DOCSLIB.ORG

The Genitourinary Developmental Molecular Anatomy Project

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Genitourinary Developmental Molecular Anatomy Project SPECIAL ARTICLE www.jasn.org GUDMAP: The Genitourinary Developmental Molecular Anatomy Project Andrew P. McMahon,* Bruce J. Aronow,† Duncan R. Davidson,‡ Jamie A. Davies,§ ʈ Kevin W. Gaido, Sean Grimmond,¶ James L. Lessard,** Melissa H. Little,¶ S. Steven Potter,** Elizabeth L. Wilder,†† and Pumin Zhang,‡‡ for the GUDMAP project *Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; †Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; ‡Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western ʈ General Hospital, and §Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; ¶Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia; **Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; ††Renal and Urogenital Development, Kidney Injury and Repair, and Basic Science of Cystic Kidney Disease Research, National Institutes of Health Roadmap Interdisciplinary Research Working Group, Bethesda, Maryland; and ‡‡Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas ABSTRACT toward the treatment of disease have In late 2004, an International Consortium of research groups were charged with the task thrown a spotlight on the normal develop- of producing a high-quality molecular anatomy of the developing mammalian urogenital mental programs that orchestrate develop- tract (UGT). Given the importance of these organ systems for human health and repro- ment of our organ systems. Which cells duction, the need for a systematic molecular and cellular description of their developmen- make up an organ? How are they gener- tal programs was deemed a high priority. The information obtained through this initiative ated? Which factors control these events in is anticipated to enable the highest level of basic and clinical research grounded on a time and space, ensuring a co-herent, func- 21st-century view of the developing anatomy. There are three components to the Geni- tional system? How are organs repaired? tourinary Developmental Molecular Anatomy Project GUDMAP; all of these are intended What controls the numbers of any given to provide resources that support research on the kidney and UGT. The first provides cell type and the overall balance of cell ontology of the cell types during UGT development and the molecular hallmarks of those number in the organ? Addressing any of cells as discerned by a variety of procedures, including in situ hybridization, transcriptional these pertinent and fascinating questions profiling, and immunostaining. The second generates novel mouse strains. In these strains, requires a solid foundation in develop- cell types of particular interest within an organ are labeled through the introduction of a mental anatomy. The overarching goal of specific marker into the context of a gene that exhibits appropriate cell type or structure- the Genitourinary Developmental Molec- specific expression. In addition, the targeting construct enables genetic manipulation ular Anatomy Project (GUDMAP) initia- within the cell of interest in many of the strains. Finally, the information is annotated, tive is to establish this foundation for the collated, and promptly released at regular intervals, before publication, through a data- UGT. The ensuing data generated by the base that is accessed through a Web portal. Presented here is a brief overview of the initiative will enable, facilitate, and stimu- Genitourinary Developmental Molecular Anatomy Project effort. late research into, and our understanding of, this critical organ network. J Am Soc Nephrol 19: 667–671, 2008. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2007101078 One in nine Americans has chronic kid- velopmental deficiencies likely underlie or Published online ahead of print. Publication date ney disease (CKD), and the same num- influence susceptibility to a range of dis- available at www.jasn.org. ber is at increased risk for developing eases of the urogenital tract (UGT), as well Correspondence: Dr. Andrew P. McMahon, Depart- CKD. Approximately 12% of women in as adversely affecting fertility. One example ment of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Harvard the United States have a problem conceiv- is the link between nephron number, de- Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 16, Divinity Ave- ing or bringing a baby to term. Approxi- termined at the outset by a fetal develop- nue, Cambridge, MA 02138. Phone: 617-496-3757; Fax: 617-496-3763; E-mail: [email protected]; mately 3% of all children are born with a mental program, and hypertension and re- consortium Web address: http://www.gudmap.org recognized birth defect. Some of the most nal disease later in life.1 E.L.W.’s current affiliation is Office of Portfolio Anal- common are those that affect the genito- This increased realization of a link be- ysis and Strategic Initiatives, National