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Geohydrology and Simulation of Ground-Water Flow in the Red Clay Creek Basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania, and New Castle County, Delaware

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Geohydrology and Simulation of Ground-Water Flow in the Red Clay Creek Basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania, and New Castle County, Delaware GEOHYDROLOGY AND SIMULATION OF GROUND-WATER FLOW IN THE RED CLAY CREEK BASIN, CHESTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA, AND NEW CASTLE COUNTY, DELAWARE By Karen L. Vogel and Andrew G. Reif U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4055 Prepared in cooperation with the CHESTER COUNTY WATER RESOURCES AUTHORITY and the DELAWARE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Lemoyne, Pennsylvania 1993 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Robert M. Hirsch, Acting Director For additional information Copies of this report can be write to: purchased from: U.S. Geological Survey Earth Science Information Center District Chief Open-File Reports Section U.S, Geological Survey, WRD Box 25286, MS 517 840 Market Street Denver Federal Center Lemoyne, Pennsylvania 17043-1586 Denver, Colorado 80225 CONTENTS Page Abstract................................................................................... 1 Introduction............................................................................... 2 Purpose and scope.................................................................... 2 Description of study area .............................................................. 2 Physical and cultural setting ...................................................... 5 Climate and precipitation......................................................... 5 Previous investigations................................................................ 6 Well-numbering system................................................................ 6 Acknowledgments.................................................................... 8 Geohydrology ............................................................................. 9 Geology ............................................................................. 9 Hydrology.......................................................................... 12 Water-bearing zones............................................................ 14 Specific capacity and well yield................................................... 14 Water-level fluctuations ......................................................... 16 Ground-water/surface-water relations ............................................ 19 Water budget .................................................................. 21 Water quality .................................................................. 23 Ground water ............................................................ 23 Surface water............................................................. 26 Simulation of ground-water flow............................................................ 28 Model description ................................................................... 28 Model design........................................................................ 28 Simplified conceptual model..................................................... 29 Model grid .................................................................... 29 Boundary conditions............................................................ 29 Model-input data............................................................... 30 Model calibration.................................................................... 35 Calibration criteria.............................................................. 35 Steady-state simulation.......................................................... 35 Sensitivity analysis ............................................................. 44 Effects of increased ground-water development.......................................... 46 Hypothetical ground-water development.......................................... 48 Hydrologic effects of hypothetical ground-water development ....................... 51 Summary ................................................................................ 60 References cited........................................................................... 62 ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES [In Pocket] Plate 1. Geologic map of the Red Clay Creek Basin and location of wells and base-flow measurement sites 2. Altitude and configuration of the simulated water-level surface of the aquifer in the Red Clay Creek Basin FIGURES Page Figures 1-3 .-Maps showing: 1.-Location of Red Clay Creek Basin.................................... 3 2. Hydrologic-data-collection sites in the Red Clay Creek Basin, Pennsylvania and Delaware .................................. 4 3. Coordinates for the State of Delaware well-numbering system........... 7 4-5. Diagrams showing: 4. Comparison of storage capacity of the saprolite and fractured crystalline bedrock ......................................... 13 5. A generalized cross-section of the ground-water-flow system in the Red Clay Creek Basin.................................. 13 6. Hydrographs of seven observation wells in the Red Clay Creek Basin, 1988-90..... 18 7.~Streamflow and base-flow hydrographs of Red Clay Creek near Kennett Square,Pa. (01479820), 1988-90........................................ 20 8-9.~Graphs showing: 8.~Brillouin's diversity index at the biological sampling site on East Branch Red Clay Creek near Five Point (01479800), 1970-90 ...... 27 9. Brillouin's diversity index at the biological sampling site on West Branch Red Clay Creek at Kennett Square (01479680), 1970-90.................................................... 27 lO. Map showing model grid and boundary conditions ............................ 31 ll-13.~Graphs showing: 11.-Relation between measured (October 31 to November 2,1990) and simulated base flow of Red Clay Creek.................... 40 12.-The effect of varying the value of input variables on the root mean square error between measured or inferred and simulated head............................................. 45 13.-The effect of varying the value of input variables on total base flow .... 46 14. Map showing five areas of hypothetical ground-water development in the Red Clay Creek Basin ................................................ 49 15-21.-Maps showing simulated change in water levels for: 15.-Hypothetical development plan la................................. 52 16.~Hypothetical development plan Ib................................. 53 17.-Hypothetical development plan Ic................................. 55 18.-Hypothetical development plan Id................................. 56 19.-Hypothetical development plan le................................. 57 20.-Hypothetical development plan 2.................................. 58 21.-Hypothetical development plan 3.................................. 59 TABLES Page Table 1. Description of geologic units within the study area in Pennsylvania................. 9 2. Description of geologic units within the study area in Delaware ................... 10 3. Distribution of water-bearing zones with depth in the Red Clay Creek Basin, Pennsylvania and Delaware ............................................ 15 4. Specific capacities of domestic and nondomestic wells in the Red Clay Creek Basin, Pennsylvania and Delaware................................. 17 5. Reported yields of domestic and nondomestic wells in the Red Clay Creek Basin, Pennsylvania and Delaware................................. 17 6.~Streamflow and base flow of Red Clay Creek, 1988-90 ............................ 19 7.~Annual water budgets for the Red Clay Creek Basin above the Wooddale, Del., streamflow-measurement station (01480000), 1988-1990................ 22 8. Organochlorine insecticides detected in ground water in the Red Clay Creek Basin in Pennsylvania ........................................... 24 9. Organophosphorus insecticides detected in ground water in the Red Clay Creek Basin in Pennsylvania ........................................... 24 10. Range and median horizontal hydraulic conductivity of hydrogeologic units by topographic setting in the Red Clay Creek Basin, Pennsylvania and Delaware......................................................... 32 11. Values of transmissivity, coefficient of storage, and horizontal hydraulic conductivity for selected aquifer tests in the Red Clay Creek Basin, Pennsylvania and Delaware ............................................ 33 12. Values for streambed hydraulic conductivity used by various investigators ......... 36 13. Ground-water pumpage and pumpage return rates used in simulation for November 2,1990 ..................................................... 37 14. Sewage treatment plant, industrial, and commercial discharges to and withdrawals from Red Clay Creek used in the simulation for November 2,1990 ..................................................... 37 15. Initial estimates and calibrated values for aquifer horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the Red Clay Creek Basin, Pennsylvania and Delaware ....... 38 16. Initial estimates and calibrated values for streambed vertical hydraulic conductivity in the Red Clay Creek Basin, Pennsylvania and Delaware....... 38 17. Measured and simulated base flow of Red Clay Creek............................ 41 18. Water-level fluctuations in observation wells in the Red Clay Creek Basin, Pennsylvania and Delaware, 1988-90..................................... 43 19. Measured and simulated water levels at observation-well sites in the Red Clay Creek Basin, Pennsylvania and Delaware ............................ 44 20. Ground-water pumpage and pumpage return rates used for long-term average simulation of ground-water flow in the Red Clay Creek Basin, Pennsylvania and Delaware ............................................ 47 21. Sewage treatment plant,
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