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BILL RUSSELL’S MOTIVATION TO BE A BASKETBALL STAR IN BILL RUSSELL’S GO UP FOR GLORY
A THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education
By Susana Meisiana Dwi Kartika Student Number: 041214117
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2011
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Jesus Christ
and Mother Mary. They have blessed and always guided me to finish my thesis. I
am thankful for all great people around me who have supported me in finishing
my thesis. I believe that God has sent them to show His love to me.
A great appreciation goes to my sponsor, Henny Herawati, S.Pd.,
M.Hum. for her time, advice, ideas, comments, and guidance. I am really grateful
for her patience, encouragement, and beneficial suggestions from the beginning
until the end of my thesis accomplishment. My sincere gratitude goes to all PBI
lecturers for their guidance during my study. I also thank secretariat staffs of
PBI and all librarians for their assistance and best services.
My deepest gratitude goes to my father and mother, Ambrosius, S.Sos.
and Anisia. I thank them for their love, support, affection, and prayer. My great
gratitude also goes to my brothers, Irenius Lijun Pratama, S.T. and Tri Pasca
Natalis, and my sister in law, Shima, A.Md. for their support, attention, and
encouragement.
I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Shanty Malasari, S.Pd.
and Bekti Kristiani, S.Pd. for their time, kindness, ideas, and endless support not
only in finishing my thesis, but also in living my life. I thank them for being my
very best friends. I hope we will always be friends forever. I also thank their
parents for their care and support. It is like I have new families who care of me. I
am so lucky and blessed to have them in my life. My next gratitude goes to
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Vensiana Parnika, S.Pd. for her willingness to be my proofreader. I thank her for
checking and correcting my grammatical mistakes in my thesis, and for being a
good friend of mine. I also thank my junior, Sari for her kindness in lending me
her material and syllabus.
My special gratitude goes to my beloved abank for his love, patience,
care, and strength. I thank him for sharing great moments all this time. I thank him
for always being on my side.
Then, I would like to appreciate my classmates, Alit, Ayu, Sigit, Rikko,
Hebi, Dikka, and Lexy for their willingness to help me whenever I need during
my study. My special thanks go to Rini, Yanu, and Nana for their kindness and
support. I also thank my partners in conducting PPL II, KKN XXXV kelompok
10, and SPD project for teaching me about friendship and cooperation in
teamwork.
I would like to present bunch of thanks to komunitas sentex, grup danisa,
and Mega’s family. I thank them for supporting and coloring my life with
wonderful friendship ever. I thank them for being so good to me.
Last but not least, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to all of
2004 PBI students and everybody who has helped and supported me in the
process of writing my thesis and for those who have come and beautified my life.
I cannot mention one by one but I truly thank them for everything they have given
to me.
Susana Meisiana Dwi Kartika
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ...... i
APPROVAL PAGES ...... ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ...... iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ...... v
DEDICATION PAGE ...... vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x
ABSTRACT ...... xiv
ABSTRAK ...... xv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1
A. Background of the Study ...... 1
B. Problem Formulation ...... 5
C. Objectives of the Study ...... 5
D. Benefits of the Study ...... 5
E. Definition of Terms ...... 7
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...... 9
A. Review of Related Theories ...... 9
1. Theory of Critical Approach ...... 9
2. Theory of Character……………………………………………… 12
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3. Theory of Characterization ……………………………………… 15
4. Theory of Motivation …………………………………………… 17
a. Kinds of Motivation ………………………………………... 18
b. Human Motives …………………………………………….. 20
c. Approach and Avoidant Motivation ……………………….. 21
B. Theoretical Framework ...... 23
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...... 24
A. Object of the Study ...... 24
B. Approach of the Study ...... 25
C. Method of the Study ...... 26
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ...... 29
A. The Description of Bill Russell’s Character ...... 29
1. Loving and Caring ...... 32
2. Being proud of himself ...... 34
3. Talented ……………………………………………………...... 35
4. Tough ……………………………………………………………. 37
5. Brave …………………………………………………………….. 38
6. Ambitious ……………………………………………………….. 39
B. Russell’s Motivation to be a Basketball Star ...... 41
1. Russell’s Approach and Intrinsic Motivation …………………… 43
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2. Russell’s Avoidant and Extrinsic Motivation …………………… 44
3. Russell’s Achievement Motivation…………………………...... 47
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ...... 49
A. Conclusions ...... 49
B. Suggestions ...... 51
1. Suggestions for Future Researchers ...... 51
2. Suggestions for The Implementation of Teaching English ...... 52
REFERENCES ...... 54
APPENDICES ...... 56
1. The Cover of Go Up for Glory ...... 57
2. Summary of the Novel ...... 58
3. Biography of the Author ...... 59
4. Syllabus of Short Essay Writing I ...... 61
5. Lesson Plan of Short Essay Writing I ...... 63
6. Materials ...... 66
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ABSTRACT
Meisiana Dwi Kartika, Susana. 2011. Bill Russell’s Motivation to be a Basketball Star in Bill Russell’s Go Up for Glory. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.
This study discusses a novel written by Bill Russell entitled Go Up for Glory. It pictures an African-American, named Bill Russell, who is trying to prove the white American that people in his ethnic have talent and can be a leader. Being a basketball star is one of ways he can prove. This study analyzes Bill Russell’s motivation to be a basketball star. There are two formulated problems. They are: (1) How is Bill Russell, the main character, described? (2) What are Bill Russell’s motivations to be a basketball star? A library study was applied to gather the data. The primary source was gained from the novel. The secondary sources were books of psychology and literature, and the internet sources. Theories of character and characterization were used to get the description of main character. Meanwhile, theories of motivation were used to analyze the main character’s motivation to be a basketball star. From the analysis of the first problem, it can be seen that Bill Russell is the major character. The character analysis is divided into two parts. Those are physical description and personality description. The personality description shows that Bill Russell is described as loving and caring, confident, talented, tough, brave, and ambitious. On the other hand, the analysis of the second problem concerns with Bill Russell’s motivation to be a basketball star. The first motivation is Russell’s approach and intrinsic motivation. The second motivation is Russell’s avoidant and extrinsic motivation. The third motivation is Russell’s achievement motivation to be a basketball star. This thesis also gives suggestions for future researchers who are interested in analyzing the same novel. They can analyze about Bill Russell’s personality development. They can also analyze the influence of the major character’s love to the existence of his ethnic group. The writer also suggests the further researchers to use some pages of the novel for teaching Short Essay Writing I.
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ABSTRAK
Meisiana Dwi Kartika, Susana. 2011. Bill Russell’s Motivation to be a Basketball Star in Bill Russell’s Go Up for Glory. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Skripsi ini membahas sebuah novel karya Bill Russell yang berjudul Go Up for Glory. Novel ini menceritakan tentang seorang berkebangsaan Afrika- Amerika bernama Bill Russell yang berusaha untuk membuktikan kepada bangsa kulit putih bahwa rasnya mempunyai bakat dan mampu menjadi seorang pemimpin. Menjadi bintang basket merupakan salah satu cara untuk membuktikannya. Skripsi ini menganalisa motivasi Bill Russell untuk menjadi pemain basket terkenal. Ada dua permasalahan yang dibahas. Masalah pertama adalah Bagaimana Bill Russell, tokoh utama, digambarkan dalam novel? Kedua, Apa motivasi Bill Russell untuk menjadi bintang basket? Penelitian perpustakaan diterapkan untuk memperoleh data. Sumber utama didapatkan dari novel itu sendiri. Sumber tambahan didapatkan dari buku-buku psikologi, kesusasteraan, dan sumber lain dari internet. Teori karakter dan karakterisasi digunakan untuk mendapatkan penggambaran tokoh utama. Sementara itu, teori motivasi digunakan untuk menganalisa motivasi Bill Russell untuk menjadi bintang basket. Berdasarkan hasil analisa permasalahan yang pertama, Bill Russell dapat digambarkan sebagai tokoh utama. Analisis karakter dibagi menjadi dua bagian, penggambaran fisik dan penggambaran kepribadian. Bill Russell mempunyai karakteristik penyayang, percaya diri, berbakat, tegar, berani, dan ambisi. Di sisi lain, analisis permasalahan yang kedua difokuskan pada motivasi Bill Russell untuk menjadi seorang bintang basket. Motivasi pertama adalah motivasi mendekat dan motivasi intrinsik. Motivasi kedua adalah motivasi menjauh dan motivasi ekstrinsik. Motivasi ketiga adalah motivasi pencapaian. Skripsi ini juga menyarankan kepada peneliti selanjutnya untuk meneliti tentang perkembangan kepribadian. Mereka juga dapat menganalisa tentang pengaruh cinta tokoh utama terhadap kehidupan rasnya. Penulis juga menyarankan untuk menggunakan beberapa halaman novel dalam pengajaran Short Essay Writing I.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter introduces five major points discussed in five separated sub-
chapters. They are the background of the study, the problem formulation, the
objectives, the benefits, and the definition of terms. In the background part, the
writer discusses the description of the topic and the reasons choosing the novel as
the subject of analysis. The problem formulation consists of two questions
addressed as an effort to accomplish the aim of the study. The objectives of the
study discuss the purpose of this study in general. The benefits of the study
present the benefits addressed to particular persons who are probably benefited
from the results of this study. The last part is the definition of terms which
discusses some important terms used.
A. Background of the Study
Literature is considered as a piece of work which portrays our daily life.