Institutes of urinary system, with cryptorchidism and tween development and disease and the Health, Bethesda, Maryland. hypospadias being the most common male opportunities that might come from ex- Copyright © 2008 by the American Society of birth defect. Furthermore, less obvious de- ploiting our developmental understanding Nephrology J Am Soc Nephrol 19: 667–671, 2008 ISSN : 1046-6673/1904-667 667 SPECIAL ARTICLE www.jasn.org INTRODUCTION TO GUDMAP by the NIDDK and the National Institute of approach to map gene expression do- Child Health and Human Development. mains and identify patterns that are diag- In September 2001, the National Insti- nostic of specific anatomic regions or in- tute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kid- dividual cell types. WISH has been used ney Diseases (NIDDK) was advised by a AN ANATOMIC ONTOLOGY FOR generally to survey expression of specific working group of its National Advisory THE ANNOTATION OF THE classes of genes within the UGT. Tran- Council to form a strategic plan to con- DEVELOPING UGT scriptional regulators, as a functional sider how stem cells and developmental category, are valuable cell type–specific biology might be used to explore the re- Early discussions among the members of markers in several developmental stud- pair and replacement of damaged organs the consortium highlighted the need to ies.3 Furthermore, their known regula- and to determine how they might pro- develop a high-resolution anatomy- tory actions can provide insights into vide insights into the pathologic pro- based ontology of the UGT. This ontol- possible actions within expressing cells, cesses underlying developmental defects ogy would not only provide a common stimulating further experimental in- and disease. A separate working group of descriptive language for cell types within quiry. Optimizing a WISH procedure for the National Advisory Council high- the developing UGT, an essential prereq- sensitivity, penetration, and specificity, a lighted developmental biology as an un- uisite for any search algorithm and the systematic, genome-scale screen was per- derstudied area of bladder research. logical construction of the critical GUD- formed for the spatial expression of a These reports led the NIDDK to convene MAP database, but also draw these terms majority of mouse transcriptional fac- a panel of advisors in January 2003 to into a developmental series of hierarchi- tors in at embryonic day 15.5 UGT (Yu et discuss approaches that would provide a cal relationships among the cell popula- al. in preparation; http://www.gudma- fundamental description of the develop- tions of the UGT. M.H.L. spearheaded p.org/Research/Protocols/). The anno- ing UGT. the important goal of a high-resolution tated data representing approximately The working group recommended anatomic ontology of the UGT in con- 1500 mouse transcriptional factors can several strategies to reach this goal: (1)A sultation with GUDMAP members, be queried through the GUDMAP data- high-throughput in situ analysis of gene members of the EuReGene network base. In addition, an analysis of the ex- expression in the developing UGT, (2)a (http://www.euregene.org), and other pression pattern of genes classified as ex- high-resolution analysis of a limited set international experts in the field. The on- tracellular on the basis of gene ontology of genes in time and space to define the tology was published in 2007.2 This on- terms and previously described to be ex- emergence of anatomic and functional tology provides a framework for anno- pressed during kidney development has domains, and (3) the creation of a data- tating the expression data. Furthermore, been submitted.4 A second comprehen- base to make these data readily and the expression studies provide an ongo- sive genome-scale screen of mammalian promptly available to the research com- ing test and challenge to the ontology. signals and their receptors is under way, munity. The ontology will inevitably evolve as together with prioritized gene sets based Requests for applications were issued molecular approaches reveal molecularly on spatial expression profiling of the de- in late 2003, and a funded consortium of distinct cell types that are not currently veloping UGT (see below). All data are seven laboratories was formed from the incorporated into histology-based anat- released on a regular basis through the applicants late in 2004. The group con- omy. We urge that this ontology be GUDMAP database.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Plant Tumorigenesis: Different Ways for Shifting Systemic Control of Plant Cell Division and Differentiation
