HIGH STREET CHARACTER AREA NEWPORT TOWN CENTRE CONSERVATION AREA CHARACTERISATION STUDY - CONSULTATION DRAFT AUGUST 2017 Issue 01 July 2017 / Project Team

Issue 02 August 2017 Public Consultation

Prepared by Purcell® on behalf of Newport City Council. 104 Gloucester Green, Oxford OX1 2BU www.purcelluk.com HIGH STREET CHARACTER AREA, NEWPORT TOWN CENTRE CONSERVATION AREA – CHARACTERISATION STUDY CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION 04 4.0 THE CHARACTER OF BUILDING 22 1.1 Aims of the Study 04 4.1 Architectural Groups 22 4.2 Common Features and Materials 26 4.3 Public Realm 29 2.0 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 05 4.4 Arcades 31 2.1 Summary Timeline 05 4.5 Comparable Arcades 34 2.2 T own Origins: Pre-Historic and Medieval Periods 06 2.3 Trade and Commerce 07 5.0 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 35 2.4 Market Arcade 10 5.2 Market Arcade 37 2.5 The Industrial Revolution 13 2.6 Modern Era 13 6.0 SELECTED SOURCES 38

3.0 HISTORICAL TOPOGRAPHY 14 3.1 General Configuration 14 APPENDIX A: 3.2 Natural Topography 14 NEWPORT TOWN CENTRE 3.3 Views 16 CONSERVATION AREA BOUNDARY 39

03 1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Aims of the Study 1.1.3 This Characterisation Study has been 1.1.1 Urban characterisation aims to describe prepared for the High Street Character Area and explain the historic character of towns to within Newport Town Centre Conservation give a focus to local distinctiveness and to Area. It forms part of a suite of documents for serve as a tool for the sustainable management the regeneration of the area as set out in of the historic environment. It seeks to inform Newport City Council’s Heritage Lottery Fund and support positive conservation and Townscape Heritage Programme. It is intended regeneration programmes, help improve the that this study provides a baseline for the quality of planning advice, and contribute to management of conservation and development local interpretation and education strategies. within this area, which will be set out in detail in a management plan. 1.1.2 Urban characterisation defines the distinctive historical character of individual 1.1.4 The project focusses particularly on the towns, and identifies the variety of character Market Arcade at the north end of the High Street within them, recognizing that this character is Character Area but does not include the whole of fundamental to local distinctiveness and pride of the Conservation Area. It is intended that this place, and is an asset in regeneration. It looks study examines the historic development, at how the history of a town is expressed in its character and significance of the Market Arcade plan and topography, in areas of archaeological and the wider High Street character area, and potential, and in its architectural character. The create a model for the further study of the rest of survey is not just an audit of features, but a the Conservation Area at a later date. reconstruction of the themes and processes which have shaped the town. Cadw

N High Street Character Area Wider Town Centre Conservation Area (the full boundary is shown in Appendix A)

This plan is not to scale

04 2.0 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

2.1 Summary Timeline 1126 The earliest known reference to a settlement at Newport, likely to have been a walled town, known as ‘Novus Burgus’, or ‘New Town’.

1314 The first town charter was awarded.

1324 De velopment began to overspill the town walls.

1327-86 T he surviving was constructed.

1385 The second town charter awarded.

1426 T he third town charter awarded, permitting a town market.

1793 T he market at the north end of the High Street was closed.

1801 Town population = 1,087.

1817 A new market opened between Griffin Street and Market Street.

1800s M uch development took place along the High Street, including widening the road and constructing new buildings.

1850 The rail station opened.

1865 was extended.

1867-69 T he first arcade, known as Fennell’s Arcade, was built on the site of the Market Arcade.

1885-89 Newport Market was rebuilt.

1893 Newport Arcade was built.

1900 Town population = 67,000.

1905 F ennell’s Arcade was rebuilt and thereafter known as Market Arcade.

1934 The west side of Newport Market was rebuilt with an emphasised entrance off the High Street.

05 2.0 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

2.2 Town Origins: Pre-Historic and 2.2.3 The medieval walled town is likely to Medieval Periods have had three gates: one near the bridge, a 2.2.1 There has been a settlement in Newport second near St Lawrence’s Church and a third 02 since the pre-historic period, when fishermen in the centre of the High Street. A murenger, settled around the fertile estuary of the River or tax collector, collected money for the repair Usk. During the Romano-British period (43 AD of the town walls. At 53 High Street, Ye Olde – 5th century), a fort was built at as a Murenger House survives on the site of an means of defending the important river crossing. earlier building likely to have been the offices of Despite this evidence of early settlement in the the murenger given its close proximity to the wider Newport area, the town itself did not begin northern town gate. Murage tolls were to develop until the medieval period (c.5th-15th abolished in 1324 as a result of pressure for century). more building space outside the town walls.

2.2.2 The early town was established by 2.2.4 The surviving on the Robert, Earl of Gloucester in 1126 and was banks of the was established around known as Novus Burgus; literally, New Town. the mid-late 14th century; its construction date The 12th-century development was focused is generally agreed as between 1327 and 1386. around the High Street area and is thought to It was sacked during the Welsh Revolt in 1402, have possibly been encircled by defensive at which time much of Newport was also burnt, walls.01 Sources conflict regarding the date of but survived and recovered. the first castle in Newport: a predecessor of today’s castle was established around the late 11th or 12th century in an unknown location, possibly to the south of the High Street area, near the cathedral.

