DOCSLIB.ORG

Characterization and Vector Identification of Phytoplasmas Associated with Cucumber and Squash Phyllody in Iran

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Characterization and Vector Identification of Phytoplasmas Associated with Cucumber and Squash Phyllody in Iran Bulletin of Insectology 68 (2): 311-319, 2015 ISSN 1721-8861 Characterization and vector identification of phytoplasmas associated with cucumber and squash phyllody in Iran 1 2 3 4 Mohammad SALEHI , Majid SIAMPOUR , Seyyed Alireza ESMAILZADEH HOSSEINI , Assunta BERTACCINI 1Plant Protection Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Zarghan, Iran 2Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran 3Plant Protection Research Department, Yazd Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Yazd, Iran 4Department of Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Italy Abstract Phytoplasmas associated with cucumber phyllody (CuP) and squash phyllody (SqP) in Yazd province of Iran were characterized by molecular analyses and biological studies. Orosius albicinctus leafhoppers testing positive for phytoplasma presence by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) successfully transmitted CuP and SqP phytoplasmas to healthy cucumber and squash plants. The phytoplas- mas were also transmitted by O. albicinctus from cucumber and squash to periwinkle, alfalfa, cucumber, carrot, sesame, sunflower, pot marigold, eggplant, squash, tomato and parsley. Both phytoplasmas induced similar symptoms in the post-inoculated plants. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the 16S rDNA nested PCR products identified the CuP, SqP and O. albicinctus phytoplasmas as members of the 16SrII group. Sequence identity and phylogenetic analysis confirmed the placement of these phytoplasmas in the same clade of other phytoplasmas belonging to 16SrII group. Virtual RFLP analyses on 16S rDNA sequences allowed the affiliation of SqP phytoplasma to subgroup 16SrII-D, while the CuP phytoplasma was identified as represen- tative of a new subgroup 16SrII-M. This is the first report on molecular characterization of the CuP and SqP phyllody phytoplas- mas, including subgroup affiliation, identification of their leafhopper vector and determination of their plant host range in Iran. Key words: cucumber, squash, phyllody, 16SrII phytoplasma, characterization, leafhopper, Orosius albicinctus, Iran. Introduction Iran is among the top ten producers of cucumber after China with field cultivation of 8,700 ha and a year pro- Phytoplasmas are cell-wall less bacteria that have very duction of 1,811,630 tonnes (FAOSTAT, 2013). During small genome sizes and are amongst the smallest self- field surveys in 2004, cucumber (C. sativus) and squash replicating living organisms (Bertaccini et al., 2014). (C. pepo) plants showing phyllody symptoms were ob- They infect numerous important food, fibre, fodder and served in Abarkooh and Yazd areas (Yazd province, timber crops, causing significant crop losses, and are Iran). The present work reports biological and molecular transmitted by sap-feeding insects. Phytoplasma dis- characterization of phytoplasmas associated with cu- eases of the Cucurbitaceae family have been reported in cumber (CuP) and squash phyllody (SqP), and the Cucumis sativus L., Cucurbita maxima Duchesne, Cu- transmission experiments to identify insect vector(s) of curbita mixta Pangalo, Cucurbita pepo L., Lagenaria both SqP and CuP. leucantha Rusby, Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Stand- ley (McCoy et al., 1989; Seemüller et al., 1998), Cu- curbita moschata Duchesne (Montano et al., 2006), Materials and methods Luffa cylindrica L. (McCoy et al., 1989; Lee et al., 1993; Gundersen et al., 1994; Montano et al., 2007a), Disease incidence Momordica charantia L. (McCoy et al., 1989; Montano In cucumber cultivations of Chahgeer five fields per et al., 2000), Sechium edule (Jacquin) Swartz (McCoy crop were selected randomly and sampling was carried et al., 1989; Montano et al., 2000; Villalobos et al., out randomly at five points in 1,000 m2 fields within a 2002), and Sicana odorifera (Vellozo) Naudin 1 m2 on a diagonal transect across each of the five (Montano et al., 2007b). Phytoplasmas associated with fields. The percentage of CuP disease incidence was diseases in cucurbitaceae plants were molecularly char- calculated by counting number of plants with symptoms acterized in C. pepo from Italy (Seemüller et al., 1998) out of total number of plants observed using the formula and in S. edule from Costa Rica (Villalobos et al., 2002) given below. where 16SrI group (‘Ca. P. asteris’) was detected. In C. No. of symptomatic plants % disease incidence = × 100 pepo from Australia and Egypt (Davis et al., 1997; No. of plants observed Omar and Foissac, 2012) and in S. edule, M. charantia, S. odorifera, C. moschata, and L. cylindrica, from