DOCSLIB.ORG

Protecting Women Under the International Humanitarian Law: A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Protecting Women Under the International Humanitarian Law: A Golden Gate University School of Law GGU Law Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations Student Scholarship 5-2013 Protecting Women Under the International Humanitarian Law: A Study of the Social, Cultural, and Political Conditions in Iraq and Palestine That Have an Adverse Affect on Women Nour Mawloud Najeeb Fnish Golden Gate University School of Law Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/theses Part of the Human Rights Law Commons, International Law Commons, and the Law and Gender Commons Recommended Citation Fnish, Nour Mawloud Najeeb, "Protecting Women Under the International Humanitarian Law: A Study of the Social, Cultural, and Political Conditions in Iraq and Palestine That Have an Adverse Affect on Women" (2013). Theses and Dissertations. Paper 43. This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at GGU Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of GGU Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GOLDEN GATE UNIVERSITY PROTECTING WOMEN UNDER THE INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW A STUDY OF THE SOCIAL, CULTURAL, AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS IN IRAQ AND PALESTINE THAT HAVE AN ADVERSE AFFECT ON WOMEN A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED To THE COMMITTEE OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL STUDIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE Of SCIENTIAE JURIDICAE DOCTOR (S.J.D.) BY NOUR MAWLOUD NAJEEB FNISH SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA May, 2013 DISSERTATION COMMITTEE Professor Dr. Christian N. Okeke Doctor in de Rechtsgeleerdheid (Amsterdam) Professor of International & Comparative Law; Director, L.L.M. and S.J.D. Programs; Director SompongSucharitkhulCenter for Advanced Inter’l Legal Studies, Golden Gate University School of Law Professor Dr. Sophie Clavier Associate Professor International Relations San Francisco State University Adjunct Professor, Golden Gate University School of Law Professor Dr. Zakia Afrin Adjunct Professor Golden Gate University School of Law ii TITLE PROTECTING WOMEN UNDER THE INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW A STUDY OF THE SOCIAL, CULTURAL, AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS IN IRAQ AND PALESTINE THAT HAVE AN ADVERSE AFFECT ON WOMEN iii DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my husband, Naim Jamjoum, who supported and encouraged me tremendously, during its preparation; to my family members, especially my mother, Yousra Alzaben, and my father, Mawloud Fnish; to my adorable children, Farah, Hamza and Hashem; and to everyone who assisted me during countless hours of research, contemplation, writing and re-writing. I accept responsibility for any deficiencies one may find herein. iv EPIGRAPH SAFEGUARDING THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS IS THE MOST NOBLE AND BEAUTIFUL END OF A HUMAN BEING. --KAHLIL GIBRAN, THE VOICE OF THE POET v TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................... 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER I - INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW AS A MEANS OF PROTECTING WOMEN'S RIGHTS IN TIMES OF WAR .......................................................................... 1 I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 II..DEFINING INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW ............................................................. 3 III. ORIGINS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW ......................................................... 4 A. Pre-Modern Origins of International Humanitarian Law .................................... 5 1. The Law of Hammurabi (c. 1750 BCE) .............................................................. 5 2. Laws of Manu or 'Manava Dharma Shastra': Ancient Hindu Code of Conduct for Domestic, Social, and Religious Life (c. 500 BCE) ............................................ 8 3. The Christian Declaration (c. 50 A.D.) i.e., The Golden Rule ......................... 10 4. Early Islamic Humanitarian Law ...................................................................... 12 5. The Magna Carta (c. 1215 AD) ......................................................................... 14 6. Hugo Grotius and the War Convention .......................................................... 16 B. Modern Bases of International Humanitarian Law ........................................... 21 1. The Hague Conventions, 1899 and 1907 ........................................................ 21 2. The Geneva Conventions of 1929 and 1949 ................................................... 23 a. First Additional Protocol: ............................................................................ 26 b. Second Additional Protocol: ....................................................................... 26 3. Fundamental Objectives of International Humanitarian Law ...................... 26 4. Respecting the Red Cross and Red Crescent Signs and Materials Carried by Staff and Workers................................................................................................. 32 a. First Geneva Convention Provisions ............................................................ 