(C) Anne Leaver Impression of medieval Newport, viewed from the south

02 Illustrated: Series of Views comprising the Picturesque 01 Archwilio, PRN 00226g. Scenery, Towns, , Seats of the Nobility and Gentry, (1830).

06 2.0 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

2.3 Trade and Commerce 2.3.4 Despite its status as a prosperous 2.3.1 In 1314, settlement in Newport had market town, Newport remained relatively become sufficiently established to be awarded small: comprising 221 houses by 1801, with a its first charter, with a second following soon population of 1,087. Despite this small population, after in 1385. A third charter was issued in the market proved to be a disruptive influence 1426, permitting the right for the town to hold its due to the congestion it caused along the High 04 own market. This was established at the north Street and was ultimately closed in 1793. end of the High Street, where the road bends around towards the Castle. A much later map 2.3.5 Following the closure of the medieval from 1750 clearly shows the presence of a market, it was necessary to find a new site for market house in the middle of the road. By 1521 market activities. A site on the north side of Newport had become a prosperous market Griffin Street was chosen, bordered to the north town. The river was an important factor in its by what is now called Market Street (known as trading success, providing an easy transport Cross Keys Lane in the mid-18th century). The 05 link for moving goods via the wharfs lining the new market opened in 1817. It was later banks of the pill, a short channel extending off purchased by the Corporation of Newport in the west side of the river. 1885, who instigated its rebuilding to designs by Kirby & Watkins, completed in 1889. The west 2.3.2 The High Street extended southwards side was rebuilt in 1934 so that the Market had a off the market place and formed the principal more obvious presence on the High Street. thoroughfare through the medieval town. John Leyland, writing in the 1530s, described how 2.3.6 Since the 16th century, the town had ‘the fairest of the town is all yn one streat’, developed little beyond the High Street area. presumably referring to the High Street as he However, this began to change in the early 19th also notes that the town is largely in ruin.03 century, initially with the widening of the High Street in 1809. It was later widened in 1851 and 06 2.3.3 Though the medieval buildings along the again in 1879. This instigated numerous High Street have been demolished, the narrow rebuilding projects along the High Street, width and long depth of the plots lining the street including several in a French Renaissance style are a clear nod to the medieval built development (Nos. 24/35, 41/43 and 46/47) by architects along this thoroughfare. These are common in Habershon & Fawckner, who are believed to medieval market towns where street frontage have later designed the rebuilt Market Arcade. was highly desirable to catch passing trade. By They also designed the Newport Arcade, reducing the width of the plots, more could be created in 1893 on the west side of the High squeezed into the streetscape. Street, connecting it with Cambrian Road which had been created as a relief route for the heavy traffic using the High Street.07

04 Newport Historic Town Centre: Draft Conservation Area Appraisal, (2016). 05 Newport Historic Town Centre: Draft Conservation Area Appraisal, (2016). 06 Newport Historic Town Centre: Draft Conservation Area Appraisal, 03 Caerleon Net, http://caerleon.net/history/leland/index.htm (accessed (2016). June 2017). 07 Evening Express, (7 December 1895).

07 2.0 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

2.3.7 Postcards from the late 19th century to the mid-20th century showing the increasingly busy High Street.

08 2.0 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

2.3.8 A plan of Newport from the mid-18th century clearly shows the High Street and as the principal thoroughfare connecting the cathedral to the south with the castle to the north. Along the banks of the River Usk were wharfs for loading and unloading commercial vessels; a channel (called a ‘pill’, from the Welsh pwl, meaning an inlet or pool) branched off the river and extended into the wharfs, creating more dock-able water frontage almost parallel with the commercial High Street.

2.3.9 Much of the configuration of the High Street area discussed in this study is shown laid out as it currently survives: Skinner Street, Griffin Lane (now Griffin Street) and Cross Keys Lane (now Market Street) all extending off the east side of the High Street. Cambrian Road is not evident, with the plots on the west side of the High Street extending back onto orchard enclosures or open fields. At the northern bend of the High Street, where the road now widens, stood the Market House – a clear indicator that this was the historic location of the town’s market. A cut-through route is visible between Cross Keys Lane (Market Street) and the Market House, most likely Carpenter’s The Town and Borough of Newport, 1750 Arms Lane.