Bra- Source of phytoplasmas zil, 16SrII group phytoplasmas were identified (Montano Cucumber and squash plants with typical symptoms of et al., 2000; 2006; 2007a; 2007b). In L. cylindrica, phyllody were selected in fields located in Chahgeer lo- 16SrVIII group phytoplasmas were detected in Taiwan cation in Abarkooh area (140 Km west of Yazd), trans- (Lee et al., 1993; Gundersen et al., 1994). ferred to a greenhouse located in Zarghan (Fars prov- ince, Iran) and used as sources for biological and mo- Host range studies lecular studies of the associated phytoplasmas. Leaf Followed taxonomical identification, non-inoculative midribs (0.3 g) from symptomatic cucumber and squash colonies of O. albicinctus were developed by transfer- plants collected in the fields and from the experimen- ring single fertilized females to a healthy sugar beet tally post-inoculated plants were subjected to total DNA plants for egg deposition and subsequent hatching. Non- extraction. A periwinkle [Catharanthus roseus (L.) inoculative colonies were frequently monitored for SqP G. Don] plant infected with a ‘Ca. P. aurantifolia’ and CuP phytoplasma presence by nested PCR. Highly (Salehi et al., 2002) was used as positive control. inoculative O. albicinctus colonies were developed by Healthy C. sativus, C. pepo, C. roseus, Medicago sativa transferring adult O. albicinctus from non-inoculative L. and Solanum lycopersicum L. grown from seeds col- colonies to infected cucumber and squash plants, and lected in Zarghan fields were used as negative controls. the resulting young adults used to inoculate cucumber, squash, periwinkle, sunflower, sesame, alfalfa, carrot, DNA extraction and PCR detection of phytoplasmas sugar beet, arugula, parsley, rapeseed, onion, pot mari- Total DNA was extracted from plant (Zhang et al., gold, eggplant and tomato plants (table 1). The inocula- 1998) and insect samples following the protocol of tion test for each plant species consisted of caging Doyle and Doyle (1990). The DNA quality and concen- twenty five inoculative leafhoppers of each species on tration was estimated by spectrophotometer and agarose five plants in a pot. Fifteen plants (in 3 pots) for each gel electrophoresis (Sambrook et al., 1989). For PCR, species were inoculated. The inoculation feeding time 100 ng of total DNA extract was used. The universal on each plant species was three weeks. After the acqui- primer pair P1/P7 (Deng and Hiruki, 1991; Schneider et sition access period (AAP), plants were sprayed with al., 1995) was used to amplify the 16S rRNA operon insecticide and transferred to a separate insect-proof comprising the 16S rRNA gene, 16S-23S rRNA genes greenhouse for the monitoring of disease symptom ap- spacer region and the 5' end of the 23S rRNA gene. The pearance and PCR testing. Twenty five non-inoculative amplification products were diluted 1: 29 with sterile O. albicinctus were fed on five plants of each plant spe- deionized water and 1 µL was amplified in a nested cies used as negative controls. Cucumber, squash and PCR with the primer pair R16F2n/R2 (Gundersen and test plants used in host range studies were grown from Lee, 1996). The PCR reaction was performed in 50 µL seed in a greenhouse sprayed with insecticide every two reaction mixtures containing 0.4 µM of each primer, weeks. Six months post-inoculation, plants were tested 0.2 mM of each dNTP, 1.25 U Taq DNA polymerase for phytoplasma presence detection by nested-PCR as- (CinnaGen, Iran) and 5 µL 1X Taq polymerase buffer. says. The reaction cycled 35 times in a Bio-Rad (USA) ther- mal cycler with the following parameters: denaturing RFLP analyses for 1 min at 94 °C (2 min of initial denaturation), an- Products from R16F2n/R2 nested PCR were digested nealing for 2 min at 55 °C and primer extension for with restriction endonucleases AluI, HhaI, HinfI, HpaII, 3 min at 72 °C (10 min of final extension). PCR condi- MseI, RsaI and TaqI (Fermentas, Vilnius, Lithuania). tions for the nested PCR were the same except that the RFLP profiles were analyzed on 2% agarose electropho- annealing temperature was 58 °C. Following PCR, 5 µL resis gels followed by staining with ethidium bromide of each PCR product were electrophoresed in a 1% and visualization under a UV transilluminator. The 16S (w/v) agarose gel containing 0.3 µg/mL ethidium rDNA virtual RFLP patterns of CuP and SqP phyto- bromide in 0.5 X TBE buffer (22.5 mM Tris-borate, plasmas were analyzed and compared to that of other 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0) to verify amplification of target phytoplasmas using iPhyClassifier (Zhao et al., 2009). DNA. Each 16S rDNA fragment was digested in silico with 17 distinct restriction enzymes [AluI, BamHI, BfaI, BstUI Vector identification, PCR examination and phyto- (ThaI), DraI, EcoRI, HaeIII, HhaI, HinfI, HpaI, HpaII, plasma transmission KpnI, MboI (Sau3AI), MseI, RsaI, SspI and TaqI].
