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The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2012 Dynamics of Disintegration: The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier Wai Kit Wicky Tse University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Asian History Commons, Asian Studies Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Tse, Wai Kit Wicky, "Dynamics of Disintegration: The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier" (2012). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 589. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/589 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/589 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Dynamics of Disintegration: The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier Abstract As a frontier region of the Qin-Han (221BCE-220CE) empire, the northwest was a new territory to the Chinese realm. Until the Later Han (25-220CE) times, some portions of the northwestern region had only been part of imperial soil for one hundred years. Its coalescence into the Chinese empire was a product of long-term expansion and conquest, which arguably defined the egionr 's military nature. Furthermore, in the harsh natural environment of the region, only tough people could survive, and unsurprisingly, the region fostered vigorous warriors. Mixed culture and multi-ethnicity featured prominently in this highly militarized frontier society, which contrasted sharply with the imperial center that promoted unified cultural values and stood in the way of a greater degree of transregional integration. As this project shows, it was the northwesterners who went through a process of political peripheralization during the Later Han times played a harbinger role of the disintegration of the empire and eventually led to the breakdown of the early imperial system in Chinese history. -
Resettlement Plan (Draft)
Resettlement Plan (Draft) July 2016 PRC: Ningxia Liupanshan Poverty Reduction Rural Road Development Project Prepared by the Transportation Department of Ningxia Hui Nationality Autonomous Region for the Asian Development Bank. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS CNY 1.00 = US$0.16243 US$1.00 = CNY 6.1565 ABBREVIATIONS AAOV – Average Annual Output Value ADB – Asian Development Bank AHs – Affected Households APs – Affected Persons AV – Administrative Village CRO – County Resettlement Office DI – Design Institute DMS – Detailed Measurement Survey DRO – District Resettlement Office FS – Feasibility Study HD – House Demolition LA – Land Acquisition LAB – Land and Resources Bureau LAR – Land Acquisition and Resettlement LEF – Land-Expropriated Farmer L&RO – Land & Resources Office M&E – Monitoring and Evaluation MOU – Memorandum of Understanding NDRC – National Development and Reform Commission NHARTD – Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Transport Department PADO – Poverty Alleviation and Development office PPTA – Project Preparatory Technical Assistance PRA – Participatory Rural Appraisal PRO – Project Resettlement Office RIB – Resettlement Information Booklet RP – Resettlement Plan SES – Socioeconomic Survey SPS – Safeguards Policy Statement of ADB TRO – Town/township Resettlement Office YCG – Yuanzhou District Government YZPMO – Yuanzhou District Project Management Office WEIGHTS AND MEASURES km – kilometer m² – square meter mu – 666.7 m² NOTES (i) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. (ii) This resettlement plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website. (iii) In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. -
An Ethnography of Traditional Rural Folk Funeral Practice in Northwestern China
APPROVAL SHEET Title of Dissertation: An Ethnography of Traditional Rural Folk Funeral Practice in Northwestern China Name of Candidate: Zuotang Zhang Doctor of Philosophy, 2014 Dissertation and Abstract Approved: Dr. Joby Taylor Director, Shriver Peaceworker Fellows Program Affiliate Assistant Professor Language, Literacy and Culture Dissertation and Abstract Approved: Dr. Beverly Bickel Clinical Associate Professor Language, Literacy and Culture Date Approved: July 24, 2014 Zuotang Zhang, Ph.D. [email protected] EDUCATION Ph.D. University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC) Language, Literacy and Culture To be confirmed August, 2014 MA Southwest Missouri State University (Now Missouri State University) Religions Studies: 1998 Graduate courses Minnesota State University, Mankato & Frostburg State University English, TESL track, 95% towards MA degree, interrupted by illness BA Ningxia University, China English language & literature: 1982 PUBLICATION AND PRESENTATIONS Published Papers Zhang, Z. (2013). A Discussion on English-Chinese Poem Translating Techniques through Two Translations of a Short English Poem, Journal of Ningxia Teachers University, 34(1), 42-48. Zhang, Z. & Zhang, Y. (2012). A discussion on the loss and return of Pip’s humanity in Great Expectations and Charles Dickens’ social morality, Journal of Ningxia Teachers University, 33(2), 31-35. Zhang, Z. (2010) A sociolinguistic view of the formation of Donggan language, in Guo Ning (ed.) Anthology of Xinjiang Reclamation Culture Research Institute (2008), Beijing: China Agriculture Press. 