Hoover Struggles with the Depression
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The University of Missouri Agriculture During the Reagan Years A
The University of Missouri Agriculture During the Reagan Years A Dissertation Submitted to The Faculty of the Department of History In Candidacy For The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Jay Ward Columbia, Missouri May 2015 Copyright 2015 by Jay Woodward Ward All rights reserved. The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled Agriculture During the Reagan Years Presented by Jay Woodward Ward In Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy And hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. ______________________________________________________________________ Dr. Robert Collins ______________________________________________________________________ Dr. Mark Carroll ______________________________________________________________________ Dr. John Frymire _______________________________________________________________________ Dr. Catherine Rymph _______________________________________________________________________ Dr. Patrick Westhoff Dedication To Rose, Kelly, Brian, Janelle, Mickey, Lauren, Payton, Addison, Evelynne, and Gibson— the center of my world. Acknowledgements I owe undying gratitude to my advisor, Professor Robert M. Collins, who is a renowned scholar and an award-winning teacher, and without whose patient guidance I could not have completed this remarkable journey. I also want to thank my committee, Professor Mark Carroll, Professor John Frymire, Professor Catherine Rymph, and Professor Patrick Westhoff, all of whom lent me their considerable expertise and wisdom, but more importantly to me, they treated this very non-traditional student with extraordinary kindness. And my gratitude to my sister, Deborah Haseltine, my computer expert, who always was able to lead me out of the morasses into which I stumbled almost every time I sat down at the computer. ii Contents Acknowledgements ii List of Tables iv Introduction 1 Chapter 1. The Second Agricultural Revolution 20 Chapter 2. -
The Great Depression
Module 9 The Great Depression Essential Question Could the Great Depression have been avoided? About the Photograph: This photo shows In this module you will learn how weaknesses in the American economy women serving soup and bread to helped bring about the Great Depression and how it affected millions of unemployed men in an outdoor bread line. Americans. Such soup kitchens became common during the Great Depression. What You Will Learn . Lesson 1: The Nation’s Sick Economy . 412 Explore ONLINE! The Big Idea As the prosperity of the 1920s ended, severe economic problems gripped the nation. VIDEOS, including... Lesson 2: Hardship and Suffering . 421 • The Depression Strikes The Big Idea During the Great Depression, Americans did what they had to do to survive. Lesson 3: Hoover’s Failed Policies . 429 The Big Idea President Hoover’s conservative response to the Great Depression drew criticism from many Americans. Document-Based Investigations Graphic Organizers Interactive Games Image with Hotspots: Building Boulder Dam Difficult Decisions: Hoover and Direct Relief 410 Module 9 Timeline of Events 1928–1934 Explore ONLINE! United States Events World Events 1928 1929 The first Academy Awards are presented. 1929 All Quiet on the Western Front is published in book form. 1929 The stock market crashes. 1930 Democrats take control of the House of Representatives. 1930 Army officers led by José Uriburu seize control of the government of Argentina. 1930–1933 Over 40 percent of the nation’s banks fail. 1931 Jane Addams shares the Nobel Peace Prize. 1931 Japan invades Manchuria. 1931 8.02 million Americans are unemployed. -
Oliver Max Gardner's Live at Home Program an Analysis–UNC Asheville
University of North Carolina at Asheville Oliver Max Gardner’s Live-At-Home Program: An Analysis Concerning its Compatibility with Hoover’s Agricultural Marketing Act A Senior Thesis Submitted to The Faculty of the Department of History In Candidacy for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in History By Justin Greene 1 “My hope is that when the historian comes to write of my administration -if he ever does- that he will be able to say of me, with all my mistakes, that I at least kept my head and resisted the pressure of quacks and demagogues.”1 This quote, stated in a telegram from North Carolina Governor Oliver Max Gardner to North Carolina industrialist Ben Gossett, clearly represents Governor Gardner’s desire to be remembered for his resolve and ability to operate under pressure. This particular telegram was sent on December 1, 1931, the day Gardner successfully convinced bankers in New York to loan three million dollars to North Carolina at six percent interest. Gardner secured this loan, badly needed for the North Carolina economy, after it had been declined to seven other states. The unfortunate timing of Gardner’s governorship demanded charm and composure. North Carolina’s joy ride was over. The two administrations prior to Gardner’s operated within a period of unprecedented expansion in spending in North Carolina.2 Although State spending during this era proved to have a positive effect on many facets of life in North Carolina, by the time Gardner took office North Carolina’s debt had reached $178.2 million.3 In 1929, Gardner’s North Carolina faced economic collapse amidst the continually decreasing value of its two predominate cash crops: cotton and tobacco. -
