DOCSLIB.ORG

GCOS Publication Template

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
GCOS Publication Template WORLD METEOROLOGICAL INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR THE GLOBAL OBSERVING SYSTEM FOR CLIMATE IN SUPPORT OF THE UNFCCC (2010 UPDATE) August 2010 GCOS-138 (GOOS-184, GTOS-76, WMO-TD/No. 1523) UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME SCIENCE © World Meteorological Organization, 2010 The right of publication in print, electronic and any other form and in any language is reserved by WMO. Short extracts from WMO publications may be reproduced without authorization provided that the complete source is clearly indicated. Editorial correspondence and requests to publish, reproduce or translate this publication (articles) in part or in whole should be addressed to: Chairperson, Publications Board World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 7 bis, avenue de la Paix Tel.: +41 (0)22 730 84 03 P.O. Box No. 2300 Fax: +41 (0)22 730 80 40 CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] NOTE The designations employed in WMO publications and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of WMO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Opinions expressed in WMO publications are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of WMO. The mention of specific companies or products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WMO in preference to others of a similar nature which are not mentioned or advertised. This document (or report) is not an official publication of WMO and has not been subjected to its standard editorial procedures. The views expressed herein do not necessarily have the endorsement of the Organization. FOREWORD This 2010 Update of the Implementation Plan for the Global Observing System for Climate in Support of the UNFCCC1 was prepared in response to a request by Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) expressed at the 30th session of the UNFCCC Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) in June 2009 and confirmed in UNFCCC Decision 9/CP.15 (December 2009). It was prepared under the overall guidance of the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Steering Committee and its Chairs (initially John Zillman, followed in January 2010 by Adrian Simmons), supported by a task team led by Paul Mason (the former Chair of the GCOS Steering Committee) and including the GCOS Panel Chairs and staff of the GCOS, Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) and Global Terrestrial Observing System (GTOS) Secretariats. Full implementation of the 138 Actions recommended in this Plan over the coming five years will ensure that countries have the observational information needed to understand, predict, and manage their response to climate and climate change over the 21st century and beyond. It will address the commitments of the Parties under Articles 4 and 5 of the UNFCCC and support their needs for climate observations in fulfilment of the objectives of the Convention. The Actions in this Plan, if fully implemented by the Parties, will provide a major contribution to the WMO/IOC-UNESCO/UNEP/ICSU- sponsored GCOS and the evolving climate information services it supports. The Plan calls for sustained observations of the Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) that are needed to make significant progress in the generation of global climate products and derived information; the document also recommends enhanced support to the research, modelling, analysis, and capacity- building activities required by all Parties to the UNFCCC. Furthermore, the need for observational records to improve seasonal-to-interannual climate predictions is also addressed. This Plan updates an original version published in 2004. It takes account of the latest status of observing systems, recent progress in science and technology, the increased focus on adaptation, enhanced efforts to optimize mitigation measures, and the need for improved predictions of climate change. A draft version of this document was subject to a two-month web-based open review by the community from November 2009 until January 2010. The GCOS Steering Committee expresses its thanks to all institutions and individuals who provided around 450 individual comments which helped improve the content considerably. The GCOS Steering Committee approved the release of this Plan for general publication, and for submission to the UNFCCC and general publication in August 2010. It has been submitted to the UNFCCC Secretariat as a final document for consideration by Parties at SBSTA 33, to be held in conjunction with the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (COP) 16 in Cancún, Mexico. Adrian Simmons, Chair of the GCOS Steering Committee (August 2010) 1 The 2004 version of this Plan is available at http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/Publications/gcos-92_GIP.pdf TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................1 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................1 2. Meeting the Needs of the UNFCCC for Climate Information .....................................................3 3. Agents for Implementation ...........................................................................................................6 4. Availability of Climate Data and Products...................................................................................9 5. Ensuring the Adequacy of Climate Observing Systems .........................................................10 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR THE17 GLOBAL OBSERVING SYSTEM FOR CLIMATE IN SUPPORT OF THE