Literary works – novel, prose, poetry or drama – frequently reflect real life and
occasionally represent things happened in our life. They are considered as
excellent works when they do not only give pleasure but also meanings to the
readers. Moreover, an evocative message embodied will trigger the readers to
explore more and learn from it.
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According to Hudson (10), literature is the expression of life through the
medium of language. The source of literature lies on what men have seen in life,
what they have experienced of it, what they have thought and felt about those
aspects of it and their imagination. Literature is only one of several means of
communication where we can share our experiences with other people. To be
brief, it reflects and expresses life. Therefore, literature can be regarded as
something essential since containing real life, people’s thoughts and feelings on
life.
As previously mentioned a novel, as one of literary works, has peculiarity to
create a nearly-actual world without overlooking the imaginative aspect.
According to Milligan (4), a novel, as a work of literature, is more in touch with
reality, as it helps the readers see things as they really are. Therefore, the readers
commonly feel as if they are involved in the story when reading it. They
emotionally take part in the narrative because of the atmosphere – gloomy,
contended, humorous, or horror – produced by the novelist. In addition, many
valuable things which actually occur in our genuine life are able to be found
inside a novel.
A novel should have a good theme in order to make it attention-grabbing.
Most of the readers are interested to read when the novel contains a good theme –
marriage, adultery, mystery and so on. A good theme is created from the author’s
creativity in producing and conveying his or her imagination into written form.
Therefore, an author needs inspiration which can come from an event or
someone’s life experience.
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In a grand theme of a novel, it is usually slipped in out of the ordinary
topics. One of the attractive topics which are portrayed in the works of literature is
motivation. Motivation is related to the daily life. Everyone has motivation when
doing something. Even a baby must have motivation in his or her life. A crying
baby must have reasons why he or she is crying. Sometimes a baby cries because
of hunger, thirstiness, or getting wet.
In a real life, motivation is needed in order to reach the goals. People must
have goals in their life. They must have something to achieve. Moreover, they
have their own ways to reach their goals. Whatever the ways take, they always
need motivation. Motivation urges people to perform a particular action to fulfill
their needs or to achieve their goals. No matter how big the problems they should
face in achieving their goals, they will not give up if they have motivation.
Motivation makes someone work harder and do better.
Herbert L. Petri (3-4) states that motivation is the concept we use when we
describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior.
The concept of motivation is also used to explain the differences in the intensity
of behavior. More intense behaviors are considered to be the results of higher
levels of motivation. Additionally, we often use the concept of motivation to
indicate the direction of behavior. If someone feels sad, then he or she will cry. In
this case, the sadness feeling motivates him or her to cry. To sum up, motivations
direct someone to behave.
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Go Up for Glory, a novel written by Bill Russell, is an example of the
novels which portrays motivation. It is a true story of an African-American named
Bill Russell. Bill Russell lives in racial discrimination era. At that period of time,
it is easier said than done for an African-American to do anything he or she wants
to; briefly said there is several regulations prohibit and limit their activities. There
are things they cannot carry out or use. Even a child has already understood what
is and not allowed to do or use. The adults and the environment inform him or her
about the rules and the conditions.
Bill Russell, as a child, has a dream to be a basketball star. He wants to be a
professional basketball star in the United States of America (USA). It is a tough
path to achieve it. He himself knows and does understand how difficult it is. He
has learnt many things about the rule for an African-American. He understands
that a big and famous basketball club in the USA is for the White only.
Bill Russell does not end up his dream. He does not give up easily. He
struggles to reach his dream. He tries to make it come true. His spirit in achieving
his life goal cannot be separated from his motivations. There must be strong
motivations that lead him to struggle harder in achieving his goal. The
motivations do urge him to fight against the rule and have him win many National
Basketball Association (NBA) titles. This study discusses Russell’s motivation to
be a basketball star in America.
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B. Problem Formulation
This analysis is aimed to answer two problem formulations. The formulated
problems can be seen as follows:
1. How is Bill Russell, the main character, described?
2. What are Bill Russell’s motivations to be a basketball star?
C. Objectives of the Study
As stated in the formulated problem, there are two objectives the writer tries
to analyze. The objectives of the study can be explained below:
1. To describe Bill Russell’s characteristics in the novel.
2. To find out Bill Russell’s motivations to be a basketball star.
D. Benefits of the Study
The results of this study are expected to bring valuable contributions to the
people who concern with the analysis of a novel, especially when dealing with the
motivation of the character(s), as reflected in Bill Russell’s Go Up for Glory. We
can gain a lot of lessons from reading the novel.
Firstly, the students of English Language Education Study Program of
Sanata Dharma University can take at least two benefits from the results of this
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study in certain aspects. The results of this study will help them gain more
understanding about life through reading and analyzing the literary works,
especially the novel. They can grasp and implement important values portrayed in
this novel into their life, for instance the importance of motivation to reach their
achievement.
The lecturers of English Language Education Study Program of Sanata
Dharma University can also use the results of this study as a reference to teach
Short Essay Writing I. Teaching English using a novel can encourage the
students’ curiosity, imagination, and critical thinking. Moreover, it also can
stimulate them to read the novel which implies to the improvement of vocabulary
mastered.
The results of this study provide constructive information about the novel
which is valuable for the future researchers. Likewise, they also present favorable
information about the descriptions and the motivations of Bill Russell in
struggling for the glory of being a basketball star. There are many aspects which
are necessary to analyze in this novel, and the writer contributes in giving
untimely information.
Finally, analyzing a novel can reinforce the writer’s skills in understanding
and interpreting a literary work. It enlarges my literary knowledge and
vocabularies. As a human being who has so many goals in this life, the writer can
take several lessons on how the motivations play an important role in achieving
those goals. There are so many problems the writer will face in the future. No
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matter how big the problems are, the writer believes that the writer is able to reach
those goals as long as there is a motivation inside. The writer learns that the
motivations lead people to be successful.
E. Definitions of Terms
Some terms in this section are the key words. In order to avoid the different
perceptions and to give clear explanations to the reader, the writer provides some
explanations related to some terms discussed. Those terms are:
1. Character
Gill (127) states “a character is someone in a literary work who has some
sort of identity (it does not need be a strong one), an identity which is made up by
appearance, conversation, action, name and (possibly) thoughts in the head.” In
this study, the term character means the person who becomes the focus of the
novel which is described deeply through their attitudes, psychological behavior
and performance.
2. Motivation
Huffman, and Vernoy and Vernoy (392) also share more or less a similar
understanding with Jung by referring it to the factors of an individual such as
needs, desires, and interests which activate, maintain, and direct behavior toward
his or her goals. Meanwhile, Herbert L. Petri (3-4) defines the motivation as the
concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to
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initiate and direct behavior. The concept of motivation is also used to explain
differences in the intensity of behavior. In this study, the motivation means
desires, wishes, plans, goals, intents, impulse, purposes, needs, and interests
within an organism which initiate and direct behavior.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter includes the theories that are used to analize the formulated problems. This chapter is divided into two parts, namely review of related theories and theoretical framework. The review of related theories covers critical approach, character, characterization, and motivation. Meanwhile, theoretical framework describes the application of all theories used in this study.
A. Review of Related Theories
In this study, the writer uses four theories to support and help me in the process of analysis. They are the theory of critical approach, theory of character, theory of characterization and theory of motivation. The theories are considered very helpful to find out the description of the main character and his motivations in struggling to be a basketball star. These theories have different functions yet correlate to each other.
1. Theory of Critical Approach
According to Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. (3) in Reading and Writing about
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literature, every literary work has an aesthetic value. After reading a literary work, the readers will be able to respond to its aesthetic values. The response to literature as an art form is called as aesthetic response. In order to find out the aesthetic value, a critical approach has a role to help the reader understand the nature, function, and positive values of the literary work. It facilitates the readers to give reasonable judgment of the literary work.
Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. (13-17) propose five critical approaches. They are formalist approach, biographical approach, sociocultural-historical approach, mythopoeic approach, and psychological approach. The first approach, the formalist approach, pinpoints to the total integrity of the literary piece itself and its aesthetic values. This approach also concerns with the harmonious involvement of all the parts to the whole and points out the derivation of the meaning from its structure and the determination techniques of the structure.
The second approach is the biographical approach. In this approach, the author’s personality, life, and development considered to have influences on his or her writing. It means that the work of art is the reflection of the author’s ideas and personalities. The readers can gain more understanding on the literary work by learning about the life and the development of the author.
The third approach is the sociocultural-historical approach. In a literary work, such aspects as social, cultural, and historical are believed to have contributions to the
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author in producing the work. By using this approach, we will know the social condition and historical background at that time.
The fourth approach is the mythopoeic approach. It emphasizes on discovering certain universally recurrent patterns of human thoughts in the work of art. They often concern about death and rebirth, guilt and sacrifices, primitive rites, and theological aspect of Christian doctrine, which are found in the ancient myth and folk rites. Through this approach, the mystical relationship in a story can be explained.
The fifth approach is the psychological approach. This approach focuses on the human psychology. It is used to identify any aspects of psychology underlying a certain element of a literary work. It involves efforts to locate and demonstrate certain recurring patterns drawn from psychological knowledge. Therefore, this approach provides a deeper understanding in analyzing character’s thought and how it influences the behavior pattern.