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Vivipary, Proliferation, and Phyllody in Grasses
    Vivipary, Proliferation, and Phyllody in Grasses A.A. BEETLE Abstract Some temperate grasses have the ability to produce in their tration of the putative flowering hormone is required for inflorescence modified spikelet structures that act to reproduce the flower induction, whereas in the seminiferous races this species vegetatively. These types may be either genetically fixed or difference is not so great. In the viviparous races, the an occasional expression of environmental change. threshold for flower initiation is rarely exceeded so that perfect flowers appear only occasionally, while in the Vivipary sometimes refers to the development of normally seminiferous races, the conditions arise only separable vegetative shoots, as in the case of Poa bulbosa, rarely where an amount of hormone is produced that is wherein florets have been transformed into bulbils. At other sufficient to initiate culms but insufficient to promote times vivipary refers to the germination of an embryo in situ flowering. before the fall of the seed, as in Melocalamus, the fleshy (a) excess water about the roots seeded bamboo from Burma. (b) excess shade Vegetative proliferation refers to the conversion of the (c) high humidity spikelet, above the glumes, into a leafy shoot. These leafy (d) submergence shoots are not usually an effective method of reproduction (e) abrupt changes in moisture, day length, or tempera- in the wild, but are somewhat easier to establish under ture controlled conditions. (f) insufficient vernalization Both vivipary and proliferation may produce (4) True vivipary conspicuously abnormal spikelets which the latin words vivipara and proZifera have been used to describe, usually without any further discrimination than to indicate their Viviparous Races presence.
    [Show full text]
  • Symptomatology in Plant Pest Diagnosis
    SYMPTOMATOLOGY IN PLANT PEST DIAGNOSIS Symptoms are the detectable expressions of a disease, pest, or environmental factor exhibited by the suscept or plant which is subject to a given pathogen or causal agent. These symptoms, usually the result of complex physiological disturbances, commonly combine to form a definite symptom-complex or syndrome. Symptom-complexes may develop in different organs of a suscept at different times. Symptoms may be either localized in a particular part of the plant, or systemic, that is, generalized in an organ or the plant. In addition, symptoms may be primary (direct and immediate changes in the tissues affected by a pathogen or other causal agent), or secondary (indirect and subsequent physiological effects on host tissue induced by action at a point distant from the initial infection). Usually, but not in all cases, localized symptoms are primary while generalized or systemic symptoms are secondary. Moreover, the sequence of symptom development frequently characterizes a particular disease. Symptomatology, the study of symptoms and associated signs that characterize a plant ailment, enables correct disease or pest diagnosis. It is very important to be aware that because symptoms are “host reactions” to an irritation, many agents or even abiotic factors can cause a particular symptom. For example, wilting of the entire plant can be caused by bacteria, fungus, root rot, inadequate soil moisture, and other agents. Signs are observable structure(s) of the agent which incites the disease or ailment. The commonest signs of disease agents are reproductive or vegetative parts of a pathogen such as fruiting structures, spore masses, mycelial mats, fans, rhizomorphs, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Phytoplasma Taxon Associated with Japanese Hydrangea Phyllody