09 2.0 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

2.4 Market Arcade 2.4.3 Plans – submitted for approval by the 2.4.1 The first arcade to be built on this site local Board of Health by a Mr Lawrence – was underway by 1867, when it was recorded were described as depicting ‘nine shops, one that ‘a handsome arcade, to form an excellent story high, forming an arcade…. from High approach from High Street to the Duke of Street to the market’. The 1817 market had Beaufort’s new market’ was about to begin been extended in 1865 and the new arcade 08 was intended as a new approach from the construction. This new arcade had been 13 discussed as early as 1862 in a letter to the station end of the High Street. Fennell’s Merlin decrying the potential plans also intended to build two ‘handsome’ rebuilding of the market, though expressing shop fronts on either side of the High Street support for a potential new arcade. This letter entrance, and it was proposed that the footway would be 12-feet wide and covered refers to the Duke of Beaufort’s supposed 14 intention to take down two houses in the High with a glass roof. Street – belonging to a Mr Bryant and Mr Ewins – and replace them with an arcade, 2.4.4 The reaction to the arcade was approaching the market.09 generally positive, with articles in newspapers of the day stating that it would be ‘a decided improvement’, and one that ‘every tradesperson 2.4.2 In the event, the houses of Mr Bryant in the city will be glad to see carried out’.15 The and Mr Ewins were taken down, but the project development attracted a number of different was funded by a Mr Fennell, rather than the trades, with the 1876 Butcher’s Street Directory Duke of Beaufort. Fennell was a prosperous listing occupants as: a photographer, an fishmonger within the town of Newport and an umbrella maker, a watchmaker, a bible and tract active member of the community, particularly seller, an earthenware dealer, a fruiterer, an in religious matters; one account recalls how, agent, and a milliner.16 after preaching at a special service at Barry Dock, he joked ‘I sell fish all the week and 2.4.5 The present Market Arcade was 10 catch souls on Sunday’. Fennell’s premises constructed around 1905. Plans show that it had been located on the High Street, opposite followed the same general arrangement as the South Wales Railway, adjoining the site of the structure it replaced, though the number of 11 the arcade. He took out a 12-year lease on units were increased to 17. The architects are the land from the Duke of Beaufort in order to believed to have been the practice of build the arcade, which occupied a prime Habershon & Fawckner, who were well location close to the rail station and fronting established architects in the town, designing directly onto the High Street.12 many public buildings including St Mark’s Church (1874) and Beechwood House (1877), as well as numerous buildings along the High Street and Newport Arcade.

08 Country Observer and Monmouthshire Central Advertiser, 10 August 1867. 13 Monmouthshire Merlin, (2 November 1867). 09 Monmouthshire Merlin, (4 January 1862). 14 The Cardiff Times, (10 August 1867). 10 Barry Herald, (10 July 1896). 15 The Cardiff Times, (10 August 1867). 11 Monmouthshire Merlin, (13 December 1862). 16 Butcher’s Newport Street Directory, (1876), accessed through Newport 12 The Cardiff Times, (10 August 1867). Past.

10 2.0 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

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Fennell’s Arcade, drawn in 1869 N

The re-built arcade, 1905

2.4.6 As with its previous incarnation, the 2.4.7 However, during the later 20th century, renewed Arcade proved to be a commercial commercial development in Newport moved success. The 1914 entry in Johns’ Newport away from the Victorian market centre of the Street Directory lists the occupants of the units town. As retail development moved away from generally as smart retailers. Occupants the northern area of the town, more recreational included: two drapers, an outfitter, a china developments such as cafes and pubs were dealer, a watchmaker, a confectioner, a florist established in their stead, meaning a lack of and a tobacconist.17 The arcade continued to trade due to reduced footfall and an increase in flourish through the inter-war years, with anti-social behaviour in the area.19 anecdotal evidence suggesting it developed as a flower market. As late as the 1950s, one trade remembers that, ‘I sold 3,000 lbs of tomatoes on a single Friday. It was that busy, other traders were complaining about the queues blocking the route through the arcade’.18

17 Johns’ Newport Street Directory, (1914), accessed through Newport Past. 18 Newport City Council: Market Arcade Townscape Heritage Scheme, 19 Newport Historic Town Centre: Draft Conservation Area Appraisal, the Project in Pictures, (2016). (2016).

11 2.0 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Ordnance Survey (1885-87) showing the 19th-century developments in the town centre; including the market in the centre, the railway to the north-west (top left) and river wharfs to the east (right), with a goods rail line adjacent. The two arcades are also shown as narrow cut-through routes between the dense buildings.

12 2.0 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

2.5 The Industrial Revolution 2.5.5 However, these stations closed in 1880 2.5.1 During the Industrial Revolution trade in and the main station was expanded to meet the Newport really flourished. Although the many increased demand. towns and cities across the England and Wales expanded during this period, Newport underwent 2.5.6 Newport continued to thrive into the late a remarkable boom: rising from a population of 19th and early 20th centuries. The Alexandra just over 1,000 in 1800 to 67,000 by 1900.20 Docks were established in 1875 and expanded over the following decades. As the town 2.5.2 With the sudden increase in the demand expanded southwards, the need for another for coal, the mines in the South Wales Valleys river crossing became apparent and the iconic became increasingly important and productive. Transporter Bridge was opened in 1906. Coal was transported via waterway to the Welsh port towns, including Newport which was 2.6 Modern Era connected to the mining towns of Pontypool and 2.6.1 Recognising that the High Street was in 1799 by the Monmouthshire becoming increasingly busy with traffic, the Canal. By the 1830s, Newport had become one Newport Corporation implemented a one-way of the leading coal ports in Wales; exporting system in 1949, diverting traffic onto Upper 519,000 tons in 1831. Dock Street. From the mid-20th century onwards, focus began to shift and move away 2.5.3 In response to the need to expand from the High Street. The Kingsway Shopping Newport’s commercial core, Commercial Street Centre was opened in 1968 and Friars Walk was laid out in 1810 along the earlier Westgate opened in 2015, cementing the commercial shift Street which, in the mid-18th century, had led away from the historic town centre towards the into open fields. This scheme was part of a extended Commercial Street. wider plan by Sir Charles Morgan, Baron Tredegar, to increase Newport’s prospects and 2.6.2 As part of the Queen’s Golden Jubilee wealth. celebrations in 2002, Newport was bestowed official city status. In recognition of this, the 2.5.4 The rail station in Newport was opened was constructed on the in 1850, operated by the South Wales Railway banks of the river, south-east of the High Street Company and with direct access onto the north area. It was during excavations for the build that end of the High Street across what is now the Newport Ship was discovered, a 15th-century Queensway. The topography of South Wales trading vessel with Portuguese artefacts that necessitated complex engineering solutions. illustrates the busy and international trade seen in At Newport both a large timber viaduct and the late medieval town. the Hillfield tunnels were constructed to accommodate the tracks. The opening of a railway in Newport was highly anticipated and viewed with enthusiasm as it was hoped that it would open the town to the rest of Britain. Originally, there were additional stations at Dock Street and Mill Street.