32 b. Fourth Convention Provisions ..................................................................... 33 5. International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law............................... 34 IV. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................... 36 CHAPTER II - PROTECTION FOR CIVILIAN WOMEN UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW ....... 37 I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 37 II. GENERAL PROTECTION FOR CIVILIAN WOMEN ............................................................... 38 A. General Protection for Civilian Women; Fourth Geneva Convention, 1949 ..... 38 1. Case Examples: Maltreatment of Iraqi and Palestinian Female Prisoners .... 43 B. General Protection for Civilian Women; the First Additional Protocol ............. 49 C. Principles of Protection for Civilians, Under the Four Geneva Conventions, the Additional Protocols, and the UN Charter .............................................................. 54 1. First Principle: No Discrimination against Women ......................................... 55 vi 2. Second Principle: Treat Civilians Humanely .................................................... 55 3. Third Principle: Protecting Women (and all Civilians) from Atrocities .......... 63 D. The UN and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) ...................... 67 E. Convention on Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), 1979 71 F. 1995 Peking Declaration: Women’s Special Protocol ......................................... 77 G. Applicability of International and Human Rights Law to Palestine ................... 80 III. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................... 88 CHAPTER III - PROTECTION FOR WOMEN AS PRISONERS OF WAR AND DURING GENERAL MILITARY OPERATIONS ............................................................................. 89 I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 89 II. PROTECTION OF WOMEN DURING VARIOUS TYPES OF CONFLICT ........................................ 91 A. Women Participation in Military Conflict ........................................................... 91 I. International Military Conflict .......................................................................... 91 2. Internal Conflicts .............................................................................................. 93 3. Non-International Military Conflicts .............................................................. 94 4. Women Participating in Suicide Missions ....................................................... 97 a. Palestinian Thought Regarding Women Suicide Bombers ........................ 99 b. Shari’ah Thought Regarding Women Suicide Bombers ............................ 100 5. Forbidden Weaponry and Fighting Methods ............................................... 102 6. Gender Considerations in Humane Treatment ............................................. 103 B. Special Protection for Women During Military Operations ............................. 104 C. Treatment of Detained and Jailed Women ....................................................... 115 III. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 132 CHAPTER IV - OTHER PROTECTIONS FOR WOMEN VIS-A-VIS CAPITAL PUNISHMENT 134 I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 134 II. PROTECTING WOMEN FROM CAPITAL PUNISHMENT ..................................................... 136 III. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 145 CHAPTER V - OTHER PROTECTIONS FOR WOMEN: SPECIAL AID AND ASSISTANCE RIGHTS ................................................................................................................... 147 I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 147 A. Negative Provisions .......................................................................................... 148 B. Positive Provisions ............................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 30 Years of Defending Women's Right to Be Free from All Forms of Sexual Exploitation
    30 Years of Defending Women’s Right to be Free from All Forms of Sexual Exploitation The Coalition Against Trafficking in Women (CATW) Highlights Its History 1988 – 1997 1988 – CATW International (CATW) is founded in New York City at an international conference on sex trafficking and prostitution. Participants come from most continents. Kathleen Barry and Dorchen Leidholdt are appointed respectively as CATW’s founding Executive and Associate Directors. 1989 – CATW is awarded Category II Consultative Status with ECOSOC, the UN Economic and Social Council. 1991 – CATW convenes an international meeting of Experts on sexual exploitation, violence and prostitution. With UNESCO, CATW publishes the proceedings of this meeting called The Penn State Report. Attends the Council of Europe meeting in Strasbourg called “Trafficking in Women and Forced Prostitution,” held in association with the Dutch government to promote its neo- regulatory policy affirming prostitution as sex work. With other NGOs, CATW opposes this policy and demands recommendations reflect the majority abolitionist opinion. 1992 – CATW drafts a proposed UN Convention Against All Forms of Sexual Exploitation. 1993 – CATW Asia-Pacific (CATW-AP) is established at an organizing conference in Manila, the Philippines. Representatives come from 17 countries, including Hong Kong, Japan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, and Australia, as well as various NGOs in the Philippines. Cecilia Hoffman becomes Director. CATW Europe holds its organizing meeting and appoints Marie-Therese Destercke as director. CATW Europe holds the first European Conference to discuss a new UN Convention Against Sexual Exploitation. 1994 - Janice Raymond and Dorchen Leidholdt are elected as Co-Executive Directors of CATW International after Kathleen Barry resigns.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Global AIDS Update ⁠— Seizing the Moment ⁠— Tackling Entrenched Inequalities to End Epidemics
