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Review of Apanteles Sensu Stricto (Hymenoptera, Braconidae

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Review of Apanteles Sensu Stricto (Hymenoptera, Braconidae A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys $$: @–@Review (2014) of Apanteles sensu stricto (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae)... 1 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.@@.6418 MONOGRAPH www.zookeys.org Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Review of Apanteles sensu stricto (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica, with keys to all described species from Mesoamerica Jose L. Fernandez-Triana1,2,†, James B. Whitfield3,‡, Josephine J. Rodriguez4,§, Alex M. Smith1,|, Daniel H. Janzen5,¶, Winnie D. Hallwachs5,#, Mehrdad Hajibabaei1,††, John M. Burns6,‡‡, Alma M. Solis7,§§, John Brown7,||, Sophie Cardinal2,¶¶, Henri Goulet1,##, Paul D. N. Hebert1,††† 1 Department of Integrative Biology and the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada 2 Canadian National Collection of Insects, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6 Canada 3 Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA 4 Dept. of Natural Sciences, Univerity of Virginia’s College at Wise, Wise, VA 24293 USA 5 Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Phila- delphia, PA 19104-6018 USA 6 Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O.Box37012, MRC127, Washington, DC 20013-7012 USA 7 Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, c/o National Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA † urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author: ‡ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author: § urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author: | urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author: ¶ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author: # urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author: †† urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author: ‡‡ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author: §§ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author: || urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author: ¶¶ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author: ## urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author: ††† urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author: Corresponding author: Jose L. Fernandez-Triana ([email protected]) Academic editor: K. van Achterberg | Received 11 October 2013 | Accepted 15 January 2014 | Published @@ @@@@ 2014 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub: Citation: Fernández-Triana JL, Whitfield JB, Rodriguez,JJ, Smith MA, Janzen DH, Hallwachs W, Hajibabaei M, Burns JM, Solis MA, Brown J, Cardinal S, Goulet H, Hebert PDN (2014) Title. Review of Apanteles sensu stricto (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica, with keys to all described species from Mesoamerica. ZooKeys @@: @–@. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.@@.6418 Copyright Jose L. Fernandez-Triana et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 2 Jose L. Fernandez-Triana et al. / ZooKeys @@: @@–@@ (2014) Abstract More than half a million specimens of wild-caught Lepidoptera caterpillars have been reared for their parasitoids, identified, and DNA barcoded over a period of 34 years (and ongoing) from Area de Con- servación de Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica. This provides the world’s best location-based dataset for studying the taxonomy and host relationships of caterpillar parasitoids. Among Hymenoptera, Microgastrinae (Braconidae) is the most diverse and commonly encountered parasitoid subfamily, with many hundreds of species delineated to date, almost all undescribed. Here, we reassess the limits of the genus Apanteles sensu stricto, describe 186 new species from 3,200+ parasitized caterpillars of hundreds of ACG Lepidoptera species, and provide keys to all 205 described Apanteles from Mesoamerica –including 19 previously described species in addition to the new species. The Mesoamerican Apanteles are assigned to 32 species-groups, all but two of which are newly defined. Taxonomic keys are presented in two for- mats: traditional dichotomous print versions and links to electronic interactive versions (software Lucid 3.5). Numerous illustrations, computer-generated descriptions, distributional information, wasp biology, and DNA barcodes (where available) are presented for every species. All morphological terms are detailed and linked to the Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology website. DNA barcodes (a standard fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) mitochondrial gene), information on wasp biology (host records, solitary/ gregariousness of wasp larvae), ratios of morphological features, and wasp microecological distributions were used to help clarify boundaries between morphologically cryptic species within species-complexes. Because of the