UNFCCC (2010 UPDATE)...................................................................................17 1. INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................17 1.1. CONTEXT..................................................................................................................................17 1.2. BACKGROUND...........................................................................................................................17 1.3. PURPOSE OF THIS PLAN – ESSENTIAL CLIMATE VARIABLES.........................................................18 1.4. EARTH SYSTEM CYCLES AND THE STRUCTURE OF THIS DOCUMENT ............................................21 2. THE STRATEGIC APPROACH TO IMPLEMENTATION.............................................................21 2.1. BASIS .......................................................................................................................................21 2.2. AGENTS FOR IMPLEMENTATION..................................................................................................23 2.3. CRITERIA USED TO ASSIGN PRIORITY ........................................................................................24 2.4. PHASED APPROACH ..................................................................................................................24 2.5. GLOBAL AND INTEGRATED APPROACH........................................................................................24 2.6. BUILDING CAPACITY ..................................................................................................................25 2.7. MEASURING PROGRESS – ASSESSING IMPLEMENTATION ............................................................26 2.8. COST DEFINITIONS....................................................................................................................27 3. OVER-ARCHING/CROSS-CUTTING ACTIONS ..........................................................................29 3.1. PLANNING, REPORTING AND OVERSIGHT....................................................................................29 3.2. TOWARD SUSTAINED NETWORKS AND SYSTEMS.........................................................................31 3.3. INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT FOR CRITICAL NETWORKS – TECHNICAL COOPERATION ......................32 3.4. EARTH OBSERVATION SATELLITES.............................................................................................33 3.5. INTEGRATED CLIMATE PRODUCTS..............................................................................................35 3.6. EARLY INSTRUMENTAL DATA AND PROXY RECONSTRUCTIONS OF PAST CLIMATES.......................37 3.7. DATA MANAGEMENT AND STEWARDSHIP ....................................................................................41 3.8. THE NEED FOR INFORMATION ON CLIMATE IMPACTS ...................................................................43 3.9. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES..........................................................................44 4. ATMOSPHERIC CLIMATE OBSERVING SYSTEM.....................................................................45 4.1. ATMOSPHERIC DOMAIN – SURFACE ...........................................................................................46 4.2. ATMOSPHERIC DOMAIN – UPPER-AIR .........................................................................................55 4.3. ATMOSPHERIC DOMAIN – COMPOSITION.....................................................................................63 4.4. ATMOSPHERIC DOMAIN – DATA MANAGEMENT ...........................................................................70 4.5. ATMOSPHERIC
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Bali Action Plan: Key Issues in the Climate Negotiations
    THE BALI ACTION PLAN: KEY ISSUES IN THE CLIMATE NEGOTIATIONS SUMMARY FOR POLICY MAKERS AN ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY GROUP PUBLICATION CHAD CARPENTER SEPTEMBER 2008 2 THE BALI ACTION PLAN: KEY ISSUES IN THE CLIMATE NEGOTIATIONS – SUMMARY FOR POLICY MAKERS THE BALI ACTION PLAN: KEY ISSUES IN THE CLIMATE NEGOTIATIONS – SUMMARY FOR POLICY MAKERS 3 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT THE BALI ROAD MAP The UNDP project, “Capacity development for policy into national development and economic planning. At At the United Nations Climate Change Conference in financing and capacity-building, in a measurable, makers to address climate change” seeks to strengthen the the international level, an assessment of investment and Bali in December 2007, governments from around the reportable and verifiable manner. national capacity of developing countries to assess climate financial flows will help maximize national participation in world – both developed and developing countries – agreed change policy options across different sectors and econom- the international climate negotiations by providing more to step up their efforts to combat climate change and Other subjects for the future discussion include the use ic activities. The project will run in parallel with the “Bali accurate estimates of funds needed for mitigation and adopted the “Bali Road Map”, which consists of a number of sectoral approaches; approaches to enhance the Road Map” process agreed at the UN Climate Change adaptation. By providing useful inputs to the international of forward-looking decisions that represent the various cost-effectiveness of mitigation actions, including market Conference in December 2007, which includes the “Bali debate, a financial flows assessment can help provide that tracks that are essential to reaching a secure climate future.