    GLOBAL AIDS UPDATE | 2020 SEIZING THE MOMENT Tackling entrenched inequalities to end epidemics Cover photo credit: UNAIDS, iStock, GettyImages GLOBAL AIDS UPDATE | 2020 SEIZING THE MOMENT Tackling entrenched inequalities to end epidemics 2 GLOBAL AIDS UPDATE 2020 CON TENTS 6 Foreword 8 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY 10 Coming up short in a milestone year for HIV responses 13 Progress towards the 90–90–90 targets 17 Gaps expose entrenched inequalities 26 People-centred approaches to pandemics 33 Seizing the moment 40 ADVANCING TOWARDS THE THREE ZEROS 44 Zero new infections 01 47 Zero AIDS-related deaths 51 Zero discrimination 56 Maximizing the impact of HIV responses 61 Measuring HIV epidemic transitions 60 2020 COMMITMENTS 70 Gains in HIV testing and treatment 02 74 Region and country progress 79 Declines in condom use among young women 81 Combination prevention for key populations 85 Pre-exposure prophylaxis 85 Voluntary medical male circumcision 106 SYNERGIES BETWEEN PANDEMIC RESPONSES 112 Leveraging HIV leadership and lessons against a new pandemic threat 03 114 Adapting HIV services during the COVID-19 pandemic 118 Turning a crisis into an opportunity for multimonth dispensing of HIV medicines 121 Avoiding antiretroviral medicine stock-outs during the COVID-19 pandemic 123 Adapting services for key populations during the COVID-19 pandemic Contents 3 Credit: Doctors of the World 128 SECURING RIGHTS 133 Sexual and reproductive health and rights 04 136 Unequal gender norms undermine health rights 138 Gender-based violence 143 Challenges faced
    [Show full text]
  • CATW 2010 Annual Report
    CATW The Coalition Against Trafficking in Women Annual Report 2010 2010AR-RND05.indd 35 10/9/12 9:40 PM CATW’s Mission The Coalition Against Trafficking in Women is a non-governmental organization that works to end human trafficking and the commercial sexual exploitation of women and girls. CATW is the world’s first organization to fight human trafficking internationally, and is the world’s leading abolitionist organization. CATW and our partners engage in advocacy, education, victim services, and prevention programs for victims of trafficking and prostitution in Asia, Africa, Latin America, Europe, and North America, including the United States. Since 1988, CATW has provided widely recognized leadership on local, national, regional, and international levels, in promoting legislative, policy and educational measures to raise awareness about the root causes of human trafficking. CATW holds Special Status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and was a key consultant at the UN Transnational Organized Crime Meeting from 1999-2000, the outcome of which was the Palermo Protocol, the world’s most recognized legal instrument on human trafficking. 2010AR-RND05.indd 2 10/9/12 9:40 PM Table of Contents 2010 Annual Report 2 From the Executive Director CATW IN ACTION 21 CATW’s Global Campaign for a CATW at THE UN Sex Trafficking Free Internet 4 United Nations Beijing +15 and CSW54 23 “Women Strike Back” in Iceland 5 UN Group of Friends 24 Southern Mediterranean Anti-Sex 6 IGO Contact Group on Human Trafficking Tourism Campaign
    [Show full text]
  • Iraqi Women Confronting ISIL: Protecting Women’S Rights in the Context of Conflict
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Publications and Research CUNY School of Law 2016 Iraqi Women Confronting ISIL: Protecting Women’s Rights in the Context of Conflict Lisa Davis CUNY School of Law How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cl_pubs/121 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Davis Iraqi Women Confronting ISIL Word.docx (Do Not Delete) 12/14/15 12:23 PM IRAQI WOMEN CONFRONTING ISIL: PROTECTING WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN THE CONTEXT OF CONFLICT Lisa Davis* I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................102! II. OLD PATTERNS: GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE AND ISIL IN IRAQ ...........107! A. Sexual Violence ..........................................................................109! B. Honor Killings ............................................................................113! C. Trafficking .................................................................................121! D. Domestic Violence .....................................................................126! E. Forced and Underage Marriages .................................................127! III. WHEN CONFLICT EXACERBATES ABUSES AGAINST MARGINALIZED GROUPS .................................................................130! A. Women Minorities ......................................................................130!