However, not all the approaches will be applied in this study. In order to find out the description of the character and his motivations to be a basketball star, this study will use the psychological approach. The problem formulations stated earlier are closely related to the psychology of human beings.
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2. Theory of Character
This study uses novel as the object of the study. In order to have better understanding on a literary work such as a novel, the writer has to understand the character in the novel first. Therefore, the writer uses the theory of character and characterization as means to get deeper understanding about the character.
Abrams (21) defines characters as the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say – the dialogue – and by what they do – the action. It means that the character is the person involved in a novel. Still, there are two ways to describe the character, which is through the dialogue and the action. Through both, the characters show their emotional qualities.
In each novel there must be one or more characters that hold the main importance of the story. These characters play an important role because the story is talking about them and the conflicts in their life. According to Milligan (155) characters are categorized into main or major characters and minor characters. Major characters are the center of the story – mostly talks about the conflicts among them – and the most important characters in the story. On the other hand, minor characters appear only once or twice in the story and their roles are less important than the major characters.
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Meanwhile, Perrine divides character into two, namely static and dynamic character (71). Static character is a character that does not undergo the process of change development as a result of the things that happen to him. Perrine also states,
“Dynamic character undergoes an important, basic, and permanent change in his character, personality, or perspective” (71).
Moreover, dynamic character is understood as a character that changes when things happen to him (Holman and Harmon 83). Dynamic characters are like human beings. During the period of their life, human beings always have problems and emotion. They sometimes easily change, occasionally in a complex manner. The problems in their life change them. Someone who is cheerful is possible to turn to be desperate when facing complicated problems.
According to Forster (46-54), the character is classified into two. They are a flat character and a round character. A flat character means a character described as the same sort of person at the end of the story as he was at the beginning. It is represented as a single idea or quality. There are two advantages of flat characters: first, they are easily recognized whenever they come in – recognized by the readers’ emotional eye, not by the visual eye which merely notes the recurrence of a proper name Second, the reader straightforwardly remembers them afterward. In other words, flat characters are introduced from the beginning until the end of the story in a stable description.
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In contrast to flat character, a round character is many sided. It has complexity in temperament and motivation. This complexity is shaped by the character’s environment (Forster 48). Round characters are usually fully developed by the author, and when they are skillfully written then round character will be more memorable.
There are two ways in describing round character: first, is in the portrayal or using dramatic method. The author only presents the character talking and acting and allows the reader to conclude what motives and nature lie beyond what they say and do. Second, letting or using direct comments. In this way, the author gets strongly involved in order to describe, and often evaluate, the nature of dispositional qualities of the character (Abrams 21-22). Those statements are supported by Rohrberger and
Woods (170). They mention round characters are artistically speaking and have a higher achievement.
The characters can also be categorized based on their actions and attitudes in the narrative. Rohrberger and Wood (17) present the terms protagonist and antagonist to categorize characters in the novels. The protagonist is the chief character of the story which is usually, in the traditional fiction, the hero. The character is described as a good person and mostly becomes the center of the story. In the meantime, the opponent character is known as the antagonist. As readers, we often recognize this character as a bad person and as the enemy of the protagonist.
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3. Theory of Characterization
Rohrberger and Woods (19), say when an author creates characters, this process is called characterization. An author can create their characters based on the kinds of people met in his or her surrounding or just the creation of his or her own imagination. The author can combine some characteristics of people around him or her and mix them up to create a character.
Murphy (161-173) presents nine ways of characterization. First is personal description. The author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes. The author describes the person’s appearance in details. The explanation of the clothes also assists in shaping the personal description of a character. As a result of the appearance and clothes, the readers can easily figure out the character. The readers can imagine how the character looks like. As a result, they may have a clear picture of the character.
The second is characters as seen by another. The description of the characters can also be seen from another character’s opinion. Describing a character using others’ comments is used as the second way to make variation in the story. Instead of describing a character directly, the author can describe the character through the eyes and opinions of another. The reader gets, as it were, a reflected image. Describing the character using other characters’ opinions can also reveal the relation and emotion of the characters in the story.
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The third is speech. The author can give us an insight into the character of one of the persons in the book through what other person says. Whenever the person speaks, whenever the person is in conversation with another, whenever the person puts forward an opinion, he or she is giving us some clues to his or her character.
The next way is past life. By letting the readers learn something about a person’s past life, the author can provide us a clue to the events that have helped to shape a person’s character. This can be obtained from the direct comment by the author, through of the person’s thought, through his conversation or through the medium of another person.
Another way is throughout conversation of others. The author can also give us clues to a person’s character through both the conversation of other people and the things they say about the character. People do talk about other people and the things they say often give as a clue to the character the person talking about.
The sixth is reactions. The author can also give us a clue to a person’s character by letting us know how that person reacts to various situations and events. People react differently if they face certain events. Characters in the novel will also give different response to the events happening in the story.
The seventh is direct comment. The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly. Direct comment from the author can also give us direct knowledge about characters in the story.
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Next is from the thoughts. The author can give us direct knowledge of what the person is thinking. In this respect, he is able to do what we cannot do in real life. He can tell us what different people are thinking. In the novel, we accept this. The reader then is in a privileged position; he has, as it were, a secret listening device plugged in to in the most thoughts of a person in a novel. The last way is mannerisms. The author can describe the person’s mannerisms, habits or idiosyncrasies, which may also tell us something about his character.
4. Theory of Motivation
Theory of motivation is useful in order to find out the motivation of Bill Russell in fighting for the glory of being a basketball star. Franken (3) states that the basic assumption of all theories of motivation is that for every behavior, there is a cause. It means that the cause of the behavior is the result of motivation. It is believed there must be motivations that lead and motivate someone to do something or to fulfill their needs. Therefore, if we discuss behavior, then we will talk about the motivation.
According to Worchel and Shebilske (373), motivation is a reason why an organism acts in a certain time caused by some energy or source from the body which devices temporarily translate the capabilities into actions. People behave because there is something that motivates them to do it. Motivation is defined as a reason for
18 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
people to do something. The motivation lastly stimulates the energy inside and pushes it out.
Kalish (30) says that motivation and needs are concept not things. They cannot be seen or heard or touched, but they must be inferred or assumed. It is just like what is stated by Petri (3) that “motivation is the concept we use when we describe the force acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior.”
According to Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy (392), motivation refers to factors within an individual that activate, maintain, and direct behavior toward a goal.
Murray (7) states motivation is distinguished from the other factors that also influence behavior, such as the past experience of a person, the physical capabilities, and the environmental situation in which a person finds himself.
a. Kinds of Motivation
According to Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy (401), there are two forms of motivation: intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation is the desire to perform an act for its own sake. That motivation is derived from the satisfaction arising out of the behavior itself. People do something without being paid or rewarded. There is no ribbon, gold, or certificate for doing a task. People do something for enjoyment and they are interested in what they are doing. It is for getting pleasure and satisfaction. Supported by the explanation of Robert C. Beck
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(144), intrinsic motivation refers to factors that make certain activities rewarding in and of them. This would include such things as games, puzzles, artistic or other creative endeavors, and so on.
Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy (401) explain that extrinsic motivation is the desire to perform an act because of external rewards or avoidance of punishment. It is comprehensible that in extrinsic motivation, people accomplish something because of the rewards or the punishment. They will perform something well in order to get money, gold medal, certificate, grades, or because they have to. If they do not do it, then someone will get angry and give punishment. They act something to please a certain person or group. In extrinsic motivation, enjoyment and interest is not necessary. It is not important whether they are happy or not. As explained briefly by
Robert C. Beck (144), the term extrinsic reward refers generally to the kinds of reinforcement situations. A person makes a response and is reinforced for it by some external agents.
To sum up, intrinsic motivation means having initial interest in a task. People do something because they want to. In contrast, extrinsic motivation refers to a motivation that comes from the outsiders. People do something because they have to.
20 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
b. Human Motives
According to David C. McClelland (224), there are four important motive systems. They are achievement motive (the need for achievement), power motive, affiliative motive (the need for affiliation) and avoidance motive. In this study I use achievement motive to analyze the motivation of the main character.
First is achievement motivation. David C. McClelland (227-228) emphasizes,
“doing something better” is the natural incentive for the achievement motive. It now is time to become more precise, for people can do better for all sorts of reasons – to please the teacher, to avoid criticism, to gain the approval of a loved one, or simply to get some time off from work. What should be involved in the achievement motive is doing something better for its own sake, for the intrinsic satisfaction of doing something better. Doing something better means to improve or to get greater work output. The incentive of achievement motivation is to show how capable you are.
Murray in Karen, Vernoy and Vernoy’s Psychology in Action (399) identified
“achievement motivation as the need for success, for doing better than others, and for mastering challenging tasks”. Here is the definition of achievement motives according to Murray in David C. McClelland Human Motivation (46):
To accomplish something difficult. To master, manipulate, or organize physical objects, human beings, or ideas. To do this as rapidly and as independently as possible. To overcome obstacles and attain a high standard. To excel oneself. To rival and surpass others. To increase self-regard by the successful exercise of talent.
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Bartmann in David C. McClelland’s Human Motivation (227), showed that the subjects high in need for achievement gained more in learning how to do a task from a period of programmed instruction than the subjects low in need for achievement.
