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The Expansion of Christianity: a Gazetteer of Its First Three Centuries
THE EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY SUPPLEMENTS TO VIGILIAE CHRISTIANAE Formerly Philosophia Patrum TEXTS AND STUDIES OF EARLY CHRISTIAN LIFE AND LANGUAGE EDITORS J. DEN BOEFT — J. VAN OORT — W.L. PETERSEN D.T. RUNIA — C. SCHOLTEN — J.C.M. VAN WINDEN VOLUME LXIX THE EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY A GAZETTEER OF ITS FIRST THREE CENTURIES BY RODERIC L. MULLEN BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2004 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mullen, Roderic L. The expansion of Christianity : a gazetteer of its first three centuries / Roderic L. Mullen. p. cm. — (Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae, ISSN 0920-623X ; v. 69) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 90-04-13135-3 (alk. paper) 1. Church history—Primitive and early church, ca. 30-600. I. Title. II. Series. BR165.M96 2003 270.1—dc22 2003065171 ISSN 0920-623X ISBN 90 04 13135 3 © Copyright 2004 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands For Anya This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................ ix Introduction ................................................................................ 1 PART ONE CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES IN ASIA BEFORE 325 C.E. Palestine ..................................................................................... -
Memory and Identity in Flodoard of Reims: His Use of the Roman Past
E MMA B E DDO E Memory and identity in Flodoard of Reims: his use of the Roman past The Historia Remensis ecclesiae of Flodoard of Reims is a history of that church and diocese from its mythical foundations until Flodoard’s own time, around the mid tenth century. His role as archivist of the church of Reims must have given him complete access to its records, and a unique understanding of the history of his city and church. The various sources were utilised by Flodoard for what they could tell him about this past, which he then reformed in his own fashion when he wrote the account of it. It is only by working backwards from his text that it is possible to unravel the smooth finished result and uncover the sometimes disparate sources and evidence which he used to create this polished narrative. This process of assessment and adjustment is more easily uncovered in his first few chapters in which he dealt with the distant foundation of Reims, and its Roman past, than in his later books. In these first chapters, not only did he state which sources he was using, but his classical sources are also mostly extant, so allowing for a detailed examination of his text and of the way he used his sources. In addition to the written sources available, the contemporary oral tra- ditions and the evidence from the physical remains in the landscape around him also influenced his portrayal of this distant past of Reims. Both the collective memories of his contemporaries in Reims and the historical memories of Reims which he read in the classical sources were adapted by Flodoard when writing what he felt was the appropriate history of his town and church. -
The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476)
Impact of Empire 6 IMEM-6-deBlois_CS2.indd i 5-4-2007 8:35:52 Impact of Empire Editorial Board of the series Impact of Empire (= Management Team of the Network Impact of Empire) Lukas de Blois, Angelos Chaniotis Ségolène Demougin, Olivier Hekster, Gerda de Kleijn Luuk de Ligt, Elio Lo Cascio, Michael Peachin John Rich, and Christian Witschel Executive Secretariat of the Series and the Network Lukas de Blois, Olivier Hekster Gerda de Kleijn and John Rich Radboud University of Nijmegen, Erasmusplein 1, P.O. Box 9103, 6500 HD Nijmegen, The Netherlands E-mail addresses: [email protected] and [email protected] Academic Board of the International Network Impact of Empire geza alföldy – stéphane benoist – anthony birley christer bruun – john drinkwater – werner eck – peter funke andrea giardina – johannes hahn – fik meijer – onno van nijf marie-thérèse raepsaet-charlier – john richardson bert van der spek – richard talbert – willem zwalve VOLUME 6 IMEM-6-deBlois_CS2.indd ii 5-4-2007 8:35:52 The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476) Economic, Social, Political, Religious and Cultural Aspects Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Roman Empire, 200 B.C. – A.D. 476) Capri, March 29 – April 2, 2005 Edited by Lukas de Blois & Elio Lo Cascio With the Aid of Olivier Hekster & Gerda de Kleijn LEIDEN • BOSTON 2007 This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC 4.0 License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. -
The Commentaries of Caesar, by Anthony Trollope