    Transgenic Plant Journal ©2007 Global Science Books Plant Tumorigenesis: Different Ways for Shifting Systemic Control of Plant Cell Division and Differentiation Irina E. Dodueva* • Nadezhda V. Frolova • Ludmila A. Lutova Saint-Petersburg State University, Department of Genetics and Breeding, 199034, 7/9 Universitetskaya emb., Saint-Petersburg, Russia Corresponding author : * [email protected] ABSTRACT Investigation of plant tumorigenesis is a way to clarify the mechanisms of systemic control of plant cell division and differentiation. Two spacious groups of plant tumors are exist. The first are tumors which are induced by different pathogens. Most known tumorigenic plant pathogens are the representatives of the Agrobacterium genus which use a specific way to genetically colonize and insert a plasmid DNA fragment (T-DNA) into the host genome. The second group includes spontaneous tumors that form on plants with certain genotypes: interspecific hybrids in some genera (most known of them are Nicotiana interspecific hybrids), inbred lines of some cross-pollinating species (e.g. tumorous lines of radish Raphanus sativus var. radicula Pers.), tumorous mutants and transgenic plants (e.g. pas and tsd mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana, CHRK1-supressed transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants). The cause for all types of plant tumorigenesis is deviations in the metabolism and/or signaling of two main groups of phytohormones – cytokinins and auxins. These hormones take part in the control of the plant cell cycle via regulation of cyclins and cyclin-dependent
    [Show full text]
  • Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Extragastric Diseases—A Focus on the Central Nervous System
    cells Review Helicobacter pylori Infection and Extragastric Diseases—A Focus on the Central Nervous System Jacek Baj 1,* , Alicja Forma 2 , Wojciech Flieger 1 , Izabela Morawska 3 , Adam Michalski 3 , Grzegorz Buszewicz 2 , Elzbieta˙ Sitarz 4, Piero Portincasa 5 , Gabriella Garruti 6, Michał Flieger 2 and Grzegorz Teresi´nski 2 1 Chair and Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; [email protected] 2 Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; [email protected] (A.F.); [email protected] (G.B.); michalfl[email protected] (M.F.); [email protected] (G.T.) 3 Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; [email protected] (I.M.); [email protected] (A.M.) 4 Chair and I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, 20-439 Lublin, Poland; [email protected] 5 Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; [email protected] 6 Section of Endocrinology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is most known to cause a wide spectrum of gastrointestinal Citation: Baj, J.; Forma, A.; Flieger, impairments; however, an increasing number of studies indicates that H. pylori infection might W.; Morawska, I.; Michalski, A.; be involved in numerous extragastric diseases such as neurological, dermatological, hematologic, Buszewicz, G.; Sitarz, E.; Portincasa, ocular, cardiovascular, metabolic, hepatobiliary, or even allergic diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical and Molecular Anatomy of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST)
    International Journal of New Technology and Research (IJNTR) ISSN:2454-4116, Volume-2, Issue-4, April 2016 Pages 110-114 Clinical and Molecular Anatomy of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST) Giorgio Maria Paolo Graziano, Giovanni Castelli, Prof Anthony Graziano capable of activating phosphorylation that stimulates Abstract—Introduction Gastrointestinal stromal tumors uncontrolled cell proliferation , activation of the KIT gene GISTs are rare and fall into the category of non-epithelial present in 80% of GIST ,[5,6] has introduced a new tumors of the gastrointestinal tract , involving the stomach at a therapeutic approach for these tumors . The purpose of this higher percentage (70 %). The purpose of this study , through a study , through a retrospective analysis of the observed cases , retrospective analysis of the observed cases , is to obtain data on the incidence , survival curve identification of prognostic and is to obtain data on the incidence , survival curve predictive parameters .The goal is to collect data concerning the identification of prognostic and predictive parameters . natural history of GIST , 65% of patients were female, 35% male , mean age 64 years. Metastatic disease was assessed by II. MATERIALS AND METHODS cd171. In this study, n 11 (65 %) cases were L1 ( cd171 ) positive for smooth muscle tumors . Of which 8 with headquarters in the For the study were examined retrospectively patients stomach, ileum en 3 . Investigations have been performed referred from 1996-2004 at La II clinical surgery and immunohistochemistry with CD117 , CD99 , ema . all enrolled specialist in the Department of Surgery II Policlinico Catania patients tested positive for CD117 .Discussion Thread What are and from 2005 to 2014, including by consulting the database the prognostic factors of GiST is still a matter of debate, but the referred to the same period the Institute of Anatomy consensus conference (NIH) in 2001 defined BETHESTHA n 2 Pathology of AUO Policlinico Catania.