Atkinson in Bernard Weiner’s Human Motivation (192) defines the need for achievement, also known as the motive for success as a “capacity to experience pride in accomplishment.” Atkinson (193) says that “the incentive value of an achievement goal is an affect, labeled ‘pride in accomplishment.’ It is argued that greater pride is experienced following success at a difficult task than after success at an easy task.”
c. Approach and Avoidant Motivation
According to Higgins in Franken’s Human Motivation (3), psychologists distinguish between approach causes and avoidant causes. In approach behavior, people do things because of something they want, desire, or need. This is often conceptualized in terms of a specific goal object. For example, people will sleep when they feel sleepy. In avoidant behavior, people do things to avoid something. For example, people who are afraid of darkness will not turn off the lamp while they are sleeping on the night.
Franken (7) explains that “the distinction between approach and avoidant motivation is based on the idea that feelings are an important determinant of behavior”. It indicates that one’s feeling can determine what they will do or their
22 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
behavior. Higgins in Franken’s (8) states the difference of avoidant and approach motivation. “Higgins has talked about the need to understand the role of self-focus in helping humans to achieve goals (approach motivation) and to keep themselves safe and out of harms way (avoidant motivation)” (Franken 8).
Many growth theorists suggest that discrepancy between what is out there in the environment and what is inside the individual (such a knowledge or skills) However, some growth theories do not fully agree about whether it is best to account for growth motivation through approach or avoidant mechanism creates motivation. However, discrepancies can be conceptualized as the basis for experiencing challenge (an approach state) or tension (an avoidant) (Franken 21). McClelland (136) says the difference between avoidant and approach motives according to the sign stimulus:
In the case of avoidance motives, the sign stimulus differs from the consummatory experience sought. Inconsistency, conflict, and pain are sign stimuli that produce negative emotions and release acts designed to produce the consummatory experience of consistency, relief, or fear reduction. In the case of approach motives, the sign stimulus that sets up the natural incentive sequence initially may be the consummatory experience itself (136). It can be concluded that approach motivation is motivation in which people do things because of something they want, desire, or need. In approach motivation, people try to achieve their goals. It is like an intrinsic motivation. While avoidant motivation is motivation in which people do things to avoid something and keep themselves safe and out of harms way. It is just like the extrinsic motivation.
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B. Theoretical Framework
To support the analysis of the study, the theories presented above are really helpful. In this chapter, the writer presents some theories related to critical approaches, character and characterization, and motivation. These theories become the basis to help me in analyzing the novel. First, the writer uses theory of critical approach to help me in analyzing the novel.
Second, theory of character and characterization are used to support the analysis of Russell’s character. This is also to answer the problem formulation on how Russell is described in the novel. The writer uses the theory of character by Milligan, Perrine,
Forster, and Rohrberger and Wood. Meanwhile, the theory of characterization by
Murphy is used to analyze what sort of character Russell is described in the novel.
The writer applies the theory of characterization by Murphy to obtain the description of Russell’s character. Murphy explains that an author has various ways to make the characters understandable. Those are personal description, past life, reactions, direct comment, thought, and mannerism.
Third, theory of motivation is used to analyze the problem formulation which deals with other characters’ motivation on the main character, Bill Russell, which is the major problem in this study. The theory of motivation aims to find out Russell’s motivations to be a basketball star. At the beginning of this part, the writer describes approach and avoidant motivation. Then the writer describes achievement motive.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter gives details about the primary data as the object of this study,
the approach and the method of the study used to write this thesis. The first part,
object of the study, explains about the novel the writer uses in this thesis. The
approach of the study is in the second part which presents the approach used to
analyze the novel. Lastly,the method of the study. It includes the steps conducted
in order to do this thesis.
A. Object of the Study
In this study, the writer analyzed Bill Russell’s Go Up for Glory. The novel
was published in December, 1966. It is a true story as told to William McSweeny,
which consists of 175 pages and 11 chapters. The story itself took place in 1940s
until 1960s.
This novel tells about Bill Russell, an African-American who struggles for
the glory of being a professional basketball player America. Bill Russell is born to
Charles Russell and Katie King in Monroe, Louisiana in 1934. He lives in
Lousiana with his parents and his brother, Charllie. Racism is pervasive in
Louisiana at the time that is an African American has a less role and is treated
badly by the white American there. They have no chances to be a leader or
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25 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
develope their talent. The African American does not only get a bad position in
their job and talent development but also get lower status in society.
At the first time, Russell plays basketball on Oakland's playgrounds. After
his graduation, Russell is asked to join the California High School All-Stars. He is
well on his way to become a dominant player when he joins University of San
Francisco. In early 1957, Russell joins the Celtics.
It is not easy for Bill Russell to reach his goal. There are many people say
bad thing about him. He loses his mother in his young age. Sometimes the
opponent is cheating on him. He has to play well and practice hard without being
supported by the coach. There are many bad situations in his life. The long path he
goes through finally puts him to the peak of his career as one of NBA legendary
players. He has proved that the strong motivation can lead him to it.
B. Approach of the Study
In order to have a better understanding of a literary work, applying critical
approach is required. Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. (6-15) propose five kinds of
critical approaches namely the formalist approach, the biographical approach, the
socio cultural-historical approach, the mythopeic approach, and the psychological
approach. Since the focus of this study is to find out the motivations of the
character, this study uses psychological approach. It focuses on identifying any
aspect of human psychology which involves pattern of behavior, thought, and
feeling underlying a work of literature. 26 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
To identify the motivations of Bill Russell in struggling to be a basketball
star, it is significant to understand his description. Since Russell’s motivations to
be a basketball star and description are parts of psychological aspect, it will be
advantageous to apply psychological approach in this study. As understood,
psychology is a study that deals with mind and how it influences behavior.
Throughout psychological approach, the writer can dig out the stated mind of the
character which influences the way he behaves and interacts with others. The
ways he thinks, behaves and interacts present description to his personality.
Furthermore, this approach is used to analyze Russell’s motivation in struggling to
be a basketball star.
C. Method of the Study
This section presents the procedures used in analyzing the novel. In
conducting this study, the writer used library research method. The main
procedures the writer used in gathering the data were reading and taking important
notes from many written sources which were related to the object and the topic of
the study. The primary data was Go Up for Glory, a true story written by Bill
Russell as told to William McSweeny. The secondary data were taken from books
and other sources available in the internet which was helpful to analyze the topic
of the study.
There were some steps in conducting this study. The first step was reading
the novel, Go Up for Glory as the primary source. The writer read the novel 27 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
several times to get better understanding. After reading it, the writer found some
important points that were interesting to discuss deeply. However, after
considering the level of analysis the writer would conduct later, the writer finally
decided to focus on one aspect in this novel that is the motivation. the writer was
truly interested in Bill Russell’s motivations in struggling to be a basketball star. It
is not easy for him to be a basketball star in the USA because he is an African-
American. He does his best to reach his dream. He never gives up although there
are many problems he should face. It was the good one to discuss.
The second step was formulating what the writer had found after reading the
novel into formulated problems which cover the description of Bill Russell and
his motivations to be a basketball star. Afterward, the writer collected, selected,
read and analyzed the secondary data related to this study. The writer took literary
and psychology books which were useful to analyze the novel.
In order to obtain better understanding about the novel and more
information of the theories used to study and answer the problems, the writer also
collected the data from the internet. In addition, the writer took notes of quotations
and useful information from many sources. After collecting, selecting, and reading
the data, the writer started to analyze the formulated problems by applying those
theories.
To know Russell’s motivations, it is better to understand his character.
One’s character has influences on how he or she behaves, deals with other person
and copes with such situation. In this case, Russell’s character has influences to do 28 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
and to make his dream come true. It deals with his motivation to be a basketball
star. After conducting the description of Russle’s character, the writer focused on
analyzing his motivation to be a basketball player.
The last step was drawing the conclusions of the study based on the results
of the analysis. The writer drew conclusions in this study that were believed to be
constructive for the readers. The writer also included some suggestions for the
future researchers who aim at conducting the analysis on the same novel. Finally,
the writer related this study to language teaching. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
This chapter deals with the analysis of the two problems in the problem
formulation mentioned in the Chapter One. This chapter is divided into two parts.
The first part aims at describing Bill Russell’s character. The second part intends
to find out Bill Russell’s motivation to be a basketball star.
A. The Description of Bill Russell’ Character
This sub-chapter discusses the description of Bill Russell as the main
character in the Go Up for the Glory. At this point, the writer uses the theory of
characters and characterizations in order to describe Bill Russell’s
characterizations. As stated by Stanton, character is commonly used in two ways:
it designates the individuals who appear in the story and it refers to the mixture of
interests, desires, emotions and moral principles that makes up each of these
individuals (Stanton 17).
There are many ways to distinguish character. According to Milligan, in a
novel there are two kinds of characters based on their importance, namely main or
major characters and minor characters. Major characters are the center of as well
as the most important characters in the story. They become the center of the story
because the narrative mostly talks about the conflicts among them.
On the other hand, minor characters appear only once or twice in the story
and their role are less important than the major characters (Milligan 155). In Go
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Up for Glory, Bill Russell is considered as the major character. It is because the
story focuses on him. This novel is a true story of Bill Russell which tells about
his life experience in searching for the glory of being a basketball star. Bill
Russell himself becomes the center of the story. He appears from the beginning to
the end of the story.
Perrine classifies the sorts of the character into two: static and dynamic
character. Static character is a character that does not undergo the process of
change development as a result of the things that happen to him. Meanwhile,
dynamic character undergoes an important, basic, and permanent change in his
character, personality, or perspective (Perrine 71). Dynamic character is
understood as a character which changes when the things happen to him (Holman
and Harmon 83).