    international Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1 999), 49, 1275-1 285 Printed in Great Britain 'Candidatus Phytoplasma japonicum', a new phytoplasma taxon associated with Japanese Hydrangea phyllody Toshimi Sawayanagi,' Norio Horikoshi12Tsutomu Kanehira12 Masayuki Shinohara,2 Assunta Berta~cini,~M.-T. C~usin,~Chuji Hiruki5 and Shigetou Nambal Author for correspondence: Shigetou Namba. Tel: +81 424 69 3125. Fax: + 81 424 69 8786. e-mail : snamba(3ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp Laboratory of Bioresource A phytoplasma was discovered in diseased specimens of f ield-grown hortensia Technology, The University (Hydrangea spp.) exhibiting typical phyllody symptoms. PCR amplification of of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku 113-8657, DNA using phytoplasma specific primers detected phytoplasma DNA in all of Japan the diseased plants examined. No phytoplasma DNA was found in healthy College of Bioresource hortensia seedlings. RFLP patterns of amplified 165 rDNA differed from the Sciences, Nihon University, patterns previously described for other phytoplasmas including six isolates of Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252- foreign hortensia phytoplasmas. Based on the RFLP, the Japanese Hydrangea 0813, Japan phyllody (JHP) phytoplasma was classified as a representative of a new sub- 3 lstituto di Patologia group in the phytoplasma 165 rRNA group I (aster yellows, onion yellows, all vegetale, U niversita degli Studi, Bologna 40126, Italy of the previously reported hortensia phytoplasmas, and related phytoplasmas). A phylogenetic analysis of 16s rRNA gene sequences from this 4 Unite de Pathologie Vegetale, Centre de and other group Iphytoplasmas identified the JHP phytoplasma as a member Versa iI les, Inst it ut Nat iona I of a distinct sub-group (sub-group Id) in the phytoplasma clade of the class de la Recherche Mollicutes.
    [Show full text]
  • APAR-07-00256.Pdf
    Advances in Plants & Agriculture Research Research Article Open Access Detection, characterization and in-silico analysis of candidatus phytoplasma australasia associated with phyllody disease of sesame Abstract Volume 7 Issue 3 - 2017 Leaf samples from sesame plants exhibiting Phyllody disease were collected from V Venkataravanappa,1,2 CN Lakshminarayana Varanasi and Mirzapur districts of Uttar Pradesh, India during the survey conducted Reddy,4 M Manjunath,2 Neha S Chauhan,2 M between month of September to December, 2012-14. Incidence of sesame Phyllody in 3 the farmers at different location was ranged from 30-70 percent indicating its prevalence Krishna Reddy 1 in Uttar Pradesh. The Phytoplasma infection in sesame plants was confirmed by PCR Central Horticultural Experimental Station, India 2Division of Crop Protection, Indian Vegetable Research using universal primers of 16s rRNA (R16F2n/R16R2) and SecY gene (SecYF2 Institute, India and SecYR1) respectively. Amplified 16s rRNA and SecY gene was sequenced and 3Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, India sequence comparisons were made with the available Phytoplasma 16srRNA and SecY 4Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural gene sequences in NCBI Gen Bank database. The 16srRNA and SecY gene sequence Sciences, India of Phytoplasma in the current study, shared highest nucleotide identity of 97.9-99.9% and 95.8 to 96.3% with subgroup 16Sr II-D the peanut witches’-broom group. A Correspondence: V Venkataravanappa, Scientist (Plant Comprehensive recombination analysis using RDP4 showed the evidence of inter- Pathology) Division of Plant pathology Central Horticultural recombination in F2nR2 and SecY gene fragment of Phytoplasma infecting sesame. Experimental Station, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural The most of the F2nR2 fragment is descended from Ash yellows-[16SrVIII] and Apple Research Chettalli- 571248, Kodagu, Karnataka, India, proliferation-[16SrX] group.