    [Show full text]
  • Bali December ‘07 Ngo Newsletter
    CLIMATE NEGOTIATIONS BALI DECEMBER ‘07 NGO NEWSLETTER 13 DECEMBER PIVOTAL ISSUE ECO has been published by Non-Governmental Environmental Organisations at major international conferences since the Stockholm Environment Conference in 1972. This issue is published cooperatively by Climate Action Network (CAN) groups attending COP13 and COP/MOP3 in Bali in December 2007. ECO email: [email protected] – ECO website: http://www.climatenetwork.org/eco – Editorial/Production: Nithiyananthan Nesadurai/ Nugroho Nurdikiawan, Arief Darmawan Bali: Road map Technology: Phoenix rising? or road-kill? After the debacle in the technology Outside the luxurious surroundings of the decided to reduce emissions by 40 per cent by transfer negotiations on Tuesday night, Bali climate negotiations, with its leisurely 2020 compared to 1990. He then noted that ECO is relieved that the COP President Ministerial receptions overflowing with food, “a reduction of 20 per cent by 2020 should be is resuscitating the patient. Technology drink and talk of leadership, there is a real acceptable for all of us in the industrialised transfer may yet be coming on track as a world. Things are happening. Carbon dioxide world, and also for our friends and colleagues fundamental element of the negotiations emissions and concentrations are rising faster in the US.” – both for current implementation and than ever. Droughts are worsening. Arctic sea One might hope that the Bush Admin- the post-2012 framework. Parties and ice is disappearing faster than was believed istration, still marching to a different drum, Ministers now have an urgent responsi- possible. New projections reported in recent will change their tactics here in Bali.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change Update
    Winter 2011 Climate Change Update In This Issue As 2011 comes to a close, it might seem to some that climate law remained static over the past 12 months. There was no controversial 1 Australia Passes New Climate federal legislation, á la Waxman-Markey, seeking to impose a new Legislation regulatory regime on greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters. EPA failed to 3 California’s Cap-and-Trade promulgate final standards under the Clean Air Act aimed at reducing Regime Set to Come Online GHG emissions from power plants and refiners, missing several deadlines over the past year. Negotiators at the United Nations Climate Change 3 Quebec Establishes Conference in Durban failed to agree on little more than continuing to Cap-and-Trade System work with hopes of agreeing on a replacement to the Kyoto Protocol 4 UNFCCC in Durban Ends with at some point in the future. This notwithstanding, developments both Agreement to Agree domestically and internationally have set the stage for potentially significant changes in the next 12 to 24 months. Australia, California and Quebec are each on the verge of implementing new laws establishing cap-and-trade programs to regulate GHG emissions, and EPA is expected in 2012 to finally promulgate rules establishing standards on the amount of GHGs that power plants and refiners may emit before facing fines under the Clean Air Act. These new programs likely will impose significant new regulatory compliance obligations on certain GHG emitters. In addition, the new GHG cap-and-trade systems are being designed with an eye towards “linking up” with similar programs in other jurisdictions, creating the possibility of a complex international market for GHG compliance instruments.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Forum
    ENERGY FORUM A QUARTERLY JOURNAL FOR DEBATING ENERGY ISSUES AND POLICIES CONTENTS Issue 72 February 2008 Gas as a Transitional Fuel Jonathan Stern Michael Stoppard Burckhard Bergmann Some thirty years ago, Nordine Aït-Laoussine famously labelled Thierry Bros natural gas as oil’s little brother. Gas was then seen as a fuel whose Simon Pirani – page 3 place in the energy slate would always lag behind oil. Later, gas Assessments of Bali was increasingly seen as the transitional fuel that would eventually 2007 replace oil as the leading energy source. Have these perceptions Benito Müller changed? And more broadly, what are the problems now facing David Robinson – page 16 gas and the challenges ahead? These are the topics addressed by Personal Commentary distinguished experts in five articles in the first debate. Nader Sultan – page 22 Jonathan Stern asks whether we expansion of gas use increasing in Asinus Muses – page 24 should be concerned about future the decades ahead. He argues in fa- gas supplies in international trade. vour of a mix of long-term imports To be sure, there is a remarkable contracts and trading spot cargoes expansion of gas trade that will as important for supply security continue until 2012 or thereabouts. and competitiveness. The worry is that new gas projects that will take us beyond that date Beware of unintended consequences are not given high priority by of ideologically inspired poli- exporting countries. To provide a cies Thierry Bros warns us. The context Michael Stoppard details liberalisation of the gas market in the characteristics of the current the UK benefited consumers when expansion: by 2010, LNG supplies domestic supplies were abundant; will have increased by one third, no longer when the UK became a tradable supplies will double and net importer of gas.