    [Show full text]
  • General Assembly Distr.: General 28 February 2011
    United Nations A/HRC/16/44/Add.1 General Assembly Distr.: General 28 February 2011 English/French/Spanish only Human Rights Council Sixteenth session Agenda item 3 Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders, Margaret Sekaggya Addendum Summary of cases transmitted to Governments and replies received* * The present document is being circulated in the languages of submission only, as it greatly exceeds the word limitations currently imposed by the relevant General Assembly resolutions. GE.11-11427 A/HRC/16/44/Add.1 Contents Paragraphs Page Introduction............................................................................................................. 1–3 5 Algeria ................................................................................................................ 4–33 5 Angola ................................................................................................................ 34–41 9 Argentina ................................................................................................................ 42–74 10 Austria ................................................................................................................ 75–89 15 Bahrain ................................................................................................................ 90–210 16 Bangladesh.............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Usaid/Iraq Gender Assessment
    USAID/IRAQ GENDER ASSESSMENT Final Report May 2010 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by The QED Group, LLC under contract number 267-M-00-09-00513-00. USAID/IRAQ GENDER ASSESSMENT The QED Group, LLC 1250 Eye St., NW, Suite 1100 Washington, DC 20005 Tel: (202) 521-1900 Fax: (202) 521-1901 www.qedgroupllc.com DISCLAIMER The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................... ii ACRONYMS .......................................................................................................... iii GLOSSARY OF GENDER TERMS ........................................................................ v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................... vi INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 WHY GENDER MATTERS .......................................................................................................... 1 PURPOSE OF ASSESSMENT ....................................................................................................... 3 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................. 3 GENDER AND SECURITY ..................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Southwestern Journal of International Law
    SOUTHWESTERN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW VOLUME XXVI 2020 NUMBER 1 2019 SYMPOSIUM TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AFTER ARGENTINA’S AMIA BOMBING: JUSTICE VS. IMPUNITY ARTICLES Keynote Address: Inter-American Commission on Human Rights’ Observer at the AMIA Bombing Trial Claudio Grossman The Use of Evidence Provided by Intelligence Agencies in Terrorism Prosecutions: Challenges and Lessons Learned from Argentina’s AMIA Bombing Leonardo Filippini The AMIA Special Investigation Unit: An Overview of Its History and a Proposal for the Future Agustin Cavana Acting as Private Prosecutor in the AMIA Case Alberto L. Zuppi NOTES & COMMENTS Knocking Down the One-Room Brothel in Hong Kong Virginia Wong America’s Scarlet Letter: How International Law Supports the Removal and Preservation of Confederate Monuments as World Heritage of America’s Discriminatory History Blake Newman Nuclear Weapons and the Need for a No-First-Use Agreement Between the United States and South Korea For North Korea Ryan Chang SOUTHWESTERN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW VOLUME XXVI 2020 NUMBER 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2019 SYMPOSIUM - TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AFTER ARGENTINA’S AMIA BOMBING: JUSTICE VS. IMPUNITY KEYNOTE ADDRESS: INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS’ OBSERVER AT THE AMIA BOMBING TRIAL ............................................................ 1 Claudio Grossman ARTICLES THE USE OF EVIDENCE PROVIDED BY INTELLIGENCE AGENCIES IN TERRORISM PROSECUTIONS: CHALLENGES AND LESSONS LEARNED FROM ARGENTINA’S AMIA BOMBING ................................................................................. 11 Leonardo Filippini THE AMIA SPECIAL INVESTIGATION UNIT: AN OVERVIEW OF ITS HISTORY AND A PROPOSAL FOR THE FUTURE ........................................................................ 39 Agustín Cavana ACTING AS PRIVATE PROSECUTOR IN THE AMIA CASE ...................................... 83 Alberto L. Zuppi NOTES & COMMENTS KNOCKING DOWN THE ONE-ROOM BROTHEL IN HONG KONG ........................