After reading Go Up for Glory several times, the writer finally realizes that
the main character in that novel can be categorized as static character. The reason
why Bill Russell is considered to be a static character is because of his characters,
personality and perspective do not change from the beginning to the end of the
narrative. Many things happen during his lifetime; however it does not change
anything in his characters and perspective. In the opening of the novel, Russell is
described as a child who has ambition to achieve something better in his life. As
an African-American, he wants to prove that he can do great thing as well as the
white people do. He never changes from the beginning until the end of the story.
When Russell is a child, he dreams to be a basketball star. He imagines
being a great famous basketball star and tries to find the way to reach it. He 31 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
struggles to reach his dream; no matter how many the difficulties faced. Until
getting older, he never changes his way of thinking.
According to Forster, the term “character” is divided into two. They are a
flat character and a round character. The author describes him as the same sort of
person at the end of the story as he was at the beginning. Otherwise, contrast to
flat character, round character is many sided. He has complexity in temperament
and motivation. This complexity is shaped by the character’s environment (Forster
48).
Based on the explanations above, the writer summarizes that the character
of Bill Russell is a flat character. Russell is a person who is proud of being an
African-American. Being an African-American in America is not easy. People
treat him differently to the white. Most people say bad thing about an African-
American. Russell is proud of himself. He is proud to have his skin. From the
beginning to the end of the story, Russell is always proud to be an African-
American. He never feels sorry to be it. That is why the writer considers him a flat
character.
Rohrberger and Wood present the terms protagonist and antagonist to
group characters in novels. The protagonist is the chief character of the story. He
or she is usually the hero in the traditional fiction. The character is described as a
good person and mostly becomes the center of the story. The opponent character
is called the antagonist. As readers, we often recognize this sort of character,
mostly as an evil character (Rohrberger and Wood 17). 32 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Bill Russell is the protagonist. He is a good person and becomes the center
of the story. Bill Russell becomes the essential figure of the story, and
additionally it is an autobiography of him. The novel focuses on Bill Russell and
his life experiences in struggling to be a basketball star.
According to Murphy, there are nine ways used to find out the description
of certain character in a story. Those are personal description, character as seen by
another, speech, past life, conversation of others, reactions toward the various
situations and events, direct comments, thought, and mannerism (Murphy 161-
173). In this discussion, those ways are supporting each other to analyze the
character of Bill Russell. Here is the characterization of Bill Russell:
a. Loving and Caring
Bill Russell is considered to be a loving and caring person. He loves his
family. He also likes his friends. There is a direct comment that shows Russell as
a loving person. “I was just a kid who liked his friends and loves his mother and
father and brother and scuffed along the dirt road, laughing, on my way to a barn
that was converted into a school”(10).
Bill Russell loves to be with his family. His parents are working but
having different working time. He is happy because he still has one of them at
home while the other is working. Living with his parents makes him happy. “And
we lived. Mother and father were both working in the shipyards and one worked
days and one work nights, so there was always someone home. It was 1943, a 33 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
good year, and a happy one” (14). The way he is thinking about his past life
shows that Russell greatly loves his parents.
Bill Russell has lost his mother since he was young. He never knows why
his mother dies. Now, there are just three of them: his father, his eldest brother,
and he himself. While his father says that they will all have to stick together, he
feels warm and cozy. The direct comment shows that Russell cares about his
family. Being together with the family makes him warm and cozy (16).
From the day his mother dies, his father raises him and his eldest brother
alone. He never sees their report cards again. Russell signs his brother’s card and
his brother signs his card. Nevertheless, Russell never makes any judgment on his
father since he is, simply, his father. He knows that his father has to work to fulfill
their needs raise both of them. Therefore, when he gets paid as a basketball player,
he does not want his father to work again. He gets $100,001 which is a big
amount at that time. His father is laughing. It is one of the great laughing
moments of Russell’s life (17). It is clearly stated that Russell’s care of his family
can be seen from his reaction to fulfill his family needs.
In Celtics, there is the atmosphere of helping out. This team believes that it
is the key of the success. The senior who is getting older will help the junior who
is going to take his place. When his time comes, Russell has a willingness to help
the guy who is going to take his place (121). It can be analyzed that he thinks to
do it because he cares of his team.
Russell also loves his grandfather. It is described directly. He loves him
very much. He takes his children to visit his grandfather. For him, his grandfather 34 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
is a wonderful man, whose triumphs and frustrations and wisdom have touched
the heartbeat of his life and thought. He loves him, perhaps more than any man in
the world, with a kinship which is more than blood and with a laughter that is
more than joy. His grandfather is a man for all seasons, a great man, and he will
always be (136).
b. Being Proud of Himself
The pride as an African-American emerges initially when Russell was
sixteen years old. It appears suddenly, not clear what trigger such feeling. He
never feels that strong and influential feeling before. It firstly happened when he
wakes up in the morning and finds out that he is so proud to be an African-
American. The pride gives him the impetus to fight, to struggle in order to reach
his dream. This becomes the foundation to go forward (16). This thought shows
that Russell is proud of himself. He is proud to be an African-American.
The pride comes firstly when he is sixteen and it finally brings him to the
peak of his career. The pride to be an African-American brings acceptance and
respect to him. The highest achievement of his hard work is being a national
champion. It is great to be it. As a result, he can meet the President of the United
States in the White House. It makes impression because he can do it as an
African-American who has no rights. Moreover, it brings affect to the rest of his
days (37).
There is segregation between the white people and the African-American.
In St. Louis the white people treat the African-American badly. They call the 35 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
African-American as “black gorilla”. It is because the African-American is tall
and has black skin. Russell is six feet, ten inches tall. Being that tall is a privilege,
not a disadvantage. There is a statement about his being proud to have the height
and the skin color. If there is the lowest, most downtrodden African-American
shown to him, he will say to everyone that the man is his brother. He is proud of
being an African American (130-131).
Bill is proud of himself, even though some people underestimate his
society, African-American. He is happy born as an African-American. Though he
finds so many problems as an African-American who lives in America, but he is
happy to share in the problems with his society. He truly understands the proud
feeling is also felt by others, such as Jewish, Italians and Irish towards their
homeland. He considers himself not different with others. The pride of his
ancestral home is regarded as normal and common (153).
c. Talented
Russell is described as a well talented person. In his senior year, Oakland
offers the Keyes Memorial Trophy to the team and student body that demonstrates
the best sportsmanship. His team plays the game. They win it three years in a row.
They are very proud of it. It is a big thing. It is a big tribute to those players and
those students. Russell and his team have proved that they are talented (21-22).
Coming up to Russell’s graduation, there is Oakland High, the biggest
game. He is paired against All Star team. He scores high, fourteen points and beat
them badly. His team wins the city championship and he goes off on a trip 36 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
through British Columbia and the northwest with a schoolboy All Star team.
Because of his talent, he gets a college scholarship (22-23).
Russell knows that he is a good basketball player. He plays with the team
and often wins the game. He must be talented. Some people say that he is great
(32).
The acknowledgement as a good basketball player comes when Russell
receives a call from the school saying that he has a letter from the White House.
He is invited to a physical fitness meeting at the White House in July. That is
because he was a national champion (36-37). This reaction proves that Bill
Russell is considered to be a good basketball player.
Russell has talent as a great basketball player. He has one big edge going-
the blocked shot. He has tips how to play good and defeat opponent.
You must learn just when a player is going to shoot; what type of shot he has, and where you have to be to block it. You have to know exactly where you are on the floor at all times. And you have to develop by repetition until it becomes almost second nature. I call it “canned thinking. A sixth sense is developed for it and a quick move at the same time knowing just what the habits of the opponent are…… ;Make them switch from their accustomed habit into something new where they are instinctively uncomfortable. To categorize it, look at defense on this basis: (1) Learn the other man’s habits. Then make him go exactly opposite to what he likes to do. (2) When he gets to a position where he is away from his best shot, even if it’s only a foot, make him commit himself and shoot and count on the law of averages being on your side. (3) If you are successful, just smile at him as though you can do it every time (124).
Russell has basic system in playing basketball. He has strategy to win a game. It
shows that he is a well-talented person.
37 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
d. Tough
Russell’s being tough can be seen in his past life. His parents have
different working time, so there is always someone home to accompany and take
care of the children. One day, when Russell comes home from school, he cannot
find his mother at home. His mother is sick. She is in the hospital for two weeks.
She never comes home anymore. She passes away then. Russell still has his father
and his brother with him. There are only three of them now. They live their life
together (14-16). Living in America as an African-American is not easy and now
as a teenager, he has to lose his mother. He survives and grows up without his
mother. It shows how tough he is.
There is different situation after Russell’s mother died. His father works
very hard. He does not have much time to take care of the children. He never
again sees their report cards. Russell signs his brother’s and his brother signs his.
He is busy to make money for them. There is a separation. There is loneliness
(17). Russell is not angry to be in such situation. It proves that he is tough enough
to handle any problem comes to his life.
