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Instituto'ide Ecología Y Sistemática ROEUANA REVISTA ZOOLÓGICA CUBANA Instituto De Ecología Y Sistemática No. 498 Enero-Junio 2010 Instituto'ide Ecología y Sistemática ROEUANA REVISTA ZOOLÓGICA CUBANA Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática. CITMA EDITORIAL 1 ÍNDICE La rei~istaPoeyana se ha venido editando desde 1964 y * 1 err ella se linri publicado artíc~rlosde ini)e.stigacióil, nuevos Sistemática bioquímica de los géneros Tilapia y Oreochromis (Perciformes: Cichlidae) en Cuba. reportes /para la ciencia j1otros materiales acerca de la zoología en geriet-al. Han pziblicado en sus páginas Vilrna Rivalta, Ada Chamizo, pre.itigioso.s investigadores, que realizarotz importantes Miriam Agzrilar y Vicente Berovides. corrtt.ihilciotres a lazoología en Criba. *7 Los conihioi realrzados obedecen a que se desea Colección entomológica "Juan C. Gundlach".: adec.iiar niteifra rrvi.sta a las terldericias actzíales a .escala Superfamilias Hydrophiloidea e Histeroidea (Coleoptera: iritertzacioriol 1% se 170s permita la ~nclraiónde un mayor Staphyliniformia). nlínrero de crrtícirlos, mejor calidad y definición en las Ileana Fernández, Elba E. Reyes, /r>tog~.ufia.sJ, dihzijos. así como ztna pr-eseiitación más bgil y Ángel Daniel, Albert Deler y ~oandr/~uárez. ordenada, entre olros benejicios de carácter técnico que usted /~oa'rÚapreciar en 10.7 t~~ímerossz~esivos. *11 Distribución regional y altitudinal de los reptiles de Cuba. Le invitamos a enviar colaboraciones que permitan el enriyuccinriento ordenado de esta Redacción, siempre Lourdes Rodríguez, Elma Rivalta y Evelyn Pérez. aj~istcítido.sea 1a.i normas e itidicaciorzes sobre el envio de los t~~onu.icritos;asír~os,/ircilitará el trabajo. *21 Cambios estacionales en la composición y abundancia de Coleoptera, Diptera y Hemiptera (Insecta) en tres localidades Esperanlos s11 ,favorable acogida para estos cambios y del Área Protegida de Recursos Manejados Mil Cumbres, querhnzos al tanto de szrs opiniones. Pinar del Río, Cuba. Gracias. Marta M. Hidalgo-Gato, Rosanna Rodríguez-León, Ileana Fernández y De- Rodríguez. La Redacción. *27 Coleópteros de las superfamilias Hydrophiloidea e Histeroidea (Coleoptera: Staphylinifotmia) depositados en el Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática, La Habana, Cuba. Ileana Fernández, Albert Deler y Yoandri Suárez. *31 Especies del orden Lepidoptera (insecta) en el Área Protegida de Reciusos Manejados "Mil Cumbres", Pinar del Río, Cuba Rayner Nuñez. Foto Portada Felipe Poey y Aloy (1 799-1891) .ii / Naturalista cubano, nacido en La Habana, ,- / ' /' Catedrático de Zoología en la Universidad de La Habana, ,/ Se especializó en la ictiología de Cuba con su 1' - . ,' r Catálogo razonado de los peces cubanos (1866) y su Ictiología cubana. Las opiniones expresadas en los artículos, son responsabilidad exclusiva de los autores. Poeyana No. 498:1-6 Enero-Junio, 2010 Sistemática bioquímica de los génerosTilapia y Oreochromis (Perciformes: Cichlidae) en Cuba* VilmaRIVALTA GONZÁLEZ **, Ada CHAMIZO LARA **, MiriamAGUILAR DÍAZ *** y Vicente BEROVIDES ÁLVAREZ **** ABSTRACT: Biochemical systematics of the generaTilapia and Oreochromis (Perciformes: Cichlidae) in Cuba. In this study are described the genetic variation, based on the analysis of 14 loci, within and among five tilapias. Four loci were polymorphic (Est–2* , GPI-2* , LDH-2* and PT-1* ) and four were diagnostic ( GPI-1* , LDH-3* , MDH-2* and MDH-3* ). Red Israel tilapia has the highest genetic