338-350. Zhang, Z (2010) Review on the Developmental History of Islam in the United States. The Chinese Hui Nationality Studies, Vol. 4. 198-207. Zhang, Z (2009). Guidance Materials or Misleading Material: An Example from Guidance Material for College English. -
Table 3-3 Public Participation Activities in the SA of the Subproject
IPP739 V1 REV World Bank-financed Project Public Disclosure Authorized Social Assessment Report of the Wuwei Subproject of the Gansu Rural-Urban Integration Infrastructure Public Disclosure Authorized Project Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Wuwei Municipal Project Management Office Liangzhou District Project Management Office Gulang County Project Management Office National Research Center for Resettlement, Hohai University July 2014 Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 TASKS OF SA ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 SCOPE OF SA ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 KEY POINTS OF SA ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.4 METHODS OF SA ................................................................................................................................ 2 2 SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT OF THE SUBPROJECT AREA ..................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 DEFINITION OF THE SUBPROJECT AREA ................................................................................................. 5 2.2 SOCIOECONOMIC PROFILE -
Ethnic Minorities Development Plan
Ningxia Liupanshan Poverty Reduction Rural Road Development Project (RRP PRC 48023-003) Ethnic Minority Development Plan Document Stage: Draft July 2016 PRC: Ningxia Liupanshan Poverty Reduction Rural Road Development Project Prepared by the Department of Transport of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region for the Asian Development Bank. The Ethnic Minority Development Plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. People’s Republic of China: Ningxia Liupanshan Poverty Reduction Rural Road Development Project Ethnic Minority Development Plan July 2016 Ningxia Autonomous Region Department of Transportation TABLE OF CONTENTS Endorsement letter goes here ......................................................................................................... 6 Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... i 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 -
Bioconversion of Flavonoid Glycosides from Hippophae Rhamnoides Leaves Into Flavonoid Aglycones by Eurotium Amstelodami
microorganisms Article Bioconversion of Flavonoid Glycosides from Hippophae rhamnoides Leaves into Flavonoid Aglycones by Eurotium amstelodami Qiuya Gu *, Guoliang Duan and Xiaobin Yu * The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (Q.G.); [email protected] (X.Y.); Tel./Fax: +86-0510-8591-8167 (Q.G. & X.Y.) Received: 29 March 2019; Accepted: 30 April 2019; Published: 5 May 2019 Abstract: The flowering process has been reported to play crucial roles in improving the flavor and efficacy of fermented tea. Hippophae rhamnoides leaves containing many beneficial ingredients are a suitable plant source for tea processing. In this study, we isolated a β-glucosidase-producing fungus Eurotium amstelodami BSX001 from the fermented tea and used Hippophae rhamnoides leaves (HRL) as a substrate to explore the detailed process of bioconversion of some important functional factors. The results show that the contents of total phenolic compounds and flavonoids increased significantly after seven days, especially flavonoid aglycones (e.g., quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin). Such compounds greatly enhance the antioxidative activity of fermented products. Metabolic analysis of the standard compounds (rutin, quercetin-3-glucoside, kaempferol-3-glucoside, quercetin, isorhamnetin-3-glucoside, isorhamnetin, and kaempferol) further confirmed the effective biotransformation by E. amstelodami. Mechanisms of the bioconversion could be involved in deglycosylation, dihydroxylation, and O-methylation. Our findings expand the understanding of tea fermentation process and provide further guidance for the fermented tea industry. Keywords: Eurotium amstelodami; Hippophae rhamnoides leaves; bioconversion; flavonoid glycosides; flavonoid aglycones; antioxidative activity 1.