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptation and Indigenous Peoples in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
    This is a repository copy of Adaptation and Indigenous peoples in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/169222/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Ford, J orcid.org/0000-0002-2066-3456, Maillet, M, Pouliot, V et al. (3 more authors) (2016) Adaptation and Indigenous peoples in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Climatic Change, 139 (3-4). pp. 429-443. ISSN 0165-0009 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1820-0 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016. This is an author produced version of a journal article published in Climatic Change. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Adaptation and Indigenous Peoples in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Abstract: Indigenous peoples are uniquely sensitive to climate change impacts yet have been overlooked in climate policy, including within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
    [Show full text]
  • Some Legal Impacts of the Emerging International Climate Change Regime on Energy Prices James E
    Maurice A. Deane School of Law at Hofstra University Scholarly Commons at Hofstra Law Hofstra Law Faculty Scholarship 2013 Some Legal Impacts of the Emerging International Climate Change Regime on Energy Prices James E. Hickey Jr Maurice A. Deane School of Law at Hofstra University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/faculty_scholarship Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation James E. Hickey Jr, Some Legal Impacts of the Emerging International Climate Change Regime on Energy Prices, 4 Global Bus. L. Rev. 1 (2013) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/faculty_scholarship/1213 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons at Hofstra Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hofstra Law Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons at Hofstra Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SOME LEGAL IMPACTS OF THE EMERGING INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE REGIME ON ENERGY PRICES JAMES E. HICKEY, JR. I. INTRODUCTION. ................................... ........ 1 II. CLIMATE CHANGE AND ENERGY PRICING PREDICATES...............................................2 III. THE ROLE OF THE EMERGING INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE REGIME IN FUTURE ENERGY PRICES.......... 2 A. Climate Change, Energy Prices and internationalRegulation. ........... ............. 3 B. The Emerging InternationalClimate Change Regime.................3.........3 C. Some Enduring Principlesfrom the Emerging Climate Change Regime Influencing Energy
    [Show full text]
  • The Climate Change Negotiations: an Overview
    The climate change negotiations: An overview The United Nations Framework Convention on Negotiators examine the activities of member countries in relation Climate Change (UNFCCC) was negotiated nearly to these provisions. The COP also considers new scientific findings a decade ago to formulate an international response and determines what further actions are required. It is crucial that to the challenge of climate change, with the Kyoto these negotiations arrive at decisions and action the provisions set out. Negotiators typically meet mid-year for two weeks and again Protocol being subsequently adopted. for two weeks at the COP prior to the high-level segment. The Protocol governs the emissions of the six main greenhouse The latter typically takes place over the last three days of the COP, gases (GHGs) and sets out a legally binding system of setting during which Ministers and Heads of State accept and sign off targets for developed country Parties to the Convention. the decisions. These sessions are attended by several thousand government delegates, observer organisations and journalists. The The US, the largest emitter of GHGs, acceded to the Convention, COP is hosted by a different continent each year. The last time the participated actively in the negotiation of the Kyoto Protocol, but COP was hosted in Africa was in 2006 in Nairobi, Kenya. did not ratify the Protocol, mainly due to the impact it would have on its economy. The negotiation process is a consensual process and every country has veto rights. A single country can oppose an agreement even if The Conference of the Parties (COP) is the prime authority of every other country has agreed to it.