    [Show full text]
  • NMJ-Analyser: High-Throughput Morphological Screening of Neuromuscular Junctions
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.24.293886; this version posted September 25, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 NMJ-Analyser: high-throughput morphological screening of neuromuscular junctions 2 identifies subtle changes in mouse neuromuscular disease models 3 4 Alan Mejia Maza1, Seth Jarvis1, Weaverly Colleen Lee1, Thomas J. Cunningham2, Giampietro 5 Schiavo1,3, Maria Secrier4, Pietro Fratta1, James N. Sleigh1,3, Carole H. Sudre5,6,7,* & Elizabeth 6 M.C. Fisher1 7 8 1 Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, 9 University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK. 10 2 Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK. 11 3 UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK. 12 4 Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, UCL Genetic Institute, University 13 College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK. 14 5 MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, Department of Population Science and 15 Experimental Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK. 16 6 Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College 17 London, London WC1E 6BT, UK. 18 7 School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London 19 W2CR 2LS, UK. 20 * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.24.293886; this version posted September 25, 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Myelin: Theories and Application to Human Disease
    Ashdin Publishing Journal of Evolutionary Medicine ASHDIN Vol. 5 (2017), Article ID 235996, 23 pages publishing doi:10.4303/jem/235996 Review Article PERSPECTIVE The Evolution of Myelin: Theories and Application to Human Disease Laurence Knowles Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK Address correspondence to Laurence Knowles, [email protected] Received 29 July 2016; Revised 18 December 2016; Accepted 10 January 2017 Copyright © 2017 Laurence Knowles. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Myelin, once thought of as a simple insulating sheath, is population levels. As medicine is built on biology, this is now known to be a complex, dynamic structure. It has multiple func- clearly beneficial. There are also more specific applications tions in addition to increasing conduction velocity, including reducing of evolutionary principles to medicine. One is utilizing these the energetic cost of action potentials, saving space, and metabolic functions. Myelin is also notable for likely having arisen independently principles to design medical interventions—for example, at least three times over the course of evolutionary history. This arti- antibiotic resistance is essentially a phenomena of natural cle reviews the available evidence about the evolution of myelin and selection and so understanding evolutionary principles can proposes a hypothesis of how it arose in vertebrates. It then discusses help subvert it [1]; these principles are also being applied to the evolutionary trade-offs associated with myelination and suggests a possible animal model for further study of this phenomenon.
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Virginia Medical School Curriculum Objectives for MD Program: Years One and Two Office of Medical Education December 18, 2014
    Eastern Virginia Medical School Curriculum Objectives for MD Program: Years One and Two Office of Medical Education December 18, 2014 These tables are arranged by course, and then by course topic (generally a class session), and then by objective. EVMS CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES: MD PROGRAM YEARS ONE AND TWO 2 ANT101: Gross Anatomy and Embryology Superficial Back Spine Describe the body wall in terms of tissue layers. Describe the intrinsic (deep) and extrinsic (superficial) muscles of the back in terms of general attachments, actions and innervation. Describe the typical vertebrae and its component parts Describe the portions of the spinal column and the differences in the regional components. Describe posterior muscles acting on the shoulder in terms of attachments, actions and innervation. Describe the blood supply to the extrinsic muscles of the back. Describe the cutaneous innervation of the back and posterior shoulder. Deep Back and Spinal Cord Describe the major identifying features of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae. Describe the anatomy of typical, and atypical, intervertebral joints. Describe the ligamentous structures supporting the vertebral column. Describe normal and abnormal curvatures of the vertebral column. Describe the thoracolumbar fascia in terms of location and attachments. Describe the errector spinae and transversospinalis muscle groups in terms of attachments, unilateral and bilateral actions, and innervation. Describe the spinal cord in terms of its relationship to the vertebral column, the meninges, meningeal structures and meningeal spaces. Describe blood supply and venous drainage of the vertebral column and spinal cord. Intro to Nervous System and Describe the components of the central and peripheral portion of the nervous system.
    [Show full text]
  • EN GAST IND.Pdf
    EN_GAST_IND.QXD 08/31/2005 11:31 AM Page 825 Index The bold letter t or f following a page reference indicates that the information appears on that page only in a table or figure, respectively. abdomen: examination of, 41–8; regions, 43f acetylcholine, 145, 190t abdominal aortic reconstruction, 275t acetyl-CoA, 53 abdominal mass: about, 37–40; with colon N-acetylcysteine, 582 cancer, 365t; and constipation, 386; with achalasia, 118f; about, 121–2; Crohn’s disease, 314, 342t; with cystic cricopharyngeal, 117t, 118; esophageal, fibrosis, 456; GI tract, 307, 373, 375, 379; 6–8, 14, 96, 118f, 120f; and gas, 14; and with hepatocellular carcinoma, 647; in Hirschsprung’s disease, 388; vigorous, pancreas, 434, 445; with ulcerative colitis, 121–2 342t achlorhydria, 57t, 217, 245t, 451 abetalipoproteinemia, 194, 201t acid perfusion test, 98, 106t abscesses: amebic, 392; anorectal, 397, 399, acid suppressants, 145 406–7; appendiceal, 320t; colonic, 391; acidosis: children, 687t, 689, 698, 715, 727t, crypt, 285, 331, 332f; diverticuler, 253; 729; cirrhosis, 571, 591; ischemia, 253, and diverticulitis, 373; eosinophilic, 114; 266; liver transplantation, 641; pancreatitis, horseshoe, 406; liver, 474; lung, 113; 433t; ulcerative colitis, 335 pancreatic, 434; pararectal, 316t; perianal, acids (chemicals), 115 344t acinar cells, 56, 418–19, 422 absorption: of carbohydrates, 194–9, 227–8; acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. see in colon, 360, 362–4; of electrolytes, AIDS 185–92, 333; of fat, 192–4; of glucose, acrodermatitis enteropathica, 205t 194f; principles of, 178; of protein, actinomycosis, 149 199–202; of vitamins and minerals, acute abdomen, 24–7 178–83; of water, 183–5, 360 acute mesenteric ischemia, 252–4 acanthosis, glycogen, esophageal, 126t acyclovir, 294t, 301, 653 acanthosis nigricans, 126 acyclovir treatment, 114 ACE inhibitors.