Herbert Hoover Subject Collection
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf758005bj Online items available Register of the Herbert Hoover subject collection Finding aid prepared by Elena S. Danielson and Charles G. Palm Hoover Institution Library and Archives © 1999 434 Galvez Mall Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-6003 [email protected] URL: http://www.hoover.org/library-and-archives Register of the Herbert Hoover 62008 1 subject collection Title: Herbert Hoover subject collection Date (inclusive): 1895-2006 Collection Number: 62008 Contributing Institution: Hoover Institution Library and Archives Language of Material: English Physical Description: 354 manuscript boxes, 10 oversize boxes, 31 card file boxes, 2 oversize folders, 91 envelopes, 8 microfilm reels, 3 videotape cassettes, 36 phonotape reels, 35 phonorecords, memorabilia(203.2 Linear Feet) Abstract: Correspondence, writings, printed matter, photographs, motion picture film, and sound recordings, relating to the career of Herbert Hoover as president of the United States and as relief administrator during World Wars I and II. Sound use copies of sound recordings available. Digital copies of select records also available at https://digitalcollections.hoover.org. Access Boxes 382, 384, and 391 closed. The remainder of the collection is open for research; materials must be requested at least two business days in advance of intended use. Publication Rights Published as: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace. Herbert Hoover, a register of his papers in the Hoover Institution archives / compiled by Elena S. Danielson and Charles G. Palm. Stanford, Calif. : Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University, c1983 For copyright status, please contact Hoover Institution Library & Archives. Acquisition Information Acquired by the Hoover Institution Library & Archives in 1962. -
1920S Politics and the Great Depression
AP U.S. History: Unit 7.5 Teacher’s Edition 1920s Politics and the Great Depression I. Election of 1920 Use space below for notes: A. The Republicans nominated Warren G. Harding of Ohio (Calvin Coolidge was nominated as his vice presidential running mate). 1. Their platform was effectively ambiguous regarding whether or not to join the League of Nations 2. Harding spoke of returning America to "Normalcy" a. Americans seemed less interested in international issues. b. Many Americans were tired of the idealism, sacrifice and overreaching reforms of the Progressive era. 3. The Conservative "Old Guard" wing of the Republican party now A Republican campaign dominated as Roosevelt’s Progressive followers had bolted the poster, 1920 party in 1912 and lost much influence in the Republican party once they returned in 1916. B. The Democrats nominated James M. Cox of Ohio who supported America joining the League of Nations. His running mate was assistant navy secretary Franklin Delano Roosevelt. C. Result: 1. Harding defeated Cox 404-127 in the Electoral College. 2. Women voted for the first time in a national election. 3. Eugene Debs received about 6% of the vote for the Socialist party while sitting in jail (Harding pardoned him several months later). 4. Isolationists turned the Republican victory into a mandate to block U.S. entry into the League of Nations. II. Harding’s administration A. Significant members of Harding’s cabinet 1. Charles Evans Hughes: Secretary of State Led several important international peace conferences 2. Andrew W. Mellon: Secretary of the Treasury a. Lowered the national debt and taxes for the wealthy b. -
71St Congress Included the National Institute of Health Act, Enacted in May 1930
Seventy-First Congress Apr. 15, 1929-Mar. 3, 1931 Administration of Herbert Hoover Historical Background ............................................................................................................. 1 War or Peace? ............................................................................................................................. 2 Economic Trends and Conditions ....................................................................................... 3 Major Treaties............................................................................................................................. 5 Landmark U.S. Supreme Court Decisions ........................................................................ 5 1929 Events ................................................................................................................................. 6 1930 Events ................................................................................................................................. 6 Major Acts ..................................................................................................................................... 7 President Herbert Hoover Historical Background The lingering farm depression which had confronted the United States since House Senate 1919 loomed large during the Presidential campaign of 1928. Fulfilling a Majority Majority campaign pledge, President Herbert Hoover, shortly after his inauguration, Party: Party: summoned a special session of Congress to provide relief for the American Republican -