    [Show full text]
  • Flowers Under Attack by Phytoplasmas
    doi:10.1093/jxb/erv115 Flowers under attack by phytoplasmas Frank Wellmer Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland [email protected] Phytoplasmas are cell wall-less bacteria that infect plants when they are transferred via sap-feeding insects such as leafhoppers. Plants infected with phytoplasmas can show a range of defects. One of them is the well- known witches’ broom disease, a massive overproliferation of shoots, often seen in nature on trees and shrubs. Another common defect of phytoplasma infection is termed phyllody, which is a conversion of floral organs into leaf-like structures (Fig. 1). This phenomenon is interesting from an evolutionary point of view as floral organs are thought to be modified leaves (Pelaz et al., 2001; von Goethe, 1790). Thus, phytoplasmas convert floral organs into something that resembles their developmental ground state. The molecular basis of phyllody is largely unknown but a recent paper by MacLean et al., (2014) has begun to shed light on the underlying mechanism. The authors elucidated how one effector of phytoplasma, a protein Fig. 1. An Arabidopsis wild-type flower (left) and a flower from a plant after phytoplasma infection showing phyllody (right). Figure from called SAP54 (MacLean et al., 2011), MacLean et al., 2014. induces phyllody in Arabidopsis thaliana. Using a yeast two-hybrid approach, they found that SAP54 physically interacts with several transcription factors of the MADS- domain family, which contains many key floral regulators. Among them are the APETALA1 (AP1) and SEPALLATA1 to 4 (SEP1-4) proteins that have important functions during the onset of flower development and/or the specification of floral organ identity, respectively (O’Maoileidigh et al., 2014; Sablowski, 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Roses: Diseases and Abiotic Disorders
    ROSES: DISEASES AND ABIOTIC DISORDERS Integrated Pest Management for Home Gardeners and Landscape Professionals A variety of plant pathogens can at- cycle yet allows time for foliage to dry tack roses. The most common problem before evening. in California is powdery mildew, but a number of other diseases including The pathogen requires living tissue in rust, black spot, botrytis, downy mil- order to survive, so pruning, collect- dew, and anthracnose may cause prob- ing, and disposing of leaves during the lems where moist conditions prevail. dormant season can limit infestations although it may not entirely eradicate To limit problems, choose varieties and them, since airborne spores from other irrigation practices carefully, promote locations can provide fresh inoculation. air circulation by following appropri- ate pruning techniques and providing Rose varieties vary greatly in resistance, sufficient space between plants, and with landscape (shrub) varieties among remove severely infested material the most resistant. Glossy-foliaged va- promptly. Although some rose enthu- rieties of hybrid teas and grandifloras siasts consider regular application of often have good resistance to powdery fungicides a necessary component of mildew as well. Plants grown in sunny rose culture, many gardeners are able locations with good air circulation are to sustain plants with little to no use less likely to have serious problems. of fungicides, especially in California’s dry interior valleys. Fungicides such as triforine (Ortho Rose- pride) are available, but generally you In addition to diseases that bacterial, must apply them to prevent rather than fungal, and viral pathogens cause, ros- eradicate infections, so timing is critical Figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Hormones in Phytoplasma Infected Plants
    REVIEW published: 17 April 2019 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00477 Plant Hormones in Phytoplasma Infected Plants Marina Dermastia* Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia Phytoplasmas are bacterial plant pathogens that need a plant host and an insect vector for their spread and survival. In plants, the physiological responses that phytoplasmas trigger result in symptom development through effects on hormonal, nutritional, and stress signaling pathways, and the interactions between these. In this review, recent advances on the involvement of plant hormones together with their known and deduced roles in plants infected with phytoplasmas are discussed. Several studies have directly, or in many cases indirectly, addressed plant hormone systems in phytoplasma-infected plants. These have provided accumulating evidence that phytoplasmas extensively affect plant hormone pathways. Phytoplasmas thus, with disturbing complex plant hormone networks, suppress plant immunity and modify plant structure, while optimizing their nutrient acquisition and facilitating their colonization of the plants, and their dissemination among plants by their insect vectors. Keywords: hormone crosstalk, host plant, jasmonic acid, phytoplasma, plant hormone, salicylic acid Edited by: Dominik K. Großkinsky, University of Copenhagen, Denmark INTRODUCTION Reviewed by: Rita Musetti, Phytoplasmas are cell wall-less bacteria belonging to the class Mollicutes (Bertaccini and Lee, 2018). University of Udine, Italy Analysis of their genomes suggests that they have developed from Gram-positive bacteria by a Ivo Tosevski, Institute for Plant Protection and process of reductive evolution. Consequently, they are very small in size, they have the smallest Environment (IZBIS), Serbia genome of any known plant bacteria and they have limited metabolic pathways (Kube et al., 2008, Wei Wei, 2012; Oshima et al., 2013; Marcone, 2014).