Project Gutenberg's The Commentaries of Caesar, by Anthony Trollope This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license Title: The Commentaries of Caesar Author: Anthony Trollope Release Date: November 9, 2017 [EBook #55926] Language: English *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE COMMENTARIES OF CAESAR *** Produced by Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from scanned images of public domain material from the Google Books project.) Ancient Classics for English Readers EDITED BY THE REV. W. LUCAS COLLINS, M.A. C Æ S A R The Volumes published of this Series contain HOMER: THE ILIAD, BY THE EDITOR. HOMER: THE ODYSSEY, BY THE SAME. HERODOTUS, BY GEORGE C. SWAYNE, M.A. Late Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. The following Authors, by various Contributors, are in preparation:— VIRGIL. HORACE. ÆSCHYLUS. SOPHOCLES. ARISTOPHANES. CICERO. JUVENAL. XENOPHON. OTHERS WILL FOLLOW. A Volume will be published on the 1st of every alternate Month, price 2s. 6d. T H E C O M M E N T A R I E S OF C Æ S A R BY ANTHONY TROLLOPE WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS EDINBURGH AND LONDON MDCCCLXX CONTENTS. CHAP. PAGE I. INTRODUCTION, 1 FIRST BOOK OF THE WAR IN GAUL.—CÆSAR DRIVES FIRST THE SWISS AND II. 28 THEN THE GERMANS OUT OF GAUL.—B.C. -
Caesar 57 Bc
CAESAR 57 BC INTRODUCTION Caesar 57 BC, the Second Campaign of Caesar in Gaul against the valiant Belgae. The Romans must crush all the hostile tribes before end of the game, or lose it. The Belgian player must prevent the Roman goals using all its forces and opportunities. Caesar 57 BC lasts 14 turns, each of 2 weeks, between March and October 57 BC. One of the two players controls the mighty legions of Julius Caesar attacking the Belgian tribes in northern Gaul. His opponent controls the ‘bravest’ tribes - according to Caesar himself - who are putting up a fight. • The Roman side is homogeneous and with an exceptional leader. • The Belgian tribes are more numerous but harder to make collaborate with each other because of their internal dissensions which fluctuate with victories and defeats. The game’s event cards allow full replay ability thanks to the numerous various situations that they create on the diplomatic, military, political or economical fields Average Duration: 1h30 Favored Side: Roman DURATION Most Difficult Side to Play: Belgian Caesar 57 BC lasts 14 turns, each of 2 weeks, between March and October 57 BC. TheRoman player always moves first, followed by the Belgian player. FORCES The Roman player controls the Roman (red), Aeduan (magenta) and Remii (tan) units. The Belgian player controls the Belgian (green), Germano-Celtic (pale green) and Armorican tribal (water blue) units. MAPBOARD The map cover Gallia Belgica (Belgian Gaul). Terrain effects are described in the game. The board is divided into 2 theaters: the southern one, Gaul under Roman influence, and the northern one, Belgian Tribes territory. -
The Cult of Sabazios.The Cult of a Gallo-Roman God on a Relief From
Anistoriton, vol. 12 (2010), Essays no 2 1 The Cult of Sabazios The Cult of a Gallo-Roman God on a Relief from Arlon/Aarlen (Belgium)? The Luxembourg Museum in Arlon (in Belgium) gathers the unique Gallo-Roman sculptured monuments which were discovered in some tombstones and civilian buildings of the ancient vicus in Orolaunum (today Arlon, Aarlen). One of these sculptured stones represents a very interesting scene of a man with his hands raised up while a huge horned snake is twisting around his hands and his body. The scene was shortly described by L. Lefébvre in the official Catalogue of the Luxembourg Museum in Arlon. He mentioned some different opinions on this representation which was once explained as a snake charmer, another time as an allusion to the cult of a Celtic god and finally as a symbol of the cult of Sabazios. Lefébvre supposes that M.E. Marien came with the most valuable interpretation of this scene. He associated a horned snake on this scene with the cult of the Phrygian-Thracian god of vegetation - Sabazios. Lefébvre´s positive standpoint to the idea of Marien was based on a supposition that Sabazios could be worshipped in Orolaunum because the cults of the Oriental mysteries were formally established in Orolaunum in the period of the Roman emperor Claudius (41-54 AD). A scene of a man encircled by a horned snake, relief, Luxembourg Museum Arlon Firstly, I also excepted that Sabazios´cult could be symbolized on this relief scene from Arlon. But I changed my opinion after some period of making the iconographical comparisons on this theme. -
Guillaume De Machaut and Reims