20 Newport Historic Town Centre: Draft Conservation Area Appraisal, (2016).

13 3.0 HISTORICAL TOPOGRAPHY

3.1 General Configuration with the loss of the working riverfront wharfs and 3.1.1 The High Street Character Area the close proximity of the bus station abutting the generally comprises principal north-south east end of these routes. The same has thoroughfares with secondary and tertiary happened at Station Approach, where the routes running across between them: historic direct link between the rail station and the High Street has been truncated by modern • Principal thoroughfares: Cambrian Road, developments. However, the historic development High Street, Upper Dock Street, Skinner of the wider area has left a distinct mark on the Street. evolution of these thoroughfares’ configuration. • Secondary thoroughfares: Market Street, Griffin Street, Station Approach. 3.1.4 Also characteristic of the area are the tertiary routes which link primary and • Tertiary thoroughfares: Market Arcade, secondary routes by channelling through the Newport Arcade, Carpenters Arms Lane. dense building blocks filling the spaces between. The two arcades are such tertiary 3.1.2 The High Street forms the main spine of links and have evolved in tandem with the the Character Area, continuing southwards prevalent trade and commerce activity within through the Conservation Area as Stow Hill. the High Street area, resulting in the historic Transport routes and hubs enclose its north end, retail units which line either side of the arcades. causing its architectural and spatial character to stop abruptly where it meets the bus station, the 3.2 Natural Topography Queensway/Usk Way roundabout and the rail station. The relationship of the north end of the 3.2.1 The topographical landscape of Newport High Street with the Castle and riverfront has has been hewn by the flow of the River Usk, been completely truncated by the A4042 Usk resulting in a bedrock geology of sedimentary Way, such that this section of the High Street deposits from millennia of flooding and the has the character of a secondary thoroughfare, movement of water southwards towards the rather than the significant principal route it was Severn estuary. historically. Further south, the area’s spatial and physical character blends more seamlessly with 3.2.2 The topography of the area generally the neighbouring areas. declines southwards, this being notable at the north ends of Cambrian Road and the High 3.1.3 Griffin Street and Market Street are Street. The generally southwards sloping similar in character and form parallel secondary topography is particularly obvious looking at the routes running either side of the Market, linking entrance on the north side of the Market this and the High Street with Upper Dock Street compared to the south side: from the north and, historically, the river wharfs where incoming/ shoppers step down into the Market, whereas outgoing goods were processed. This historic from the south they step up to the entrance. narrative is no longer easily discernible, what

14 3.0 HISTORICAL TOPOGRAPHY

Looking south down the High Street from its northern bend, where the topography notably slopes downwards

Looking south down Cambrian Road, where the southwards decline is more marked

15 3.0 HISTORICAL TOPOGRAPHY

3.3 Views VIEWS PLAN 3.3.1 The relatively short and straight High Street Character Area thoroughfares through the Character Area channel views up and down the streets. In Views along principal thoroughfares other instances, the gentle curve in the road Views along secondary thoroughfares and building line encourage a kinetic view, Views along tertiary thoroughfares where more is revealed as the viewer travels 01 View number along. As well as these principal views, there are also secondary glimpsed views directed This plan is not to scale through the arcades and Carpenters Arms Lane.

16 3.0 HISTORICAL TOPOGRAPHY

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17 3.0 HISTORICAL TOPOGRAPHY