    [Show full text]
  • Prostitution, Family Politics, and Sexual Ideology in 20Th Century Iran
    ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: ZONED DESIRES: PROSTITUTION, FAMILY POLITICS, AND SEXUAL IDEOLOGY IN 20TH CENTURY IRAN Fatemeh Hosseini, Doctor of Philosophy, 2014 Dissertation directed by: Professor Madeline Zilfi Department of History This dissertation explores the regulation and representation of prostitution in Iran during the twentieth century, and concerns itself with dominant sexual ideologies during this period. While Tehran’s red-light district, Shahr-i Nau, is largely absent from modern Iranian historiography, I argue for the significance of this contested urban space to the understanding of Iranian history and society. Using citizen petition letters, police records, and government memos, I highlight the gradual shift in Pahlavi policy from policies focused on the informal removal or relocation of prostitutes to one focused on systematic regulation, epidemiological surveillance, and the geographic concentration of prostitution. The dissertation also frames the social attitudes towards and the multiple meanings assigned to prostitution and examines efforts control the meaning and image of prostitution. Using women’s magazines and scientific studies, I demonstrate how female reformers considered prostitution a result of outdated modes of family practices. The discourse surrounding the links between family and prostitution, then, contributed to an elite form of women’s rights activism in Iran that perpetuated paternalistic frameworks within society. The entertainment industry also concerned itself with prostitution, and a growing number of Iranian movies began representing prostitution. Visibility and space were integral to the understanding of sexuality. For women engaged in the commercial sex industry the consequences of regulation were mixed and often contradictory. Female prostitutes lived in a perpetual state of vulnerability that stemmed from inequalities in the law and social double-standards.
    [Show full text]
  • Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report
    DENMARK: Tier 1 or detention, to facilitate trust and increase identification among this vulnerable group. Denmark is primarily a destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking from PROSECUTION Africa, Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, and Latin America. Migrants The government made progress in law enforcement efforts, working in agriculture, domestic service, restaurants, hotels, and although the inadequate efforts to incentivize victims to assist in factories are subjected to labor trafficking through debt bondage, investigations and prosecutions impeded these efforts. Denmark withheld wages, abuse, and threats of deportation. Unaccompanied prohibits all forms of trafficking through Section 262(a) of its migrant children are vulnerable to sex trafficking and forced labor, criminal code, which prescribes punishments of up to 10 years’ including theft and other forced criminality. Copenhagen’s relatively DENMARK imprisonment; these penalties are sufficiently stringent and small red-light district represents only a portion of the country’s commensurate with penalties prescribed for other serious crimes, larger commercial sex trade, which includes sex trafficking in such as rape. Authorities investigated 12 reported cases of brothels, bars, strip clubs, and private apartments. trafficking in 2014, a decrease from 13 reported cases in 2013. In The Government of Denmark fully complies with the minimum 2014, the government initiated prosecutions of 15 sex trafficking standards for the elimination of trafficking. During the reporting suspects, a decrease from 16 in 2013. Courts convicted nine sex period, law enforcement authorities collaborated with foreign traffickers in 2014, and two additional 2014 trafficking convictions counterparts to convict more traffickers, including through the were still pending appeal, compared with three total convictions in country’s first use of a criminal code section that provides more 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • Denmark: Report How Many Violations Were Discovered