    [Show full text]
  • Detection and Characterization of the Phytoplasma Associated with Marigold Phyllody in Mexico
    Journal of Plant Pathology (2003), 85 (2), 81-86 Edizioni ETS Pisa, 2003 81 DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PHYTOPLASMA ASSOCIATED WITH MARIGOLD PHYLLODY IN MEXICO R.I. Rojas-Martínez1, E. Zavaleta-Mejía1 I.M. Lee2, M. Martini2 and H.S. Aspiros3 1Instituto de Fitosanidad. Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, México 56230 2Molecular Plant Pathology. USDA, ARS, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA 3Laboratorio de Biotecnología, INIFAP, Chapingo, Mexico 56230 SUMMARY disease is characterized by a variety of symptoms resem- bling those caused by phytoplasmal infections, namely Cempazuchil (marigold, Tagetes erecta L.) plants with shoot proliferation (witches’ broom), green petal flow- symptoms of phyllody, virescence, witches’ broom ers (virescence), leafy floral structures (phyllody), (shoot proliferation), apical dwarfing and yellowing dwarfing or yellowing. Diseased plants produce few were collected from fields in the States of Puebla, Mi- flowers with normal pigments. choacan, Guanajuato, and Estado de Mexico. They In Mexico, marigold phyllody was first reported by were examined for the presence of phytoplasmas by Zavaleta-Mejía et al. (1993), who found a 5% incidence nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the uni- in experimental plots at Montecillo, Mexico, and a 50% versal primer pair R16mF2/R16mR1 followed by the incidence in commercial plots at Tecamachalco, Puebla. primer pair R16F2n/R16R2. Restriction fragment length Since then, the disease has spread into several states of polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of R16F2n/R16R2-PCR the central part of the country. products and the sequencing of the 16S rDNA indicat- The causal agent of marigold phyllody has never ed that the phytoplasma which induces the disease been identified. However, since electron microscopy known as “filodia del cempazuchil” (marigold phyllody) observations had shown that the disease could be belongs to the aster yellows group (16SrI), subgroup B.
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Characterization of Sesamum Phyllody Disease in Assam, India
    Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(11): 1862-1875 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 11 (2017) pp. 1862-1875 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.611.222 Biological Characterization of Sesamum Phyllody Disease in Assam, India Shankar Hemanta Gogoi1*, M.K. Kalita2 and P.D. Nath1 1Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, AAU, Jorhat-13, Assam, India 2Department of Plant Pathology, Biswanath College of Agriculture, AAU, Jorhat-13, Assam, India *Corresponding author ABST RACT To know about the transmission behavior, biological characterization of Sesamum phyllody disease was conducted. The leafhopper Orosius albicinctus (Dist.) could transmit the disease successfully in artificial inoculation. The rate of transmission of the disease increased significantly as the no. of leafhopper was increased from 1 per plant (29.47%) to K e yw or ds 3 per plant (84.26%). The disease transmission also increased significantly as the Sesamum Phyllody, acquisition feeding (AFP) period increased from 3 days (49.38%) to 5 days (64.75%). Orosius albicinctus Likewise, lowest disease transmission (16.67%) was observed in plants with 5 days (Dist.), Acquisition feeding period, inoculation feeding period (IFP) and increased significantly in 10 IFP (100%). The Inoculation feeding interaction effect of no. of leaf hopper/plant, acquisition feeding period and inoculation period . feeding period also exhibited positive and significant increase in transmission. Highest disease incidence was observed in plants inoculating with 3 no of leafhopper per plant +5 Article Info days AFP + 7and 10 days IFP and lowest in treatment with 1 leafhopper per plant + 3 days AFP + 5days IFP.