01 Looking south-westwards from the top 03 Looking north and south along the High of the High Street Street Historically, this view would have been the first These views are dominated by rich architectural glimpse of the town centre for those crossing pieces, including the elevation over Newport the bridge; however, it is now limited to the Arcade on the west side and the turret at the reduced passing traffic. The somewhat corner of 27 High Street (the latter particularly in disconnected feel of this section of the High views from the north end). The generous width Street is at odds with the commemorative of the street results in a layered streetscape, statuary against the former Post Office and the with buildings along the east side overlapping landmark building on the corner, which where the building line varies and the buildings historically evolved in response to the busy opposite gently curving round. At the south end nature of their surroundings. The prominence of of the High Street, the view is framed on either the Ye Olde Murenger House is illustrative of side by the prominent corner buildings. this location’s history of toll collecting from those entering the formerly walled town. The 04 Looking up/down Market Street from width of the road is also indicative of the market either end house that historically stood in the centre. These are secondary views within the Character Area, channelled by the comparatively narrow 02 Looking north-eastwards from Station width of the street and almost continuous Approach across the High Street building line. The uniform elevation of the Market This view looks out across the entrance into the is a prominent feature in these views. There are High Street towards the Castle, which is just also ancillary views into the cut-through routes visible behind the parked vans. Historically, this on the north side of Market Street (Market would have been an immensely important view; Arcade and Carpenters Arms Lane), which are however, its significance has been diluted by unique within the Character Area as they bend the modern development at the far end of the around and do not offer a clear view straight High Street and the reconfiguration of the through to the other side. transport routes such that traffic into the High Street is dramatically reduced. Although not 05 Looking up/down Griffin Street from within the Character Area, the former Post either end Office is a key component within this view. As with the views up and down Market Street, Unfortunately, the density of vehicular parking these are secondary views channelled by the detracts from much of the streetscape, narrow width of the street. These streetscapes particularly the entrance into Market Arcade. differ from most of the Character Area given the disparate roof heights on either side: the Market seems comparatively diminutive compared to the taller buildings on the opposite side of the street in both thoroughfares.

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06 Looking southwards towards the Market 09 Looking along the north side of Skinner from the north end of the bus station Street from the east and west There is little impetus for the public to take in The road here curves around but is interrupted this viewpoint as it requires crossing the bus by the protruding modern development halfway route and standing on a corner. However, it along the south side, meaning that the view of offers the best vantage point of the Market’s the north side does not extend the full length of historic entrance, marked by a central tower the block. However, this converts the view into a which is hardly visible anywhere in the kinetic view, where more architectural features Character Area. This orientation illustrates the are revealed as the viewer travels around the historic configuration of this area as a busy curve of the road. thoroughfare connecting the riverfront wharfs with the Market, albeit heavily diluted now by 10 Looking north and south along the east the close proximity of the bus station. side of Cambrian Lane The views along Cambrian Road are channelled 07 Looking southwards down Upper Dock by the more obviously sloping topography, with Street from the junction with Griffin a steeper slope at its north end than anywhere Street else in the Character Area. The architecture is This is a relatively short view but is significant less rich along this thoroughfare; however, there for the fragment of historic wharf character is a particularly strong group of brick elevations projected by the warehouse-like buildings at the at the north end which make a significant far south end of Upper Dock Street. These were contribution to the view here. historically prominent commercial buildings. Additionally, the faded advertisements painted on the gable end of this block can be glimpsed behind the canopy of the bus station, evidently in a location that was once highly prominent.

08 Looking northwards up Upper Dock Street from Skinner Street The tower over the Market is prominent in this view, projecting a civic character contrasted by the more utilitarian style of the former wharf buildings in the foreground opposite.

19 3.0 HISTORICAL TOPOGRAPHY

3.3.2 An illustrative selection of key views in the High Street Character Area:

01 Looking south-westwards from the top end of the High Street 02 Looking north-eastwards at the top end of the High Street

03 Looking north up the High Street 03 Looking south down the High Street

04 Looking west along Market Street 05 Looking west along Griffin Street

20 3.0 HISTORICAL TOPOGRAPHY

06 T he Market tower viewed from the corner of the bus station 08 Looking north up Upper Dock Street

09 Looking west along the north side of Skinner Street 10 Looking south down Cambrian Road

Local view through Market Arcade from the High Street Local view through Newport Arcade from Cambrian Road

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4.1 Architectural Groups

UNIFIED ELEVATIONS Architecturally unified elevations above ground floor level

This plan is not to scale

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22 4.0 THE CHARACTER OF BUILDING

4.1.1 Generally, the architectural interest of the Character Area emanates from the elevational treatments above the ground floor. Here, there are clear groups unified by the same architectural design continuing across more than one address. The architectural styles range from highly ornate Renaissance styles to sleeker early 20th-century designs.

4.1.2 There are distinctive groups throughout the Character Area, those on the High Street are particularly notable for the sheer size of the grouped elevations as they span a much longer length of the streetscape than elsewhere. Each design is individual in character, using a range of materials and architectural features. This architectural uniformity across a group of buildings, in some instances, is not immediately recognisable as different properties have been subject to different paint schemes or had features added.

4.1.3 Additionally, corner buildings are The High Street elevation over the entrance to the Market Arcade, treated particularly well, with elevational designs which is architecturally balanced but its uniformity has been diluted by which focus on the corner unit and wrap around different surface treatments either side. This makes the visual flow from one streetscape to another smoother. Nos. 33 (NatWest) and 34 (Principality) High Street, both landmark corner buildings, notably frame the south entrance onto the High Street.