Anne Walters Robertson Guillaume de Machaut and Reims Context and meaning in his musical works published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb22ru,UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon´ 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org C Cambridge University Press 2002 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2002 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typeface FF Scala 9.5/13 System LATEX2ε [tb] A catalogue record for this book is available fromthe British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data isbn 0 521 41876 3 hardcover Contents List of illustrations page xiii Acknowledgments xvi Abbreviations and conventions xviii Prologue Context and meaning in Guillaume de Machaut’s musical works 1 Machaut and Reims 2 Context and function, meaning and Scens in Machaut’s musical works 4 Part I Reims and its music: cathedral, city, archdiocese 1 Guillaume de Machaut in Reims 11 Reims: Rome of the West 15 Christianity in Reims, Christianity in France 17 Growth of Reims and the fourteenth-century laicization 20 Reims -
Attila the Hun and the Christian Apocalypse
The End is Upon Us: Attila the Hun and the Christian Apocalypse By Nathan Landrum A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Liberty University 2020 Table of Contents Introduction 1 Chapter One: Traditional Roman Paganism and Christianity 11 Chapter Two: The Christianization of the Roman Empire 33 Chapter Three: Late Antique Christian Apocalyptism 54 Chapter Four: The Arrival of the Huns 73 Chapter Five: The Campaigns of Attila the Hun 96 Conclusion 125 Bibliography 128 Introduction: Following a successful, albeit rather brief, campaign into northern Italy in A.D. 452, Attila the Hun returned to his court somewhere in the vast Great Hungarian Plain (the actual location remains unknown). Throughout the course of making preparations for a renewed campaign against the Eastern and Western Roman Empire, Attila decided to take another wife in early 453, adding to his many marriages. Once the wedding festivities were over, both Attila and his new bride, Ildico, retired to their bridal chamber. However, when Attila did not appear the following morning, Hunnic guards stormed the room to discover Ildico weeping over her husband’s lifeless body. Perhaps celebrating too hard, Attila appeared to have hemorrhaged through his nose during the night as no wounds were discovered on his body. Despite Ildico’s suspicion of murder, Attila’s death was generally accepted by the Hunnic populace as an accident and great periods of mourning immediately ensued. According to the sixth century Gothic historian Jordanes, “Thus did drunkenness put a disgraceful end to a king renowned in war.”1 Therefore, Attila the Hun, the man who terrorized the Roman world and came to symbolize the very essence of barbarism, died an inglorious death. -
ALESIA 52 BC the Final Struggle for Gaul
ALESIA 52 BC The final struggle for Gaul NIC FIELDS ILLUSTRATED BY PETER DENNIS © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CAMPAIGN 269 ALESIA 52 BC The final struggle for Gaul NIC FIELDS ILLUSTRATED BY PETER DENNIS Series editor Marcus Cowper © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 5 A clash of cultures CHRONOLOGY 13 OPPOSING COMMANDERS 17 Vercingetorix Caesar OPPOSING ARMIES 22 Vercingetorix’s army Caesar’s army OPPOSING PLANS 33 Vercingetorix’s plan Caesar’s plan THE CAMPAIGN 37 The siege of Avaricum A close-run thing: Gergovia Noviodunum The final act: Alesia AFTERMATH 82 Counting the cost Vercingetorix’s legacy THE BATTLEFIELD TODAY 87 Alesia alternatives A parallel in history GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS 91 Glossary Abbreviations BIBLIOGRAPHY 93 INDEX 95 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com The Roman Empire at the time of Caesar’s firstconsulship The RomanEmpireatthetimeofCaesar’s N OCEANUS ATLANTICUS Pontus Euxinus GALLIA GALLIA CISALPINA BITHYNIA ILLYRICUM TRANSALPINA ET PONTUS Mare HISPANIA ITALIA Adriaticum Galatia CITERIOR SARDINIA Roma Cappadocia ET MACEDONIA CORSICA Mare ASIA HISPANIA Mare Aegaeum CILICIA SYRIA ULTERIOR Tyrrhenum Mare Ionium SICILIA Numidia AFRICA CRETA Mauretania Mare Internum CYRENE Egypt Sinus Arabicus Approximate provincial boundaries SYRIA Roman province Egypt Principal ‘client’ kingdoms 0 500 miles 0 500km © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com INTRODUCTION The desire by political and military leaders to be known to the generations to come and, naturally, to cast him or herself in a good light, is no recent phenomenon. Such memoirs are by nature subjective and complete adherence to the truth should not be expected, especially if the author had written memoranda with at least one eye on the future record. -
Julius Caesar. the Colossus of Rome