Agricultural Philosophies and Policies in the New Deal Harold F
University of Minnesota Law School Scholarship Repository Minnesota Law Review 1984 Agricultural Philosophies and Policies in the New Deal Harold F. Breimyer Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/mlr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Breimyer, Harold F., "Agricultural Philosophies and Policies in the New Deal" (1984). Minnesota Law Review. 1430. https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/mlr/1430 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Minnesota Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Minnesota Law Review collection by an authorized administrator of the Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Agricultural Philosophies and Policies in the New Deal Harold F. Breimyer* INTRODUCTION In the frequently innovative social-program atmosphere of the New Deal 1930s, agriculture was not a bystander or even an incidental happenstance participant. Although agricultural pro- grams ranged from crude improvisation to sophisticated social design, they were very much a part of the New Deal activity and, perhaps surprisingly, attracted some of the brightest minds in the New Deal constellation. Agriculture's participation in New Deal programs began immediately. Agriculture was a major concern of initial New Deal programs-the Roosevelt administration enacted a new farm law in its famous first one hundred days.' Unrest in the countryside, including instances of violence, partially explained Roosevelt's and Congress's prompt atten- tion to agricultural problems. Equally significant was the era's political arithmetic-agriculture comprised a larger fraction of the economy in the 1930s than it does today,2 and numerous in- fluential senators and representatives promoted agricultural concerns. -
Hoover Struggles with the Depression Sect. #3
Warm-Up Half sheet, with a partner, answer: ■ What is it called when you borrow money to purchase a stock? ■ The goal of the ______________ was to protect American businesses by removing European competition. ■ Name two causes of the Great Depression, not including the stock market crash. ■ What factors led to the Dust Bowl? Warm-Up ■ What is it called when you borrow money to purchase a stock? – Buying on margin ■ The goal of the ______________ was to protect American businesses by removing European competition. – Hawley-Smoot Tariff ■ Name two causes of the Great Depression, not including the stock market crash. – War debts, tariffs, farm problems, easy credit, income disparity ■ What factors led to the Dust Bowl? – Drought, overworked soil, powerful winds HOOVER STRUGGLES WITH THE DEPRESSION Chapter 22.3 Hoover Tries to Reassure the Nation ■ Hoover’s Philosophy – Many experts believe depressions a normal part of business cycle – People should take care of own families; not depend on government ■ Hoover Takes Cautious Steps – Calls meeting of business, banking, labor leaders to solve problems ■ Creates organization to help private charities raise money for poor Hoover Reassures Nation Boulder Dam / Hoover Dam ■ Hoover’s Boulder Dam on Colorado River is massive project – later renamed Hoover Dam ■ Provides electricity, flood control, water to states on river basin Shift in Power ■ Democrats Win in 1930 Congressional Elections ■ As economic problems increase, Hoover, Republicans blamed ■ Widespread criticism of Hoover; shantytowns called “Hoovervilles” Hoover Takes Action ■ Federal Farm Board (organization of farm cooperatives) ■ buy crops, keep off market until prices rise ■ Direct Intervention – Federal Home Loan Bank Act lowers mortgage rates ■ Hoover’s measures do not improve economy before presidential election Gassing the Bonus Army ■ Bonus Army – veterans go to D.C. -
Hoover Struggles with the Depression
Hoover Struggles with the Depression MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Terms & Names President Hoover’s Worsening conditions in the •Herbert Hoover •Reconstruction conservative response country caused the government •Boulder Dam Finance to the Great Depression to become more involved in the •Federal Home Corporation drew criticism from many health and wealth of the people. Loan Bank Act •Bonus Army Americans. One American's Story Oscar Ameringer was a newspaper editor in Oklahoma City during the Great Depression. In 1932, he traveled around the country collecting information on economic and social conditions. Testifying in unemployment hearings that same year, Ameringer described desperate people who were losing patience with the government. “Unless something is done for them and done soon you will have a revolution on hand.” Ameringer told the fol- lowing story. A PERSONAL VOICE OSCAR AMERINGER ▼ “ The roads of the West and Southwest teem with hungry hitchhikers. A Depression-era Between Clarksville and Russellville, Ark., I picked up a family. The woman was family from hugging a dead chicken under a ragged coat. When I asked her where she had Arkansas walks procured the fowl, first she told me she had found it dead in the road, and then through Texas, added in grim humor, ‘They promised me a chicken in the pot, and now I got mine.’” looking for work in the cotton —quoted in The American Spirit fields along the Rio Grande. The woman was recalling President Hoover’s empty 1928 campaign pledge: “A chicken in every pot and a car in every garage.” Now many Americans were disillusioned. -