The altered elevation across 38a-40a High Street, where the Italianate The architecturally uniform elevation above 41-47 High Street, which fenestration has largely been retained, except for the large modern has a slight variance at the far north end where the arched windows window above Subway which has diluted the uniformity of the group echo the arch over the entrance to Newport Arcade

23 4.0 THE CHARACTER OF BUILDING

The historically matching but much altered elevations at 40 and 44 Highbury Chambers, 5-10 Skinner Street – a rich architectural elevation Cambrian Road, where behind the oriel window the wide brick arch with a central pediment and contrasting yellow brick dressings lintel, string course and gable end window matching its neighbour are still evident

Plainer matching elevations at 9 and 10 High Street The former bank and public house on the corner of the High Street, the elevation of which wraps around the end of the block and onto the north end of Cambrian Road

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The uniform above-ground elevations of 22-24 and 26-28 Cambrian Road, where the use of buff brick unifies the subtly different architectural styles within the wider group

33 High Street, a prominent corner building, the elevation of which wraps around to units on the High Street and Skinner Street

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4.2 Common Features and Materials 4.2.1 The use of prominent Dutch gables is especially prevalent in the High Street Character Area. These are typically ornate front-facing gable ends with scrolls and pediments extending above the parapet, creating a varied roofscape. They are most notable along the High Street, where the larger architectural groups are concentrated.

4.2.2 Dated features are also common and include foundation stones, high-level date stones/plaques and rain hoppers. These are Bust reliefs on 27 High Street especially notable for illustrating the wide- spread 19th- and early 20th-century developments that took place across the Character Area.

4.2.3 The use of carved ornamentation – scrolls, floral swags and arabesques, cartouches and busts – add a richness to the architecture within the Character Area and are indicative of the generous budgets available for the high-quality developments carried out in the late 19th and early 20th century.

4.2.4 The materials used vary across the architectural designs within the Character Area. A light-coloured Bath stone with an ashlar finish, contrastingly dark and roughly-hewn Pennant stone, and red and yellow bricks are the most common elevation materials. Bath stone, in particular, lends itself well to carving the delicate reliefs and dressings that ornament many of the buildings. Pennant stone is a South Wales material often used for its more hardwearing nature. Uniquely within the Character Area, the Cartouche detail on 28 High Street Market is faced with a roughly-hewn red-brown sandstone, creating a rusticated appearance. Portland stone is also evident on the west elevation of the Market, matching the elevation on the corner of the High Street and Market Street.

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Dated rain hopper Date plaque on Griffin House

Detail of the Dutch gables on 28 High Street Dated foundation stone

Sculpted floral scrolls at frieze level

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Highbury Chambers, with a pedimented Dutch gable and sculpted name and date detail

Ornate Dutch gables over 14 High Street Portland stone finish on the west elevation of the Market

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4.3 Public Realm subsequently waned. A commemorative statue 4.3.1 The road and pavement surface of a produce-laden pig has been re-instated treatments are generally uniform across the within the bus station, opposite the east High Street, Market Street, Griffin Street, Upper entrance to the Market, and is a well-known Dock Street and Skinner Street where a local symbol of the history of the Market. modern scheme of varied Pennant setts have been laid in response to the pedestrianisation of these thoroughfares. Coupled with this along the High Street are a series of bollards demarcating the pedestrian-only areas from the main section of road where reduced traffic is permitted, and a seating area in front of the Market entrance. This highlights the mid-point along the High Street as a prominent meeting and resting place within the busy thoroughfare.

4.3.2 Cambrian Road, however, has a more dated surface treatment of herringbone bricks with square setts. This stops short at the north end of the road, where another scheme of different setts starts. Bridge Street has another scheme of surface treatment, with squared slabs.

4.3.3 Each street has a uniform series of streetlamps, with several modern styles evident throughout the Character Area. Many, including those on the High Street and Cambrian Road, also have planted hanging baskets. Within The signpost outside Newport Arcade Newport Arcade are a series of traditional-style hung lanterns from the roof and mounted on wall brackets.

4.3.4 As well as modern traffic signage, at key pedestrian junctions are signposts in a traditional post design with multiple arrow signs.

4.3.5 A focal point on Bridge Street is the statue of Sir Charles Morgan, a key character in Newport’s 19th-century development. Further statuary is somewhat arbitrarily placed opposite the former Post Office at the north end of the High Street, including a war memorial. This is Wall-mounted lanterns in Newport Arcade indicative of its historical prominence, which has

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Statue on Bridge Street, depicting Sir Charles Morgan War memorial on the High Street

A replica Preaching Cross on the High Street

30 4.0 THE CHARACTER OF BUILDING

4.4 Arcades 4.4.4 Newport Arcade has retained its 4.4.1 The two arcades in the High Street rhythmic uniformity: the shopfronts maintain Character Area diversify its spatial character, their historic proportions with plinths, pilasters offering cut-through routes to connect the and corbels. Attractive cast iron detailing also busier main thoroughfares. Newport Arcade is survives along the upper level walkway and the more active of the two arcades, whereas ornamenting the supporting iron posts. The Market Arcade suffers many serious issues that floor is a modern tiled surface, which substantially detract from its character. contributes to the overall fresh and light character of the interior. 4.4.2 Despite the clear difference in their condition, the two arcades have many of the 4.4.5 Within Market Arcade, there are same features. The use of glazed tiles and features which allude to its original historic bricks at high level is present in both, likely character. Many of the shop units have retained intended as means of emphasising the their recessed and angled doors, albeit often brightness of the top-lit interiors. Canted bay behind security gates or shutters. Evidence of windows are also a common feature and are a other historic features include sections of means of gathering increased natural light for dentilled cornicing, shopfront corbels, the rooms behind. Being bounded on either decorative latticework and sign fascias. side by buildings, many of the units are only lit by these windows and it was therefore important to make use of such features.