Woolpert, the coach, never says anything. He never once in all the years
says that his player does a good job, a bad job, or a mediocre job. It hurts Russell
plenty. Sometimes he wants him to tell that he is doing a good job. He wants the
support of his coach. Woolpert does not do it. Russell’s thought shows how tough
he is. Even if the coach never says anything about the way he is playing, and it
seems that he is not to give his support to the player, Russell is tough enough to
play basketball greatly for the team (32). 38 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
There is another evidence to show Russell’s being tough that can be
analyzed through his thought. Some players and fans are certain to judge him on
race. It is because he is the only African-American player in his team. Being the
tallest make him seem to be a giant. The combination provides them with plenty
of material for sly jokes. Most news writers are also saying that Russell will not
make it. They expect that Russell will never be a legitimate sports hero in Boston
or anywhere else. Russell is not worried about what they are saying and laughing
at. They can do that anytime they want. It does not make him feel bad. He will
just be him (55).
In St. Louis, the people often call the African-American as “baboon,
nigger, or black gorilla”. The fans do that while Russell is playing in a game. He
does not say anything. He just plays and ignores it. In a conversation, he tells his
wife not to let a town like St. Louis beat her. It is him against the world. He is an
African-American and he might as well face it (122). Being a joke by fans does
not make him upset or angry easily. He does not let such thing make him down.
He just keeps playing as a man, as a tough man.
e. Brave
Russell’s bravery can be seen through his reaction. When Harry Gallatin, a
New York coach, throws a punch at Red Auerbach in a game at Boston Garden,
Russell is getting mad to him. He challenges Gallatin and says “Gallatin, you’ve
always been a loudmouth fink. Now if you’re so tough, why don’t you punch me?
I’m your size” (101). 39 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
When a straightened out guy comes downcourt and gives him an elbow,
Russell is getting mad. He threatens that he can defeat and make the guy lying on
the hospital. The man leaves but then comes back again and calls him a “black
gorilla”. He makes big mistakes by doing that. Russell punches him and breaks
two ribs. It is the only time in his life he intentionally tries to hurt someone (102).
His behavior shows that Russell is brave enough to have a fight with someone.
Russell does not like to be cheated on a game. He is not afraid of anyone.
One night, Russell’s team plays with Felix’s team on the neutral court of
Syracuse. Felix is a player who can be easily upset. That night, when the game is
running, he becomes upset. He starts throwing elbows and Russell gives him a
little shove. The ref sees it and calls a foul on him. Russell turns and says “That’s
a good call Ref, but watches his elbows, will you?” but what happen next is Felix
winding up to throw a right hand. But Russell is ready to fight against him. He
flips his left hand into Felix’s mouth (102-103).
f. Ambitious
There are Russell’s thoughts that prove his being ambitious. Charlie,
Russell’s brother, is two years ahead of him. He is a good basketball athlete. He is
transferred from junior high to Oakland Tech which is something of a status
symbol in their neighborhood. It is the case of an African-American managing to
break the bonds, break the barrier and fight from under the pile heaped on him.
Oakland Tech is predominantly white. It is amazing that an African-American can
be a part of it. Charlie has a strong effect on Russell. He admires him 40 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
tremendously. Russell ambitiously wants to follow his footsteps. He wants to be a
basketball player like his brother (18).
Russell is going to University of San Francisco and being the basketball
team member. He tries hard to be a good player. He learns about the strategy in
playing basketball. He has his own ambition. It is to learn everything about
defense and blocking shot (26).
Russell plays for Celtics. Auerbach, the coach, has a philosophy “Cry me
no tears. Tell me no sad tales. This team is a totalitarian state and I am the
dictator.” There is no one in the team can be close to him. They cannot be friends.
They have to show their ability in playing basketball in order to be accepted by
him. Auerbach cannot stand the thought of losing. Neither can Russell. He has
been immediately instilled with the philosophy. He plays to win. He wants to be a
winner; otherwise Auerbach has no place for him (78-79). It shows Russell’s
ambition to be accepted by the coach. It is his ambition to play for Celtics, to be a
part of it.
His being ambitious is showed in 1965 at Boston Garden. He plays for the
Eastern championships. It is the seventh and the final game. There are about
18.000 people scream. He feels like bum and the lost sheep of the NBA. But when
Chamberlain, the opponent, square off with him, he knows that he gets ready to
put his weight against him. He is ready to defeat him and be the winner. He
promises himself for all the money and the years, good and bad, the MPV trophies
and the All Star Games and all the rest of it. Even he promises himself for the
whole career (114-116). 41 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Russell has an ambition to be respected. As the only African-American in
the team, he wants to prove himself as a man over a long period of time. It has
always been that way with him and it always will be. He does not work to be
liked. All he does is to be respected by the other (121).
Being born as an African-American in America, having no right is a
common thing. Being poor is a common thing too. Russell thinks that the battle
lines are basically economic. That is why, economically, he has ambition to do
something for the African-American. He employs them, not a giving, but an
achieving. He gives them a chance to achieve something better in their life (132).
Russell lives his life differently with all white neighborhoods. It is not
because he wants to, but he has to. Being an African-American means you are
different from the white people. You are treated differently by others. You are
going to different places from the White people. Russell does not want to live that
kind of life any longer. He wants the best kind of life, the best kind of school, and
the best kind of police protection for his family. That is his ambition to have such
things. It is his ambition to show the White that the African-American are also
human beings and can be lived with, side by side. He wants better things in life
(134).
B. Russell’s Motivation to be a Basketball Star
Motivation is a common word in our daily life. People behave because
there is a cause. Worchel and Shebilske (307) states that people behave because 42 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
there is something that motivates them to do it. Motivation is defined as a reason
for people to do something. According to Franken (3), the basic assumption of all
theories of motivation is that for every behavior, there is a cause. Furthermore,
Petri (3) states that motivation is the concept we use when we describe the force
acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior. It can be concluded
that people behave because there is something that forces them to do it.
According to Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy (392), motivation refers to
factors within an individual that activate, maintain, and direct behavior toward a
goal. Murray (7) states motivation is distinguished from the other factors that also
influence behavior, such as the past experience of a person, the physical
capabilities, and the environmental situation in which a person finds himself.
People have their own motivation in doing something. That motivation can lead
them to the goal they want to achieve.
People must have goal to achieve in their life. Some people want to be
athletes. There are many reasons why they want to be them. Some of them like
sport very much. That is why they want to be an athlete. The others perhaps need
money. They want to make money by playing in a court as professional athletes. It
is also possible if there are people who want to be an athlete because they seek
popularity. There are many other reasons why people want to be athletes. One of
the dreamers is Bill Russell. In this novel, Russell, an African-American, has a
dream to be a basketball star in America. He struggles to have the glory of being a
basketball star. There must be reasons beyond his dream. He must have
motivation in searching for it. 43 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
1. Russell’s Approach and Intrinsic Motivation to be a Basketball Star
Higgins in Franken’s HumanMotivation (3), states that in approach
behavior, people do things because of something they want, desire, or need. This
is often conceptualized on terms of a specific goal object. Being a basketball star
is Russell’s goal in life. Studying in University of San Francisco, and playing for
the basketball team, make him realize that he has a same dream with the other
students; being a national champion. “Back at USF, the “Homeless Dons” were
constructing a gymnasium at last. The campus was growing. The national
champions were everyone’s target (38).”
Being a basketball player is Russell’s own desire. He wants to be like his
brother. Charlie, Russell’s brother, is two years ahead of him. He is a good
basketball athlete. He is transferred from junior high to Oakland Tech which is
something of a status symbol in their neighborhood. It is the case of an African-
American managing to break the bonds, break the barrier and fight from under the
pile heaped on him. Oakland Tech is predominantly the White. It is amazing that
an African-American can be a part of it. Charlie has a strong effect on Russell. He
admires him tremendously. Russell wants to follow his footsteps (18). He wants to
play in Olympics (41). Russell loves playing basketball. There is no one who
forces him to be a basketball player. He plays basketball because he wants to. He
thinks that people who see his playing will love that kind of sport too (150).
According to Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy (401), intrinsic motivation is
the desire to perform an act for its own sake. That motivation is derived from the 44 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
satisfaction arising out of the behavior itself. Supported by the explanation of
Robert C. Beck (144), intrinsic motivation refers to factors that make certain
activities rewarding in and of them. Being a professional basketball player as an
African-American is a happiness for Russell. He can meet the President of the
United States in the White House just because he is a national champion. As an
African-American who has no rights, it makes a deep impression and affects the
rest of his days. The pride brings him a satisfaction.
It was great that I could be a national champion. It was great that I could meet the President of the United States in the White House. But from Washington to Louisiana and all the way back across the Deep South I was just another black boy, just so much dirt, with no right, with no element of human courtesy or decency shown to me or mine. It made an impression. A deep one. It made one that may have affected the rest of my days (37).
It can be concluded that Russell has approach and intrinsic motivation to
be a basketball star. It is his goal to be a basketball star. He loves playing
basketball. That is why he wants to follow his brother footstep as a basketball
player, besides he admires him much. There is no one who forces him playing
basketball. It is his own desire to be it. Being a basketball star, a national
champion, gives him self satisfaction. He plays basketball for his own sake.
2. Russell’s Avoidant and Extrinsic Motivation to be a Basketball Star
Higgins in Franken’s Human Motivation (3) states that in avoidant
behavior, people do things to avoid something. 45 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Russell is not as great as his brother in playing basketball. He does not
make any scores when playing with the team. He begins to lose his spirit. He quits
and does not want to join any basketball team anymore. One day, Powles, his
coach asks him to practice more and give him two dollars to join the Boys Club.
Russell avoids making him disappointed. He takes the money and plays every
afternoon and night (20-21).
Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy (401) explain that extrinsic motivation is
the desire to perform an act because of external rewards or avoidance of
punishment. They will perform something well in order to get money, gold medal,
certificate, grades, or because they have to. If they do not do it, then someone will
get angry and give punishment. They act something to please a certain person or
group. In extrinsic motivation, enjoyment and interest is not necessary.
In his senior year, Russell plays for the school team. He has deferent idea
with the coach. As the player, he has to follow the coach’s rules. He has to be
what the coach wants. It does not matter whether he likes or not.
Phil Woolpert, the USF coach, had an entirely different idea about the way Russell would play basketball. Woolpert wanted me to playing the same fashion as his former center, who had been 6-5. I was 6-10. My style was defense, plus shooting. We established a détente of sorts. I was to be scorer, but in my own mind I was concentrating on learning everything I could about defense and about blocking shots (26).
After Russell’s mother died, his father works very hard. He does not have
much time to take care of the children. He never again sees their report cards.
Russell signs his brother’s and his brother signs his’. He is busy working to fulfill
their needs. There is a separation. There is loneliness. Russell loves his father. He 46 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
knows that his family needs much money to survive, but he does not want His
father to work hard and have no time for him. He does not like to be separated
with his family. That is why he signs his contract as a basketball player and gets
100,001 dollars for it. He says to his father not to work again (17).
Russell plays better to win. It is the only way for him to get paid. He needs
the money; so that he tries hard to practice a lot and learn the method to beat the
opponent (27). He wants to get much money. He is thinking to be rich. He thinks
that it will be fun if he has a lot of money. That is why he is very happy when his
team wins the final game in a world championship (43).
Furthermore, being a basketball player is a profession for him. It is a
profession to make money.
But, let this be a true statement about professional sports for any of you who may ever be considering it. Professional sports is a profession. The owners are never going to be in love with you. Never. They’re in it to make money and you are in it to make money and never the twain shall fully meet, expect occasionally in the tumult and ecstasy of a world championship game (64).
In conclusion, Russell’s avoidant and extrinsic motivation to be a
basketball star is to avoid making his coach’s disappointment and anger. His
enjoyment and interest is not necessary. Because he loves and cares of his father,
he plays basketball in order to get money. It is just a profession to make money.
He does not want his father to work hard anymore.
47 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
3. Russell’s Achievement Motivation to be a Basketball Star
Murray in Karen, Vernoy and Vernoy’s Psychology in Action (399)
identified “achievement motivation as the need for success”. Atkinson in Bernard
Weiner’s Human Motivation (192) defines the need for achievement, also known
as the motive for success as a “capacity to experience pride in accomplishment.”
Russell tries to be a basketball star. He plays in a basketball team named Celtics.
Together with all the team players, he plays good to win championships. With
Celtics, he struggles to be successful.
Success rode easily with the Celtics. I do not believe we ever became swell-headed. God knows, we had to fight for everything. More often than not crucial series went to the final, gasping minute. Sometimes into overtime. But, black, white, religious, irreligious, we somehow put together a rather unique example of Americans-a mixed team of men who in forty-eight tumultuous minutes of play could survive it all to go on and win championship after championship (92-93).
Being success as a national champion is Russell’s dream. He plays to win
world championship. He wants to be a successful athlete who wins an Olympic
champion.
That makes eight world championships. There were nine divisional championships. No team- not even the Yankees or the Montreal Canadians- ever had such a streak. Proud? You bet. Any athlete is proud of a record. The Boston Celtics were proud of a series of championships. But not fat-headed. Which were the greatest? To me, the first and the last. The first one was the first professional world championship I had ever won and gave me a thirteen-months’ skein which is a kind of unique record for an athlete-a national champion, an Olympic champion and a world professional champion. No one ever did that before. I like it. I admit it (95).
Being such a successful athlete is a pride for him. 48 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
According to Murray in David C. McClelland Human Motivation (46),
achievement motivation is the need too accomplish something difficult. Murray in
Karen, Vernoy and Vernoy’s Psychology in Action (399) identified “achievement
motivation as the need for mastering challenging tasks”. As seen in Go Up for
Glory, Russell wants to be a basketball star because it is a challenging task. It is
not easy to defeat the opponent. In professional basketball, each team plays with
its seven best. Being the winner of a world championship is hard to do. It is a
challenge. It is a matter of psychology. A player has to know the right methods
and the right movements (97).
Next, in a world championship, Russell wants to play against Chamberlain.
Chamberlain’s physical power is awesome. Most certainly he can jump higher
from a crouch than any man in the league. He is a good shooter. Playing against
him is a challenging for Russell. He wants to play better than him. He wants to
defeat him (106).
It can be concluded that Russell has achievement motivation in being a
basketball star. He wants to be a successful athlete. He wants to win world
championships. Playing basketball is a challenge for him. He wants to master the
methods and the right movement in playing basketball as a professional. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter consists of two parts. The first part is the conclusion. It deals with the
answer of the problems formulated in the first chapter. The second part is the
suggestion. This part states the suggestions for future researches and the
implementation of literary works in English teaching-learning material.
A. Conclusions
Based on the analysis, the formulated problems include two parts. The first
part is the description of Bill Russell’s characters. According to Milligan,
character is divided into major and minor. In this analysis, Bill Russell is
described as major character. He is the center of the character and plays the most
important role in the story. Besides major character, Bill Russell is also pictured
as a static character. As a theory proposed by Perrine that a static character never
changes along the story, Russell’s personality and perspective do not change from
the beginning to the end. Since he does not change his characteristics, Russell is
also concluded as a flat character. In addition, Russell is considered as
protagonist. He plays as a good person and the hero of the story.
Based on the theory proposed by Murphy, Russell is drawn as a loving and
caring, being proud of himself, talented, tough, brave, and ambitious. His love and
care can be seen from direct comments, reaction and thoughts. Russell does love
his family and do everything for getting their better life. His being proud of
49
50 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
himself is showed by his thoughts. He is proud of being an African-American. He
is pleased with his physical appearance. Since he has good physical appearance he
is ambitious to be a good basketball player. From his thoughts, it can be sum up
that Russel is a talented person. He always think that he is a good basketball
player. His talent is also showed from character as seen by another. Russell is
tough. Russell has a bitter past life. When his mother died he was a teenager .
However, he can grow up without his mother’s caring. He can also survive in such
situation by fighting against the discrimination. It encourages him to be a brave
person. His bravery can be seen from his reaction when he punch someone who
hurt or underestimate him.
The second conclusion reveals Bill Russell’s motivations to be a
basketball star. There are kinds of his motivations described. They are approach
and intrinsic motivation, avoidant and extrinsic motivation, and achievement
motivation. The first motivation is based on the theory of approach and intrinsic
motivation. Being a basketball star is his goal in life. He wants to follow his
brother’s footstep. Being a national champion gives him satisfaction. The second
motivation is based on the theory of avoidant and extrinsic motivation. He wants
to avoid his coach appointment and anger. Besides, Russell wants to get money
from being a basketball star. The third motivation is based on achievement
motivation. Russell’s achievement motivations are pictured when he wants to
succeed and to master methods that is a challenging task in playing basketball.
Being a basketball star is his greatest goal in his life. Since Russell
admires his brother who is a good basketball player, Russell is being inspired to
51 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
follow his brother’s footstep. Therefore, Russell struggles to conquer his dream in
order to fulfill his satisfaction. He believes that he can be a national champion.
Besides conquer his dream, money does also influence him. He tries very hard to
learn methods and the right movements in playing basketball to defeat the
opponent so that he can get paid and avoid his coach’s disappointment and anger.
Russell really wants to show his best performance. To conduct his expectation,
Russell wants to master methods in playing basketball. He knows that it will bring
him to the path of success.
B. Suggestions
Suggestions are divided into two parts. The first part is the suggestion for
further researchers. The second is the suggestion for the implementation of using
Bill Russell’s Go Up for Glory in teaching Short Essay Writing I.
1.Suggestions for Future Researchers
Bill Russell’s Go Up for Glory is an interesting novel to read and to
analyze which gives us valuable lessons dealing with the one’s motivation to
deviate from descrimination and to get freedom. The analysis of this study focuses
on the Bill Russell’s motivations to be a basketball star. It also includes the
description of Bill Russell’s characters. There are many things that future
researchers can analyze.
For future researchers, they may explore more about Bill Russell’s
personality development. This personality development can be analyzed using
52 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
psychological approach. Moreover, the researchers can also analyze the influence
of the major character’s love to his ethnic group. Since ethnic group is related to
culture and society, it is appropriate to use socio-cultural approach.
2. Suggestions for the Implementation of Teaching English Using Literary
Works
A literary work may become a good material for English teaching and
learning activities. A Novel is one of literary works that can be used by English
teachers as a good source of material for teaching English. The students get so
many advantages which help them in mastering English. Reading a novel helps
the students enrich their vocabulary, their knowledge of language structure, and
get values of life.
Considering the advantages provided by reading a novel, it is necessary for
teachers to use novel in their teaching. In this study, the writer provides the
implementation of Go Up for Glory in teaching Short Essay Writing I. The writer
chooses the Short Essay I because it has the basic competence that leads students
to be able to write short essays using the fundamentals of writing. The students
are able to analyze the generic structure and write past events or experience in
form of a personal recount. To attain those basic competences, this novel can be
used as a means to improve the students’ writing skill.