Herbert Hoover Oral History Program Interviews
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf6s20053j No online items Register of the Herbert Hoover Oral History Program Interviews Finding aid prepared by Rebecca J. Mead Hoover Institution Library and Archives © 1999 434 Galvez Mall Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-6003 [email protected] URL: http://www.hoover.org/library-and-archives Register of the Herbert Hoover XX028 1 Oral History Program Interviews Title: Herbert Hoover Oral History Program interviews Date (inclusive): 1966-1973 Collection Number: XX028 Contributing Institution: Hoover Institution Library and Archives Language of Material: English Physical Description: 26 manuscript boxes, 3 phonotape reels(11.0 Linear Feet) Abstract: Originals in possession of : Herbert Hoover Presidential Library. Interviews with political leaders, businessmen, military officers, journalists, writers, physicians, secretaries, aides, friends, and associates of Herbert Hoover, relating to their recollections of Hoover in various capacities, including relief work director, president of the United States, and chairman of the Hoover Commissions. Interviews sponsored by the Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace. Access One folder in Box 10 (Leslie R. Groves interview) closed until 2022 March 20. The Hoover Institution Library & Archives only allows access to copies of audiovisual items. To listen to sound recordings or to view videos or films during your visit, please contact the Archives at least two working days before your arrival. We will then advise you of the accessibility of the material you wish to see or hear. Please note that not all audiovisual material is immediately accessible. Publication Rights For copyright status, please contact the Hoover Institution Library & Archives. -
Great Depression- Impact on Society
How much money was lost on Black Tuesday? Name_________________________________________________ Date_________________________Period_______ Great Depression- Impact on Society The Great Crash How did President Hoover respond to • By late 1929, a lack of new investors in the stock market caused stock prices to drop the stock market crash? • On October 29, 1929, stock prices fell drastically on Black Tuesday, resulting in a $10 to $15 billion loss in value. While this did not cause the Great Depression, it did undermine the economy’s ability to hold out against its other weaknesses. Hoover Elected in 1928 • Republican Herbert Hoover ran against Democrat Alfred E. Smith in the 1928 election • -Hoover emphasized years of prosperity under Republican administrations “Direct Relief” is when the government • -Hoover won an overwhelming victory directly gives financial aid to people. Did H. Hoover Hoover support “Direct Relief?” • After the stock market crash, President Hoover tried to reassure Americans • He said, “Any lack of confidence in the economic future . Is foolish” • He recommended business as usual Bank Failures • After the crash, many Americans panicked and withdrew their money from banks What was Hoover’s view on the how • In addition as a result of the crash many people were not able to repay their loans to the banks. Americans should cope with the • Banks had invested in the Stock Market and lost money economic depression? • In 1929- 600 banks fail • By 1933 – 11,000 of the 25,000 banks nationwide had collapsed • When the banks collapsed depositors lost their savings Suicide • With the loss of so much so quickly many people unfortunately committed suicide • The suicide rate climbed 30 percent between 1929 and 1932 Reduction in Purchasing • Between 1928-1932, the U.S. -
Constructing Identities in the West Branch Landscape: Herbert Hoover's Life and Legacy As a Common Man, 1935-1992
University of Northern Iowa UNI ScholarWorks Dissertations and Theses @ UNI Student Work 2017 Constructing identities in the West Branch landscape: Herbert Hoover's life and legacy as a common man, 1935-1992 Ryan Lucas Wurtz University of Northern Iowa Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright ©2017 Ryan Lucas Wurtz Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd Part of the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Wurtz, Ryan Lucas, "Constructing identities in the West Branch landscape: Herbert Hoover's life and legacy as a common man, 1935-1992" (2017). Dissertations and Theses @ UNI. 435. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/435 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses @ UNI by an authorized administrator of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copyright by RYAN LUCAS WURTZ 2017 All Rights Reserved CONSTRUCTING IDENTITIES IN THE WEST BRANCH LANDSCAPE: HERBERT HOOVER’S LIFE AND LEGACY AS A COMMON MAN, 1935-1992 An Abstract of a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Ryan Lucas Wurtz University of Northern Iowa July 2017 ABSTRACT This thesis examines the development of the Herbert Hoover National Historic Site, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum, and the town of West Branch's memorialization of Herbert Hoover. The memorialization process of Herbert Hoover's life began with the purchase of his childhood home by his wife, Lou Henry, and son, Allan Hoover in 1935.