4.4.3 On their High Street sides, both arcades are framed by ornate elevations, drawing attention to their main entrances. Newport Arcade also has a prominent elevation on its secondary entrance, off Cambrian Road; however, the elevation on the south side of Market Arcade, onto Market Street, is surprisingly plain.

The Cambrian Road entrance into Newport Arcade The High Street entrance to Market Arcade

31 4.0 THE CHARACTER OF BUILDING

Below: Newport Arcade Below: Market Arcade

The cast iron walkway balustrade, fascias and glazed roof in Newport The cast iron walkway balustrade and glazed roof in Market Arcade Arcade

Glazed bricks and bay windows in Newport Arcade Glazed tiles and bay windows in Market Arcade

Newport Arcade, looking through to the High Street

Market Arcade, looking through to the High Street

32 4.0 THE CHARACTER OF BUILDING

Moulded ceiling detail and dentilled cornice in Market Arcade

Damaged but surviving corbels and arch detailing in Market Arcade

A surviving fragment of Fennell’s shopfront sign

33 4.0 THE CHARACTER OF BUILDING

4.5 Comparable Arcades 4.5.1 The shopping arcade, as an architectural device, only came into existence at the close of the 18th century. The idea originated in Paris, where galeries were designed as covered shelters, where the well-to-do could shop, dine and socialise away from the dirt and noise of the streets beyond. Consequently, they became popular social haunts. The earliest of these arcades was the (now-lost) Galerie de Bois, located next to the Palais Royal, and built during the 1770s.

4.5.2 The idea was imported to England in the early 19th century. The earliest executed arcade was the Royal Opera Arcades, designed by John Nash between 1816 and 1818 (listed at Grade I). The arcade proved to be a convenient commercial design, allowing the designer to create architecturally unified schemes that also exploited the use of deep plots to create shops that were larger than they appeared. By concentrating a shopping mass in a relatively compact area, the shops housed in the arcades flourished commercially. Some other early examples of arcades can be found in England: the Burlington Arcade, London, 1818-1819 (Grade II); Montpellier Arcade, Cheltenham, 1831- 1832 (Grade II*); The Corridor, Bath, 1825 (Grade II); and the Royal Victoria Arcade, Isle of Wight, 1835-1836 (Grade II*). The building type underwent a resurgence in the final quarter of the 19th century, as the improvements to cast iron technology made more intricate and ambitious designs possible.

4.5.3 In a Welsh context, the original Market Arcade, built in 1867, is the second oldest in Wales (the 1905 re-building appears to have retained at least some built fabric and the central spine of the Arcade walk). The oldest arcade in Wales is the Grade II listed Royal Arcade in Cardiff, built in 1858 by James & Price. The arcade is covered by a glass roof, supported by fretted iron ribs and contains 48 units. Cardiff is an important locale for shopping arcades, containing the highest concentration of Victorian and Edwardian shopping arcades of any British city, giving rise to its nickname, the ‘City of Arcades’. Aside from the Royal Arcade, Cardiff contains five other shopping arcades from the period between roughly 1880 and 1900. These include Castle Arcade, Duke Street Arcade, High Street Arcade, Morgan Arcade, and Wyndham Arcade. Of these, all except Castle Arcade (II*) are listed at Grade II. The on-going commercial success of Cardiff’s arcades has been significantly boosted by the recent pedestrianisation of the Castle Quarter area, encouraging shoppers to explore the wider area rather that be constricted by the busy road.

34 5.0 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

5.1.1 As part of a designated conservation 19th century resulting from the significant links area and containing multiple listed buildings, the Newport developed with the mining towns in the High Street Character Area is of obvious and Valleys, and the use of the river to transfer recognised significance. goods from far and wide (as indicated by the goods excavated with the Newport Ship). 5.1.2 A major driving factor in what makes this area important is its long history and how 5.1.5 Market activity in Newport has had a this has shaped the configuration of its streets, significant impact on the character of the area. affording a very high historical value that is both The notably wide north end of the High Street is associative (connected to historical events and a subtle clue alluding to the presence of the people) and illustrative (demonstrating how historic market house that formerly stood here history has resulted in today’s character). In and hosted the market before it moved particular, the evolution of the High Street as a southwards to a second (and the current) principal thoroughfare extending off the river location. The development of a cut-through crossing and into the town from the 14th- route directly onto this market place in the form century Castle is indicative of how settlement of Carpenters Arms Lane is further indicative of evolved as a result of the natural resources that how important this area was and remained an had long been utilised before permanent important route after the market was moved. settlement here. The High Street is the historic spine of the city, although modern intervention 5.1.6 The 19th century is a highly important now largely disguises this. chapter in Newport’s history: the boom in trade meant an influx of money into the area and this 5.1.3 Medieval activity in Newport is further is manifest in the richness and variety of evident where narrow and deep plot architecture evident throughout the Character boundaries, characteristic of burgage plots, Area, but particularly so on the High Street. The remain discernible. It is highly significant that survival of details including sculpted reliefs and these can still be identified despite the heavy date stones is especially notable. The overall development that took place in this area around integrity of the architecture from this period is the 19th century. Although large-scale also highly significant: there are instances where development in the 19th-century is likely to its value has been diluted by inappropriate have substantially truncated the archaeology intervention but, generally, the architectural under the buildings, it is possible that historic value of many of the buildings within the road surfaces and evidence of structures where Character Area remains very high. This includes there is now open road (for example, the a smaller proportion of older buildings, which medieval town walls) may survive below ground. are notable for their contrasting scale and architectural detailing, especially at the north 5.1.4 Throughout all chapters of Newport’s end of the High Street. history, its links with trade and commerce are highly significant. The proximity of the river is a key part of this, as is the city’s long-held right to host a market (dating from 1426). The prosperity of the town as a centre of commerce also has significant links with the wider region: the hugely successful coal export industry in the