    567 labor recruitment agencies, though the MLSA did not RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DENMARK: report how many violations were discovered. The interior Pursue a more victim-centered approach to trafficking by minister chaired an inter-ministerial body that coordinated increasing incentives for trafficking victims to cooperate in national efforts and worked to implement the 2012-2015 the prosecution of their trafficking offenders; ensure trafficking national action plan. A unit in the MOI served as the national victims are provided with legal alternatives to their removal to rapporteur and prepared a comprehensive annual report on anti- countries where they face retribution or hardship; vigorously trafficking patterns and programs, which it released publicly. The prosecute trafficking offenses, and convict and sentence sex government continued to fund an NGO-run hotline to identify and labor trafficking offenders; ensure trafficking offenders DENMARK victims of trafficking; in 2013, the hotline received calls from serve sentences commensurate with the serious nature of the 482 separate individuals. The government demonstrated efforts offense; investigate why so few trafficking cases are prosecuted to reduce the demand for commercial sex acts during the year. compared with the number of victims identified; proactively The Czech Republic is not a party to the 2000 UN TIP Protocol. implement the 2013 amendment to the Aliens Act that provides foreign victims of crime temporary residency while they assist in a prosecution by granting it for trafficking
    [Show full text]
  • The Iraqi Press: the Heritage of the Past and the Challenges of the Future ASSESMENT
    The Iraqi Press: The Heritage of the Past and the Challenges of the Future ASSESMENT For International Media Support By Zuhair Al-Jezairy Edited by Lotte Dahlmann October 2006 © International Media Support Contents Contents 1 Introduction . 3 2 Iraqi media past and present. 4 2.1 The secret world . 4 2.2 Media and the constitutional reform . 5 2.3 Migrations and generations . .7 3 The three sectors . .10 3.1 State financed media . 10 3.2 Media of parties and civil society organizations . 11 3.3 The independent media. 12 4 The framework and finance . 13 5 The advertisement . .16 6 Provincial press. 17 7 Obstacles and horizons. 19 7.1 Obstacles . .19 7.2 Television instead of press. 19 8 The needs . 22 The Iraqi Press: The Heritage of the Past and the Challenges of the Future 2 Introduction 1 Introduction Since the 4th of April 2003, Iraq has witnessed a major transformation in its media landscape. From just five daily newspapers, within the first three months the number of the weekly and daily newspapers rose to more than 180. The change has not just been restricted to the quantity of the titles available, but there has also been a substantive qualitative shift in ownership structures and in public’s free access to information. During the past 35 years, the majority of Iraqi press was owned either by the state or by the ruling party (except one newspaper which belonged to a Kurdish party who had entered into an alliance with the government). Those newspapers received their instructions from what was then called “The National Information Bureau” which was operated by the ruling party.
    [Show full text]
  • Sexual Politics and Criminal Injustice in Social Movements Against Human Trafficking
    Stuck in Traffic: Sexual Politics and Criminal Injustice in Social Movements Against Human Trafficking By Edith Celine Marie Kinney A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Jurisprudence & Social Policy in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Kristin Luker, Chair Professor Jonathan Simon Professor Kathy Abrams Professor Marianne Constable Fall 2011 Abstract Stuck in Traffic: Sexual Politics and Criminal Injustice in Social Movements Against Human Trafficking by Edith Celine Marie Kinney Doctor of Philosophy in Jurisprudence & Social Policy University of California, Berkeley Professor Kristin Luker, Chair This dissertation analyzes the sexual politics of transnational movements against human trafficking. I track the periodic securitization of women’s migration and commercial sexual exploitation in international affairs from the Victorian-era movement against “White Slavery” to the contemporary campaign against “modern day slavery” and sex trafficking, using the case of Thailand to investigate the role of women’s advocates in the transformation of governance strategies to address the issue. Drawing on a year of field research in Thailand, I analyze the development of collaborative, inter-agency organizations that partner non-governmental organization (“NGO”) advocates with criminal justice and social welfare officials to implement “rights-based” measures to prevent trafficking, protect victims, and prosecute offenders. I examine the rise of the anti-trafficking movement in Thailand to explore the complex interplay between the state, civil society organizations, and transnational advocacy networks, as well as movement organizations’ strategic mobilization of domestic and international law to pressure states for policy reform.
    [Show full text]