    [Show full text]
  • ~ O) \ \(!: L PHYLLODY MLO and WITCHE's BROOM DISEASE on FABA BEAN ~ J (VIC.IA FABA L.) - a NEW RECORD from BIHAR
    J.\ Dis.Sci. Vol 6(2) 2011: 117 - 119 ~ O) \ \(!: l PHYLLODY MLO AND WITCHE'S BROOM DISEASE ON FABA BEAN ~ j (VIC.IA FABA L.) - A NEW RECORD FROM BIHAR Anll Kumar Singh, U .R. Sangle and P .K. Sundaram ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna 800 014. ABSTRACT Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) plants showing symptoms of shoe stringed leaves, phyllody and flower abortion was observed in experimental fields of ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region Patna. All tests were positive for phytoplasma infection from plants s howing symptoms. This is the first report of a phytoplasma infecting faba bean in Bihar, and the first report of a phytoplasma in this group infecting faba bean. Key Words: Legumes, Phytoplasma Viciafaba L., Phyllody MLO Witche's Broom Faba bean (Viciafaba L.) is also known as broad RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS bean, horse bean, field bean, windsor bean in Sympt om development various languages,. Faba bean is cultivated in Symptom developmen t in faba bean germplasm different states in considerable area particularly (Access ions Nos. 20103 12, 2010411) was in the State of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, r ecorded. During this period a succession of Haryana, Jammu Kashmir, Rajasthan Karnataka symp t oms was observed and the eventual and Madhya Pradesh. Faba bean is agronomically syndrome involved the entire plant. Under field viable alternative to cereal crop especially in rice conditions, diseased ·faba bean p lants were only and /or wheat based cropping system. r ecognizable at late stages of d isease Among the various biotic constraints, the development, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Diagnosing Plant Problems: Kentucky Master Gardener Manual Chapter 7
    University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, ID-194 Food and Environment Cooperative Extension Service Diagnosing Plant Problems Kentucky Master Gardener Manual Chapter 7 By James L. Green, former extension horticulture specialist, Oregon State University; Otis Maloy, retired extension plant pathologist, Washington State University; and Joseph Capizzi, extension entomologist emeritus, Oregon State University. Edited for Kentucky by John Hartman, extension plant pathologist (retired), and Lee Townsend, extension entomologist, University of Kentucky. o determine what factors have damaged a plant, you’ll need In this chapter: to systematically and carefully observe the plant, its environ- ment, and other plants in the area, then put all the pieces Diagnostic Terms ................................................. 84 Ttogether to reconstruct the event(s) that produced the damage. You Plant Identification and Appearance ........... 85 must make an accurate diagnosis before taking corrective action. Even if no corrective measures are available, it is good to know what Damage Patterns ................................................. 86 the problem is and what its future development might be. Development of Damage over Time ............ 87 Factors causing plant damage can be grouped into two major Distinguishing among Living Causes of categories: Damage................................................................... 88 • Living organisms such as pathogens (fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes) and pests (insects, mites, mollusks, mammals,
    [Show full text]
  • Symptomatology, Etiology and Transmission of Chickpea Phyllody Disease in Pakistan
    016_JPP468RP(Akhtar)_649 24-11-2009 9:37 Pagina 649 Journal of Plant Pathology (2009), 91 (3), 649-653 Edizioni ETS Pisa, 2009 649 SYMPTOMATOLOGY, ETIOLOGY AND TRANSMISSION OF CHICKPEA PHYLLODY DISEASE IN PAKISTAN K.P. Akhtar1, T.M. Shah1, B.M. Atta1, M. Dickinson2, J. Hodgetts2, R.A. Khan1, M.A. Haq1 and S. Hameed3 1 Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan 2 School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK 3 National Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan SUMMARY spite growing demand and high yield potential, chickpea yield is unstable and productivity is stagnant at unac- Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) plants of two types, kabuli ceptably low levels with a world average of ca. 0.8 t/ha and desi, showing phytoplasma disease-like symptoms (FAOSTAT, 2005; Millan et al., 2006). Reasons for only were observed for the first time in Pakistan during 2005. marginal recent improvements in productivity are a se- The major symptoms were floral virescence, phyllody and ries of biotic and abiotic stresses that reduce yield and extensive proliferation of the branches. Light microscopy yield stability (Millan et al., 2006). More than 50 diseases of hand-cut sections of symptomatic stems treated with and 54 insect pests have been reported to date on chick- Dienes’ stain showed blue areas in the phloem region of pea in different parts of the world (Nene, 1980; van diseased plants but not in apparently normal ones. Phyto- Rheenen, 1991; Singh and Weigand, 1994). Recently plasma-like pleomorphic bodies were observed in the Akhtar et al.
    [Show full text]