variability (0.070). The most close systematic relationships were obtained between the two populations of Oreochromis niloticus and transgenic tilapia F-70 (Nei´s genetic distance D = 0.008). The two genera,Oreochromis and Tilapia , were clearly separated (D = 0.845). KEYWORDS:Tilapia , Oreochromis , Cuba, biochemical systematics, isozymes. INTRODUCCIÓN Agneseet al ., 1997). Morales et al . (1998 a y b) realizaron un análisis proteínico y de ADN con el propósito de conocer la Las tilapias, endémicas de África, se introdujeron en países naturaleza de la línea de tilapia transgénica IG-91/03F70. Portal tropicales y subtropicales a partir de 1950 y constituyen la (1998) realizó el análisis de ocho loci microsatélites en el fuente de proteínas más importantes en muchas naciones en vías género Oreochromis. de desarrollo (Pullin y Lowe-McConnell, 1982). En los últimos El método de electroforesis de las proteínas ha sido el más años han pasado a ser los organismos más utilizados en el ampliamente usado para probar la variación genética dentro y cultivo de peces, por poseer un gran número de atributos que los entre las poblaciones (Avise, 1994). El conocimiento de los hacen recomendables para ello como son: una excelente patrones electroforéticos de las proteínas estructurales velocidad de crecimiento con dietas de bajo contenido proteico, presentes en poblaciones de tilapias sujetas a explotación, no pocas exigencias respiratorias, buena resistencia al calor, así sólo es útil para su identificación, sino además para el manejo de como a las aguas salobres, poca susceptibilidad a las las poblaciones y conservación de los recursos genéticos. El enfermedades y docilidad ante la manipulación y el cautiverio; análisis a nivel de proteínas es el más tradicional y continúa presentan también un corto tiempo de reproducción en siendo el método más rápido y económico para el estudio de la condiciones controladas y tienen gran aceptación como variabilidad genética (Liet al ., 2001; Appleyard y Mather, alimento (Pullin y Lowe-McConnell, 1982; Wohlfarth y Hulata, 2002). 1983). En este trabajo nos propusimos determinar la variabilidad En Cuba se han realizado diferentes introducciones de genética enTilapia y Oreochromis en Cuba, así como las especies y líneas de tilapia a partir de finales de la década del 60 relaciones genéticas existentes entre ellas. del siglo XX con la siembra de algunos ejemplares de Tilapia rendalli(Boulenger, 1896), Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner, MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS 1864),O. niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) y Tilapia roja (Oreochromis spp.) entre otras (Díaz et al ., 1989). Para la realización de este trabajo se recolectaron 117 A pesar de la diversidad de hábitats y requerimientos en la individuos adultos procedentes del Centro de Preparación alimentación, las tilapias de importancia comercial son Acuícola de Mampostón (CPAM) en San José de las Lajas, marcadamente similares en su morfología, por lo que su provincia de La Habana y del Centro de Alevinaje Felipe Poey, identificación es difícil. Las diferentes especies de tilapias en San Luis, provincia de Pinar del Río, entre los años 1998 y pueden cruzarse entre sí con facilidad y producir híbridos 2000. Se analizaron las especiesO. niloticus y T. rendalli , los viables, lo que ocurre de forma descontrolada en los reservorios híbridos tilapia roja (Oreochromis spp.) procedente de Israel y de aguas y contribuye a la pérdida de la pureza de las especies