    [Show full text]
  • International Climate Negotiations Glossary
    May 2015 International Climate Negotiations Glossary Michelle Melton and Sarah Ladislaw This glossary provides an overview of terms used by negotiators and others when discussing international climate negotiations. While several excellent climate glossaries exist—including from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)—that provide technical definitions of terms, this glossary also provides the political and economic context for understanding the developments leading up to the Conference of Parties 21 (COP 21) in Paris in December 2015. At COP 21, Parties to the UNFCCC will be negotiating an international agreement that provides the framework for greenhouse gas emission reduction beyond the year 2020. 2-degree target: The UNFCCC agreed to a goal to limit anthropogenic temperature rise below 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) relative to preindustrial levels, which corresponds roughly to carbon dioxide (or carbon dioxide equivalent, CO2e) concentrations in the atmosphere of 450 parts per million. The current scientific consensus, as expressed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and others, is that beyond that threshold, the weather and environmental impacts of climate change risk becoming irreversible, unpredictable, and dangerous. The principle of limiting warming to no more than 2 degrees was first discussed in the 1970s. The European Council formally adopted it as an aspirational target in 1996 and the UNFCCC followed suit by formally recognizing the target in the 2009 Copenhagen Accord (which was not adopted), and committing to the target in the 2010 Cancun Agreements. The 2-degree target is somewhat controversial. Several countries and many environmental organizations have called the 2-degree target inadequate.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on Inorganic Coat
    Advanced Computational Methods and Experiments in Heat Transfer XI 99 Study on inorganic coat K. Shimizu1, O. Hanada1, Y. Manaka2, T. Ishikawa2, M. Shimada3, N. Kusakabe3, M. Takezawa4 & H. Gotoh4 1New Nippon Paint Co. Ltd., Japan 2Nihon Chuo Kenkyujo, Japan 3Sketch Co. Ltd., Japan 4Nihon University, Japan Abstract Global warming refers to the increase in the average temperature of the earth's near-surface atmosphere and oceans that has occurred since the mid-20th century and is projected to continue. Climate model projections summarized in the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report indicate that the global surface temperature will probably rise a further 1.1~6.4Ԩ during the 21st century. Mitigation of global warming can be accomplished through reductions in the rate of anthropogenic greenhouse gas release. The main influence on the surface temperature of the earth is solar radiation. Sustainability is realized by considering harmony between the environment and society. The consumption of energy will be reduced if the temperature of rooms can be controlled without any air conditioning, and heat island effects will be reduced. Assuming that electromagnetic waves with a certain range of frequencies are scattered to shield the radiated heat energy in the insulation, the intensity of scattered light for a set of packed spheres can be calculated using the Mie theory. As a result, the heat shield coating, AdgreencoatEX, and the energy saving glass coat, Glass Coat, were developed based on the reflection and permeability of scattered light in a set of packed spheres. AdgreencoatEx is a high-reflection coating that effectively reflects the near infrared range of solar radiation and suppresses the buildup of heat on roof surfaces.
