………………………….……42 2.4. The Home Front……………………………………………………………....55 2.5. Las mujeres, la sociedad y la guerra……………...…………………………..63 2.6. La literatura y la tradición bélica australiana…………………………………68 2.7. La épica y los corresponsales de guerra……………………………………...87 3. Los orígenes de la tradición bélica australiana………………………………………93 3.1. Introducción…………………………………………………………………..95 3.2. Australia en la guerra contra los maoríes (1863)……………………………..96 3.3. Australia en la guerra contra los derviches (1885)………………………….100 3.3.1. El estipendio militar………………………………………………….102 3.4. Australia en la guerra contra los bóers (1899)………………………………105 3.4.1. La forja de la identidad ……………………………………………...106 3.4.2. La leva voluntaria…………………………………………………….106 iii El factor humano frente al imaginario épico nacional en la novela bélica australiana sobre la Gran Guerra _____________________________________________________________ 3.4.3. La llamada de la Madre Patria………………………………………..108 3.4.4. La alegría pre-bélica y el factor humano……………………………..109 3.4.5. La economía………………………………………………………….112 3.4.6. La legalidad y las voces discrepantes………………………………...114 3.4.7. El caso Breaker Morant………………………………………………118 3.5. Australia en la guerra contra los bóxers (1900)……………………………..122 4. Australia en la Primera Guerra Mundial……………………………………………124 4.1. Introducción………………………………………………………………....127 4.2. El contexto pre-bélico……………………………………………………….129 4.2.1. El entusiasmo: James Drummond Burns y Rupert Brooke……………131 4.2.2. Alemania y Gran Bretaña………………………………………….…..137 4.2.3. Australia………………………………………………………….….…143 4.2.4. Japón………………………………………………………………..….146 4.3. La guerra y las voces discrepantes………………………………………….148 4.3.1. Católicos y protestantes………………………………………….…….152 4.3.2. Vida Goldstein………………………………………………………..159 4.3.3. William Morris “Billy” Hughes………………………………………161 4.4. La economía y la guerra…………………………………………………….163 4.5. El hito de Gallipoli………………………………………………………….170 4.5.1. Leyenda y realidad…………………………………………………….170 4.5.2. Política………………………………………………………………..174 4.6. La guerra en la memoria nacional…………………………………………..177 4.6.1. La memoria y el teatro………………………………………………..182 4.6.2. La memoria de la guerra: Gran Bretaña y Australia………………….187 4.6.3. La memoria y el reconocimiento oficial………………………………193 4.6.4. La reivindicación de un monumento en Anzac Parade…………….....201 5. La Primera Guerra Mundial en la literatura australiana……………………………205 5.1. Escritores excombatientes…………………………………………………..207 iv El factor humano frente al imaginario épico nacional en la novela bélica australiana sobre la Gran Guerra _____________________________________________________________ 5.2. Frederick Manning: la version existencial…………………………………..222 5.3. Martin à Beckett Boyd: las tribulaciones de un pacifista…………………...244 5.4. Leonard Mann: la debilidad del héroe………………………………………264 5.5. John Phillip McKinney: happy go lucky…………………………………….273 5.6. Escritores contemporáneos………………………………………………….283 5.7. David Malouf: una vision modernista………………………………………284 5.8. Geoff Page: entre el poder y la gloria (faction)……………………………..299 5.9. John Charalambous: una subversion postmoderna……………………….....308 6. Conclusiones………………………………………………………………………..318 7. Obras citadas………………………………………………………………………..322 v El factor humano frente al imaginario épico nacional en la novela bélica australiana sobre la Gran Guerra _____________________________________________________________ vi El factor humano frente al imaginario épico nacional en la novela bélica australiana sobre la Gran Guerra _____________________________________________________________ vii El factor humano frente al imaginario épico nacional en la novela bélica australiana sobre la Gran Guerra ___________________________________________________________ 0 El factor humano frente al imaginario épico nacional en la novela bélica australiana sobre la Gran Guerra ___________________________________________________________ 1. Introducción. There is an extraordinary veracity in war, which strips man of every conventional covering he has, and leaves him to face a fact as naked and as inexorable as himself. (Manning 2007: 63) War is not an occasional interruption of a normality called peace; it is a climate in which we live. (Hynes 1998: xii) Los estudios específicos sobre la literatura bélica no tienen en España un arraigo similar al que disfrutan en los países anglosajones, donde prolifera tanto la producción lírica y narrativa como su análisis crítico. La participación directa de esos países en las guerras más atroces del siglo XX se apunta como la explicación más lógica para el éxito de este tipo de literatura en el mundo anglosajón; sin embargo, no en todos ellos ha suscitado el 1 El factor humano frente al imaginario épico nacional en la novela bélica australiana sobre la Gran Guerra ___________________________________________________________ mismo grado de interés ni el mismo tratamiento por parte de la crítica especializada. No son tan numerosos, por ejemplo, los estudios que hasta la fecha se han ocupado de manera específica de la literatura australiana sobre la Primera Guerra Mundial en comparación con la larga lista de trabajos dedicados a otras
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