high accuracy of host identification for about 80% of the wasp species studied, it was pos- sible to analyze host relationships at a regional level. The ACG species of Apanteles attack mainly species of Hesperiidae, Elachistidae and Crambidae (Lepidoptera). About 90% of the wasp species with known host records seem to be monophagous or oligophagous at some level, parasitizing just one host family and commonly, just one species of caterpillar. Only 15 species (9%) parasitize species in more than one family, and some of these cases are likely to be found to be species complexes. We have used several information sources and techniques (traditional taxonomy, molecular, software-based, biology, and geography) to ac- celerate the process of finding and describing these new species in a hyperdiverse group such as Apanteles. The following new taxonomic and nomenclatural acts are proposed. Four species previously considered to be Apanteles are transferred to other microgastrine genera: Dolichogenidea hedyleptae (Muesebeck, 1958) comb. n., Dolichogenidea politiventris (Muesebeck, 1958) comb. n., Rhygoplitis sanctivincenti (Ashmead, 1900) comb. n., and Illidops scutellaris (Muesebeck, 1921) comb. rev. One European species that is a sec- ondary homonym to a Mesoamerican species is removed from Apanteles and transferred to another genus: Iconella albinervis (Tobias, 1964) stat. rev. The name Apanteles albinervican Shenefelt, 1972, is an invalid replacement name for Apanteles albinervis (Cameron, 1904) stat. rev., and thus the later name is reinstated as valid. The following 186 species, all in Apanteles and all authored by Fernández-Triana, are described as species nova: adelinamoralesae, adrianachavarriae, adrianaguilarae, adrianguadamuzi, aichagirardae, aidalopezae, albanjimenezi, alejandromasisi, alejandromorai, minorcarmonai, alvarougaldei, federicomatar- ritai, anabellecordobae, rostermoragai, anamarencoae, anamartinesae, anapiedrae, anariasae, andreacalvoae, angelsolisi, arielopezi, bernardoespinozai, bernyapui, bettymarchenae, bienvenidachavarriae, calixtomoragai, carloscastilloi, carlosguadamuzi, eliethcantillanoae, carlosrodriguezi, carlosviquezi, carloszunigai, carolina- canoae, christianzunigai, cinthiabarrantesae, ciriloumanai, cristianalemani, cynthiacorderoae, deifiliadavilae, dickyui, didiguadamuzi, diegoalpizari, diegotorresi, diniamartinezae, duniagarciae, duvalierbricenoi, edgar- jimenezi, edithlopezae, eduardoramirezi, edwinapui, eldarayae, erickduartei, esthercentenoae, eugeniaphil- lipsae, eulogiosequeira, felipechavarriai, felixcarmonai, fernandochavarriai, flormoralesae, franciscopizarroi, franciscoramirezi, freddyquesadai, freddysalazari, gabrielagutierrezae, garygibsoni, gerardobandoi, gerardosan- dovali, gladysrojasae, glenriverai, gloriasihezarae, guadaluperodriguezae, guillermopereirai, juanmatai, har- ryramirezi, hectorsolisi, humbertolopezi, inesolisae, irenecarrilloae, isaacbermudezi, isidrochaconi, isidrovil- legasi, ivonnetranae, jairomoyai, javiercontrerasi, javierobandoi, javiersihezari, jesusbrenesi, jesusugaldei, Review of Apanteles sensu stricto (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae)... 3 jimmychevezi, johanvargasi, jorgecortesi, jorgehernandezi, josecalvoi, josecortesi, josediazi, josejaramilloi, jo- semonteroi, joseperezi, joserasi, juanapui, juancarrilloi, juangazoi, juanhernandezi, juanlopezi, juanvictori, juliodiazi, juniorlopezi, keineraragoni, laurahuberae, laurenmoralesae, leninguadamuzi, leonelgarayi, lil- liammenae, lisabearssae, luciariosae, luisbrizuelai, luiscanalesi, luiscantillanoi, luisgarciai, luisgaritai, lu- ishernandezi, luislopezi, luisvargasi, manuelarayai, manuelpereirai, manuelriosi, manuelzumbadoi, marco- bustosi, marcogonzalezi, marcovenicioi, mariachavarriae mariaguevarae, marialuisariasae, mariamendezae, marianopereirai, mariatorrentesae, sigifredomarini, marisolarroyoae, marisolnavarroae, marvinmendozai, mauriciogurdiani, milenagutierrezae, monicachavarriae, oscarchavesi, osvaldoespinozai, pablotranai, pablou- manai, pablovasquezi, paulaixcamparijae, luzmariaromeroae, petronariosae, randallgarciai, randallmartinezi, raulacevedoi, raulsolorsanoi, wadyobandoi, ricardocaleroi, robertmontanoi, robertoespinozai, robertovargasi, rodrigogamezi, rogerblancoi, rolandoramosi, rolandovegai, ronaldcastroi, ronaldgutierrezi, ronaldmurilloi, ronaldnavarroi, ronaldquirosi, ronaldzunigai, rosibelelizondoae, ruthfrancoae, sergiocascantei, sergioriosi, ti- boshartae, vannesabrenesae, minornavarroi, victorbarrantesi, waldymedinai, wilbertharayai, williamcamposi, yeissonchavesi, yilbertalvaradoi, yolandarojasae, hazelcambroneroae, zeneidabolanosae. Keywords Apanteles, Microgastrinae, Braconidae, taxonomy, parasitoid biology, DNA barcoding, Lepidoptera, cat- erpillar rearing, Malaise traps, tropical biodiversity, Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica, Mes- oamerica, Lucid software, Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology website 4 Jose L. Fernandez-Triana et al.
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