    [Show full text]
  • Sinir Bilim ANATOMY Ilk Syf 2015.Qxd
    Abstracts www.anatomy.org.tr doi:10.2399/ana.15.001s Abstracts for the 13th Turkish Neuroscience Congress April 30th 2015 to May 3rd 2015, Konya, Turkey Anatomy 2015; 9(Suppl 1):S1-S69 ©2015 Turkish Society of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy (TSACA) Invited Lectures and Conferences (C-001 — C-52) Thursday, 30 April 2015 Scientists in molecular biology and genetics were ultimately able 17:30 – 18:30 to reveal a fascinating inter- and intracellular microarchitecture OPENING LECTURE (CONFERENCE 1) such as receptors, microtubules, mitochondria and synapses. New perspectives in neurosciences Scientists in physics and chemistry finally succeeded to bypass Chairs: Prof. Dr. Nuran Hariri & Prof. Dr. Serdar Gergerlio¤lu Abbe’s optical limitation of 0.2 micrometers and the nanoscope was born. This latter achievement opens a new era in biology and C-001 pathology, allowing the study in-vivo of ultrastructures. The New perspectives in neurosciences visualization of living ultra- micro-structures is a great accom- plishment, a culmination of centuries of scientific endeavors.In Yaflargil G contrast, the phylogenic aspects of vascular, neoplastic, degener- Department of Neurosurgery, Yeditepe University, Faculty of Medicine, ative, toxic and viral diseases of the CNS had hitherto found only Istanbul, Turkey marginal attention. The clinical, neuroradiological and neu- ropathological observations on a large number of patients with Intensive research activities within the past 200 years have neurovascular and neoplastic lesions, degenerative diseases and revealed that the central nervous system (CNS) is a heteroge- viral infections alerted us to specific predilection sites of these neous, heteromorphic, multidimensional and multifunctional diseases, which affect certain compartments of the CNS, in rela- compound organ system.
    [Show full text]
  • Fine Structure and Physiology of Cardiac Muscle in the Spider, Dugesiella Hentzi Ross Glenn Johnson Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1968 Fine structure and physiology of cardiac muscle in the spider, Dugesiella hentzi Ross Glenn Johnson Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Animal Sciences Commons, Physiology Commons, and the Veterinary Physiology Commons Recommended Citation Johnson, Ross Glenn, "Fine structure and physiology of cardiac muscle in the spider, Dugesiella hentzi " (1968). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 3479. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/3479 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PINE STRUCTURE AND PHYSIOLOGY OP CARDIAC MUSCLE IN THE SPIDER, DUGESIELLA HENTZI by Ross Glenn Johnson A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Paculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OP PHILOSOPHY Major Subject: Cell Biology Approved : Signature was redacted for privacy. CJhar o aJor Work Signature was redacted for privacy. Chairman Advisory Committee Cell Biology Program Signature was redacted for privacy. Chairman of Major Department Signature was redacted for privacy. an of^'^aduate College Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1968 il
    [Show full text]
  • Levels of Organization
    UNIT Levels of I Organization Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology 1 Chemical Basics of Life 2 Cells 3 Cellular Metabolism 4 5 Tissues © Pan Xunbin/Shutterstock, Inc. 9781284057874_CH01_001_023.indd 1 23/12/14 3:43 PM 9781284057874_CH01_001_023.indd 2 23/12/14 3:43 PM CHAPTER © malinx/Shutterstock 1 OUTLINE ■ Overview Introduction to Classifications of Anatomy Classifications of Physiology Human Anatomy and ■ Organization Levels of the Body ■ Essentials for Life Boundaries Physiology Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism OBJEctiVES Excretion Reproduction After studying this chapter, readers should be able to Growth Survival 1. Define anatomy and physiology. 