    [Show full text]
  • NI Summary of COP 15 Outcomes
    Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions Working Paper NI WP 09-06 December 2009 NI Summary of COP 15 Outcomes Joshua Schneck Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions, Duke University Contents OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................ 3 Negotiations at COP15 ........................................................................................................... 3 The Copenhagen Accord ........................................................................................................ 3 The Road Ahead .................................................................................................................... 4 2 OVERVIEW Negotiations of the fifteenth Conference of the Parties (COP15) in Copenhagen fulfilled neither the aspirations of the Bali Road Map1, which called for completion of a binding global agreement on emissions reductions, nor the complete breakdown that appeared almost certain as late as the evening of the final day of the conference. Instead, an interim Copenhagen Accord was produced that moves forward on a number of key issues. This memo summarizes negotiations at COP15, the Copenhagen Accord itself, and looks at the road ahead. Negotiations at COP15 While the goal of completing a binding agreement addressing climate change at COP15 was taken off the table months before the conference began2, production of even a modest political agreement serving as a stepping stone to a future, comprehensive
    [Show full text]
  • IPC Policy Brief.Indd
    ICTSD-IPC Platform Climate Change, Agriculture and Trade: Promoting Policy Coherence Policy Focus May 2009 International Climate Change Negotiations and Agriculture Policy Focus International Climate Change Negotiations and Agriculture1 1. Introduction Agriculture will be greatly impacted by climate change and will require substantial adaptation efforts. At the same time, the agricultural sector is responsible for a signifi cant amount of global greenhouse gas emissions, and has an important potential role in climate change mitigation. While its importance is recognized, agriculture has not fi gured largely in the international climate change negotiations to date. It is, however, expected to fi gure more prominently, as witnessed by the fi rst ever workshop on agriculture recently held as part of the negotiations in Bonn.2 The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the existing international climate change agreements and the international negotiations underway and to point out the ways in which the agricultural sector – is – or may be – addressed in the international climate regulatory framework. This overview is not intended to be a comprehensive analysis; rather it seeks to provide background information, outline options and identify areas which could usefully benefi t from further analysis. We emphasize the non-technical nature of the paper, which is mainly intended to inform stakeholders interested in agriculture, who may not yet be familiar with the climate change negotiations. Readers are encouraged to refer to While its importance is other sources, including those referenced here, for more detailed technical information. recognized, agriculture has not fi gured largely in the The brief will examine the United Nations Framework Convention international climate change on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which entered into force in negotiations to date.
    [Show full text]
  • The 2015 Climate Agreement: Lessons from the Bali Road Map
    The 2015 Climate Agreement: Lessons from the Bali Road Map Xolisa Ngwadla, Achala C. Abeysinghe & Adéyêmi Freitas European Capacity Building Initiative ecbi www.eurocapacity.org The contents of this paper are the authors’ sole responsibility. They do not necessarily represent the views of the European Capacity Building Initiative (ecbi), any of its Members, or of the organisations or regions the authors belong to. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission of the ecbi. Authors: Xolisa Ngwadla, [email protected]; Achala Chandani, [email protected]; Adéyêmi Freitas, [email protected] Editor: Anju Sharma Partners European Capacity Building Initiative ecbi www.eurocapacity.org TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2 2. Is there a trade-off between effectiveness and the nature of commitments? Effectiveness and the top-down approach 3 Effectiveness and the pledge and review approach 4 Effectiveness and legal rigour 4 3. Opportunity to strengthen the climate regime 5 Preserving the progress made during the Bali Road Map 5 Implications for the ADP 6 4. Perspectives for the future agreement 7 Legal form 7 Architecture of the 2015 Agreement 9 Endnotes 10 European Capacity Building Initiative ecbi www.eurocapacity.org 1 1. INTRODUCTION The global climate change negotiations have always faced the challenge of coming up with a solution that is effective, but at the same time fair and acceptable to all nations. The existing framework, which includes the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the 1997 Kyoto Protocol and several other decisions taken by Parties, has been the result of a long journey with a number of important milestones.
    [Show full text]