la tilapia transgénica IG-91/03F70 (de la Fuenteet al ., 1995) existentes y a la fijación de características indeseables. Por ello, (Tabla 1). Los animales fueron mantenidos vivos en bolsas de se hace necesaria la aplicación de técnicas que permitan la polietileno hasta su traslado al laboratorio, donde fueron identificación de las distintas especies. congelados a -10o C. En la caracterización e identificación de las tilapias se han Como material de estudio se utilizaron músculo blanco, empleado diversas técnicas moleculares como la electroforesis hígado y ojos. De cada uno de estos órganos se homogeneizaron de proteínas y marcadores de ADN mitocondrial (Camacho et 30 mg en agua destilada en la proporción de 1:1 peso/volumen. al., 1984, 1985; Sodsuk y McAndrew, 1991; Capili y Skibinski, Posteriormente, las muestras se centrifugaron en frío a 5000 1996; Morissenset al ., 1996; Rognon y Guyomard, 1996, 1997; r.p.m. durante 15 min, conservándose el sobrenadante a -10o C. *Manuscrito aprobado en Julio de 2009. **Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática,A. P.8029, C. P.10800, La Habana, Cuba. *** Centro de PreparaciónAcuícola de Mampostón, CPAM **** Facultad de Biología, UH. –1– Vilma Rivalta González, Ada Chamizo Lara, Miriam Aguilar Díaz y Vicente Berovides Álvarez Se utilizó el método de electroforesis horizontal sobre gel de electroforética de estos sistemas se emplearon dos buffers almidón descrito por Murphyet al . (1990). Para la separación referidos por McAndrew y Majumdar (1983) (Tabla 2). Tabla 1. Ejemplares de tilapias utilizados. M, número de machos; H, número de hembras. Líneas M H Localidad Fecha de recolecta Tilapia transgénica 25 - San José de las Lajas, La Habana Junio de 1998 Oreochromis niloticus 18 7 San José de las Lajas, La Habana Octubre de 1998 O. niloticus 7 18 San Luis, Pinar del Río Febrero del 2000 Tilapia roja israelí 11 4 San José de las Lajas, La Habana Febrero del 2000 Tilapia rendalli 14 13 San Luis, Pinar del Río Marzo del 2000 Tabla 2. Enzimas y proteínas no enzimáticas analizadas. M, músculo; H, hígado; O, ojo; TC, buffer Tris-Citrato pH 8.0; TBE, buffer Tris-Borato-EDTApH 8.5 (McAndrew y Majumdar, 1983). Enzimas y proteínas Codificación Nomenclatura Tejidos Buffer no enzimáticas enzimática (IUBNC, 1984) Esterasas 3.1.1.- EST-1* M TBE EST-2* M Glucosa-6-fosfato isomerasa 5.3.1.9 GPI-1* M TC GPI-2* M Isocitrato deshidrogenasa 1.1.42 IDHP-1* M TC IDHP-2* H Lactato deshidrogenasa 1.1.1.27 LDH-1* M TBE LDH-2* M LDH-3* O Malato deshidrogenasa 1.1.1.37 MDH-1* M TBE MDH-2* M MDH-3* M Fosfoglucomutasa 5.4.2.2 PGM* MTC Proteínas totales - PT-1* M TC PT-2* M PT-3* M Las tinciones histoquímicas utilizadas para los sistemas utilizando para ello el programa NTSYS versión 1.80 (1993). enzimáticos fueron las desarrolladas por Murphyet al . (1990). Las proteínas totales se colorearon empleando una solución de RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN azul de Coomasie G, al 1% en ácido tricloroacético a 12%. La nomenclatura usada es la que recomiendan Shakleeet al . Sistemas polimórficos. No se encontraron diferencias (1990). Se determinaron las frecuencias genotípicas por significativas entre los sexos para los loci polimórficos, por lo sistemas y poblaciones. Los genotipos individuales se usaron que se utiliza en su análisis la muestra total de cada población. para calcular las frecuencias alélicas para cada sistema y Se presentan dos variantes alélicas en cada uno de los loci población.
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