2. Name the components that make up the organization levels of the body. ■ Homeostasis 3. Describe the major essentials of life. Homeostatic Control 4. Define homeostasis and describe its importance to survival. Homeostatic Imbalance 5. Describe the major body cavities. ■ Organization of the Body 6. List the systems of the body and give the organs in each system. Body Cavities and Membranes 7. Describe directions and planes of the body. Organ Systems 8. Discuss the membranes near the heart, lungs, and abdominal cavity. Anatomic Planes 9. List the nine abdominal regions. Directional Terms 10. Compare positive and negative feedback mechanisms. Abdominal Regions Body Regions ■ Summary ■ Key Terms ■ Learning Goals ■ Critical Thinking Questions ■ Review Questions ■ Essay Questions 3 9781284057874_CH01_001_023.indd 3 23/12/14 3:43 PM • Systemic anatomy: Each body system is Overview examined. For example, the heart would The study of anatomy and physiology is vital for all health be examined when studying the cardio- professionals and involves many different areas of science to vascular system, but so would all the understand how the human body works as well as how it is blood vessels of the whole body.
    [Show full text]
  • Endothelial Cell-Type-Specific Molecular Requirements For
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Endothelial cell-type-specific molecular requirements for angiogenesis drive fenestrated vessel development in the brain Sweta Parab1,2, Rachael E Quick1,2, Ryota L Matsuoka1,2* 1Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States; 2Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States Abstract Vascular endothelial cells (vECs) in the brain exhibit structural and functional heterogeneity. Fenestrated, permeable brain vasculature mediates neuroendocrine function, body- fluid regulation, and neural immune responses; however, its vascular formation remains poorly understood. Here, we show that specific combinations of vascular endothelial growth factors (Vegfs) are required to selectively drive fenestrated vessel formation in the zebrafish myelencephalic choroid plexus (mCP). We found that the combined, but not individual, loss of Vegfab, Vegfc, and Vegfd causes severely impaired mCP vascularization with little effect on neighboring non-fenestrated brain vessel formation, demonstrating fenestrated-vEC-specific angiogenic requirements. This Vegfs-mediated vessel-selective patterning also involves Ccbe1. Expression analyses, cell-type-specific ablation, and paracrine activity-deficient vegfc mutant characterization suggest that vEC-autonomous Vegfc and meningeal fibroblast-derived Vegfab and Vegfd are critical for mCP vascularization. These results define molecular cues and cell types critical for directing
    [Show full text]
  • Which Surgical Strategy in Sepsis from Retro Peritoneal Colic Perforation
    Research Article ISSN: 2574 -1241 DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2019.21.003581 Which Surgical Strategy in Sepsis from Retro Peritoneal Colic Perforation Graziano Giorgio Maria Paolo*, Buffone Antonino and Graziano Antonino Medical School University of Catania, Italy *Corresponding author: Graziano Giorgio Maria Paolo, Department of Sciences, Medical of surgery and technology advanced “G Ingrassia” Medical School University of Catania Via S Sofia 78 Cap 95215 Catania, Italy ARTICLE INFO Abstract Received: Introduction: In the last decade, attention has been paid to severe abdominal Published: August 28, 2019 September 11, 2019 infections which, due to their severity and difficulty in treatment, cause death in 30-60% of cases [1-6]. In this article the surgical strategies in abdominal infections due to colonic Citation: perforationMaterials are and discussed. Methods: Graziano Giorgio M P, Buffone- The study was carried out on 12 patients from January A, Graziano A. Which Surgical Strategy in 01.01.2015 to December 31.12.2018 consulting in retrospect the Database and Sepsis from Retro Peritoneal Colic Per medical records of ‘AOU Policlino University of Catania. Department of Medical Surgical foration. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res 21(2)- Specialties II. In the selection of patients undergoing surgery for retro peritoneal 2019.Keywords: BJSTR. Surgery; MS.ID.003581. Abdominal Infections management intestinal perforation n 10 cases affected the colorectal, n 2 ileum cases, Patients n 8 wereResult: male, and the remaining 4 cases were female with an average
    [Show full text]