Go Up for Glory can be used as a model of personal recount writing in
Short Essay I class. The model of the writing is taken from page 150-154. Those
parts give a good model of recount writing to the students. Those parts provide
53 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
the example of a text which describes past experience by retelling events in
chronological order. Therefore, it can help the students in recognizing recount
writing so that later the students can easily make their own personal recount
writing. To sum up the time, the teacher gives the reading passages a week before
the class. The procedures are suggested as follows:
1. The teacher asks the students about their past unforgettable events or
experiences.
2. The teacher asks the students to re-read the reading passage given a week
before.
3. The teacher explains briefly about the novel and the generic structure of
personal recount.
4. The teacher has students mention the tenses used in the reading passage.
5. The teacher asks the students to identify the cause-effect, expressing
sequence, and expressing time.
6. The teacher lead the students to analyze the generic stucture of the reading
passage
7. The teacher gives students task to write their personal recount.
8. The teachers monitors the students’ activity in checking their work.
9. The teacher provides the students time to revise their work and submit it.
10. The teacher gives the students feedback about their personal recount
writing.
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APPENDICES
56
57 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Appendix 1
The Cover of Go Up for Glory
Taken from: www.librarything.com/work/1798232 (accessed on July 23, 2011) 58 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Appendix 2
Summary of Go Up for Glory
Bill Russell is an African American who was born in Monroe, Louisiana.
He grew up in Oakland. At that time, in 1940s-1960s, there was segregation
between the white American and the African American. The African American
was treated badly by the white. They were even not allowed to wear good dress
like the white women usually wear. Being a basketball star was not easy for him
to reach. Most good professional basketball clubs were predominantly the white
American. Following his brother’s footstep, Russell wanted to be a basketball star
in America. In his junior year, Russell played for his school basketball team, Boys
Club. When he was in senior high, he played for Oakland High, his school
basketball team. He played greatly and won many basketball championships. He
got scholarship and entered University of San Francisco. Russell played for his
college basketball team, and won the National Collegiate Athletic Association
(NCAA) championships. Then, he joined the Boston Celtics, a major professional
sports team in United States.
59 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Appendix 3
Biography of Bill Russell
Bill Russell was born on 12 February 1934 in Monroe, Louisiana, USA.
American basketball player regarded in his day as the greatest defensive centre in
the history of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He set standards by
which other exceptionally tall players were judged (his height was 6 ft 10 in). On
April 18, 1966, he became the first black coach of a major professional sports
team (the Boston Celtics) in the United States.
Reared in Oakland, Calif., Russell led the University of San Francisco to
National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) championships in two
consecutive seasons (1954–55 and 1955–56). He played on the U.S. team that
won the 1956 Olympic basketball gold medal in Melbourne, Austl.
The history of professional basketball changed when Celtics coach Red Auerbach
traded established star “Easy” Ed Macauley to the St. Louis Hawks for the rights
to draft Russell. With Russell turning shot-blocking into an art form, Boston 60 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
dominated the NBA for more than a decade. With Russell at centre, the Celtics
won 9 championships (1957, 1959–66) in 10 seasons and two more (1968–69)
with Russell as player and coach. He retired in 1969.
On five occasions Russell was voted the Most Valuable Player in the
NBA. In 1967 the Associated Press (AP) named him one of the five members of
its All-America collegiate team for the preceding 20 years; later the AP selected
him the outstanding professional basketball player of the 1960s. He was coach
and general manager of the Seattle SuperSonics (1973–77). His autobiography,
Second Wind: The Memoirs of an Opinionated Man, was published in 1979. After
retirement from basketball, Russell was a network sports announcer, wrote a
syndicated column, and did television news commentary.
Taken from : http://www.biography.com/articles/Bill-Russell-9467384 (acessed
on July 23, 2011)
61 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Appendix 4
KPE – SHORT ESSAY WRITING I
English Language Education Study Program Sanata Dharma University
Lecturers: Gregorious Punto Aji, S.Pd., M.Hum. Antonius Jody, S.Pd. Patricia Angeline Lasut, S.Pd. Chrysogonus Siddha Malilang, S.Pd.
COMPETENCE STANDARD: 1. Students are able to write different types of narrative and descriptive texts.
BASIC COMPETENCES: Upon completing this course the students will be able to: 1. Write short essays using the fundamentals of writing: unity/ cohession, coherence, generic structure, style and mode, purpose, and language. 2. Write a recount text. 3. Write a narrative text. 4. Write a descriptive text, both process and factual descriptions 5. Write an explanatory writing based on data interpretations: chart, graphs, and diagrams
LEARNING ACTIVITIES: 1. Modelling and text deconstruction: lectures, discussion 2. Brainstorming, determining ideas, and outlining : lectures, discussion, sharing 3. Drafting, revising, and editing: lecturer & peer evaluation; 4. Finalizing the essay
SCHEDULE AND TOPICS
MEETING DATE TOPICS 1 ‐ Course orientation ‐ Avoiding plagiarism 2 ‐ Elements of a good writing (purposeful, unity, coherence) ‐ Process of writing (brainstorming, drafting, editing, revising) 3 ‐ Thesis statement and supporting ideas ‐ Topic sentence and supporting sentences 4 ‐ Recount I 5 ‐ Recount II
62 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
6 ‐ Narrative: Short Story I 7 ‐ Narrative: Short Story II 8 Progress Test I 9 ‐ Descriptive Writing: report/factual description I 10 ‐ Descriptive Writing: report/factual description II 11 ‐ Descriptive Writing: describing a process I 12 ‐ Descriptive Writing: describing a process II 13 ‐ Writing based on graph, chart, or diagram 14 ‐ Writing based on graph, chart, or diagram 15 ‐ Writing based on graph, chart, or diagram 16 FINAL TEST
EVALUATION The students’ final grades will be determined by the average of students’ portfolios on their writing process: determining topic, outlining, drafting, final version.
CLASSROOM RULES OF CONDUCT a. Cell‐phones must be deactivated (a silent mode is accceptable) during the course. b. Do not be late. c. NO SANDALS! d. Students must be present during on the class activities. Should the students be absent, it will be no more than 4 times (for sickness and other reasons). Students who miss any classes will be responsible for their own work. e. Students who are absent for more than 4 times will be automatically dismissed from the class and thus considered FAIL. f. LATE submission is NOT accepted. g. ANY KINDS of PLAGIARISM or CHEATING is NOT tolerated.
REFERENCES 1. Blanchard, K. & Root, K. (1997). Ready to Write More. New York: Addison Westley. 2. Hardy, J. & Klarwein, D. (1990). Written Genres in the Secondary School. Qeensland: Department of Education. 3. http://www.thewritingsite.org/resources/gen
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Appendix 5
LESSON PLAN
Subject : Short Essay Writing I
Level of the Students : 3rd Semester of English Education Study Program
Time Allocation : 2 x 50’
Topic : Personal Recount
Material : Go Up for Glory
I. Competence Standard
Students are able to write different types of narrative and descriptive
II. Basic Competence
Students are able to :
write short essays using the fundamentals of writing: unity/cohesion,
coherence, generic structure, style and mode, purpose, and language.
write a recount text
III. Indicators
Students are able to:
identify generic structures of recount texts
mention languange function of recount texts (telling about the past,
cause- effect, expressing sequence, and expressing time).
compose a good personal recount
64 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
IV. Material
The material is taken from Bill Russell’s Go Up for Glory page 150
154.
Handouts, and worksheets
V. Learning Activities
A. Pre Activity :
The students answer teacher’s question about their past unforgettable
moments.
B. Main Activity :
The students re-read the reading passage given a week before.
The students pay attention to the teacher’s explanation about
personal recount.
The students mention the tenses used in the reading passage.
The students identify the cause-effect, expressing sequence, and
expressing time.
The students analyze the generic stucture of the reading passage
The students write their personal recount.
The students check their work in pairs.
The students revise their work.
C. Post Activity :
The students submit their work.
The students listen to the teacher’s feedback.
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VI. Teaching Media :
handouts and worksheets
VII. Evaluation
The students are evaluated based on their performance and their
writing.
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Appendix 6
PERSONAL RECOUNT
Recount text is a text which list and describes past experience by retelling events in the order in which they happened (Chronological order). The purpose of a personal recount is to inform or entertain by retelling past event/experiences.
Contextual factors Subject Matter (Field)
Focus on the individual or specific person/s, event/s, play/s (participants).
Roles and Relationships between writer and reader (Tenor)
Writer to (usually) known reader/s, or two self (for reflection)
(In this text model, the readers are unknown.
Mode Medium
Written (or spoken) Journals, diaries, personal letters, autobiographical accounts, recounts of excursions
Textual features Generic Structure
Orientation – sets the recount in time and place
Series of events – arranged in temporal sequence, often expressed in terms of cause and effect
Re‐orientation (optional element)
Vocabulary
Emotive to describe the events/experiences, in the subject matter, e.g. spectacular, lucky, worst, destruction
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Grammar
Verb type: Action verbs
Mental verbs, e.g. I think
Verb form (Tense): Past tense.
Likely functions and associated grammar and vocabulary
Language functions Signals / features
Telling about the past past tense verbs, e.g. lived
Cause – effect due to, because of, as a result
Expressing sequence first, next, finally
Expressing time now, later, again, then,
(Temporal sequence)
Adapted from: Short Essay Writing I handout 68 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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