35 5.0 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

5.1.7 The aesthetic value of the streetscapes is one of the key factors that make the Character Area significant. The richness and variety of its architecture, gentle topography and wide thoroughfares are significant components of the principal streetscapes. The comparative intimacy of the secondary streetscapes creates a balancing contrast to this.

5.1.8 Key figures associated with the High Street Character Area are also connected with its 19th-century success. In particular, architects Habershon & Fawckner, who were heavily involved with the redevelopment of the much of the area’s buildings at this time. Haberson & Fawckner were prolific in South Wales, having designed numerous chapels and large areas of middle-class villa developments in Cardiff. They were also the appointed architects to the Tredegar estate, the seat of Sir Charles Morgan who had facilitated much of the development in Newport and is commemorated by a statue on Bridge Street.

5.1.9 Overall, the character of the High Street area is drawn from the layout of the streets and how these relay chapters in its history, the strong links with trade and market activity, and the architectural developments of the 19th century. This results in its distinctive and highly significant character.

36 5.0 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

5.2 Market Arcade 5.2.1 Market Arcade is especially significant as the second oldest arcade in Wales (albeit, the existing structure having been rebuilt in the early 20th century), and also an example of the popular retail movement in the mid-19th and early 20th century that arose across northern Europe at this time.

5.2.2 Although in a poor and deteriorating condition, there are a number of historical features within the arcade which are illustrative of its original, traditionally commercial character: corbelled fascias, cornice detailing, decorative ironwork and recessed shop doors. There is potential to uncover more of these features and to reinstate them.

5.2.3 Market Arcade also forms an important pair with Newport Arcade: both are located within the same Character Area and connect the High Street with other thoroughfares, and both are believed to have been designed by Habershon & Fawckner.

5.2.4 In terms of Market Arcade’s built fabric, it is clear from comparison of the as-existing plan with the 1905 plan that a lot of change has been carried out, in particular the addition of internal staircases to connect ground floor units with the first floor. Elements of particular significance are the original dividing walls between the units as these still largely show the modular arrangement along either side of the Arcade. The staircase on the north-east side of the Arcade appears to be original to the 1905 and has some significance. The staircase opposite is in approximately the same position as one shown in 1905, albeit reconfigured. The staircase at the south end of the Arcade looks to have been retained from the 1869 Arcade (or rebuilt in the same location and configuration), and consequently has comparatively higher significance as a potential surviving feature of the earlier structure. The roof over the Arcade walkway is modern and not significant; however, the concept of the Arcade being top-lit by a glazed canopy is an important element of its character.

37 6.0 SELECTED SOURCES

6.1 Heritage Guidance and Tools South Wales Illustrated: Series of Views Archwilio; The Historic Environment Records of comprising the Picturesque Scenery, Towns, Wales, https://www.archwilio.org.uk/arch/ Castles, Seats of the Nobility and Gentry, (1830). Cadw, Conservation Principles for the sustainable management of the historic The Cardiff Times, (10 August 1867). environment in Wales, (2011). The Cardiff Times, (10 August 1867). Cadw, Understanding Character: http://cadw. gov.wales/historicenvironment/regenerationand 6.3 Existing Reports sustainability/understandingcharacter/?lang=en Market Arcade Townscape Heritage Scheme Royal Commission on the Ancient and - Project in Pictures, (September 2016). Historical Monuments of Wales, http://map. coflein.gov.uk/ Newport Historic Town Centre: Draft Conservation Area Appraisal, (2016).

6.2 Historic Published Works 6.4 Other Barry Herald, (10 July 1896). Newport City Council, http://www.newport.gov. Butcher’s Newport Street Directory, (1876), uk/en/Home.aspx accessed through Newport Past. Newport Past, http://www.newportpast.com/ Caerleon Net, http://caerleon.net/history/leland/ index.htm index.htm (accessed June 2017).

Country Observer and Monmouthshire Central 6.5 Further Reading Advertiser, 10 August 1867. Margaret MacKeith, Shopping Arcades: A Evening Express, (7 December 1895). Gazetteer of Extant British Arcades, 1817-1939, (1985). Johns’ Newport Street Directory, (1914), accessed through Newport Past.

Monmouthshire Merlin, (13 December 1862).

Monmouthshire Merlin, (2 November 1867).

Monmouthshire Merlin, (4 January 1862).

38 APPENDIX A: NEWPORT TOWN CENTRE CONSERVATION AREA BOUNDARY

El

Sub-Stations East Gate PEN Newport Bridge TONVILLE (site of) Wharf QUEENSWAY (disused)

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39 www.purcelluk.com