JULIUS CAESAR: THE COLOSSUS OF ROME Julius Caesar offers a lively, engaging, and thoroughly up-to-date account of Caesar’s life and times. Richard Billows’ dynamic and fast-paced narrative offers an imaginative recounting of actions and events, providing the ideal introduction to Julius Caesar for general readers and students of classics and ancient history. The book is not just a biography of Caesar, but a historical account and explanation of the decline and fall of the Roman Republican governing system, in which Caesar played a crucial part. To understand Caesar’s life and role, it is necessary to grasp the political, social, and economic problems Rome was grap- pling with, and the deep divisions within Roman society that came from them. Caesar has been seen variously as a mere opportunist, a power-hungry autocrat, an arrogant aristocrat disdaining rivals, a traditional Roman noble politician who stumbled into civil war and autocracy thanks to being misunderstood by his rivals, and even as the ideal man and pattern of all virtues. Billows argues that such portrayals fail to consider adequately the universal testimony of our ancient sources that Roman political life was divided in Caesar’s time into two great political tendencies, called ‘optimates’ and ‘populares’ in the sources, of which Caesar came to be the leader of one: the ‘popularis’ faction. Billows suggests that it is only when we see Caesar as the leader of a great political and social movement, that had been struggling with its rival move- ment for decades and had been several times violently repressed in the course of that struggle, that we can understand how and why Caesar came to fight and win a civil war, and bring the traditional governing system of Rome to an end. -
Reconstructing the Chronology of Caesar's Gallic Wars
Histos 11 (2017) 1–74 RECONSTRUCTING THE CHRONOLOGY OF CAESAR’S GALLIC WARS1 Abstract: Caesar dates only the beginning of his first campaign and rarely mentions routes, distances, and times consumed. No detailed timelines for Caesar’s Gallic Wars exist. This gap can be filled by exploiting available clues in Caesar’s text (e.g., astronomical and sea- sonal events) and Cicero’s letters, and by determining the routes Caesar is likely to have chosen, average traveling and marching speeds (based on data in Caesar’s works and those of other authors), and the days required to cover the distances involved. Modern, digital maps based upon a GIS interface make it possible to measure distances with unprecedented precision. The resulting chronology, though often still speculative, is much more reliable than anything suggested previously. Keywords: Caesar, Gallic wars, chronology, speed of army movements, application of digital maps Introduction: General Assumptions, Principles, and Data2 In the middle of the nineteenth century, German scholars wrote monumental commentaries on Caesar’s Gallic War and Civil War. Those works, published 1 The reconstruction presented here is the result of work we originally did for the The Landmark Julius Caesar (Raaflaub (2017)). Planned as an appendix, it proved too large to be in included in that volume. A much condensed version will be placed on the website of the publisher (Pantheon). We thank Robert Strassler, the editor of the Landmark series, and Edward Kastenmeier at Pantheon for the permission to publish the full version in Histos, and the journal’s editor, Christopher Krebs, for accepting our submission on short notice. -
Bello-Gallico.Pdf
DE BELLO GALLICO Caius Julius Caesar 2 De Bello Gallico and Other Commentaries Caius Julius Caesar ii Contents INTRODUCTION v 1 BOOK I 1 2 BOOK II 33 3 BOOK III 51 4 BOOK IV 67 5 BOOK V 87 6 BOOK VI 117 7 BOOK VII 141 8 BOOK VIII 189 9 THE CIVIL WAR BOOK I 217 10 BOOK II 261 11 BOOK III 287 12 INDEX 345 iii iv CONTENTS INTRODUCTION BY THOMAS DE QUINCEY The character of the First Caesar has perhaps never been worse appreciated than by him who in one sense described it best; that is, with most force and eloquence wherever he really did comprehend it. This was Lucan, who has nowhere exhibited more brilliant rhetoric, nor wandered more from the truth, than in the contrasted portraits of Caesar and Pompey. The famous line, “Nil actum reputans si quid superesset agendum,” is a fine feature of the real char- acter, finely expressed. But, if it had been Lucan’s purpose (as possibly, with a view to Pompey’s benefit, in some respects it was) utterly and extravagantly to falsify the character of the great Dictator, by no single trait could he more effectually have fulfilled that purpose, nor in fewer words, than by this expres- sive passage, “Gaudensque viam fecisse ruina.” Such a trait would be almost extravagant applied even to Marius, who (though in many respects a perfect model of Roman grandeur, massy, columnar, imperturbable, and more perhaps than any one man recorded in History capable of justifying the bold illustra- tion of that character in Horace, “Si fractus illabatur orbis, impavidum ferient ruinae”) had, however, a ferocity in his character, and a touch of the devil in him, very rarely united with the same tranquil intrepidity.