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Mercury and Vaccinations
MERCURYMERCURY ANDAND VACCINESVACCINES FACT SHEET, OCTOBER 2006 What is the concern about mercury in vaccines? Thimerosal, also known as thiomersal, is a preservative used in a number of biological and pharmaceutical products, including some flu and many multi-dose vaccines used for child immunisation. Mercury makes up approximately 50% of the weight of thimerosal in the organic form of ethylmercury. Thimerosal has been added to products to help prevent the growth of microbes since the 1930s. As more has become known about the effects of mercury on human health, the use of thimerosal in vaccines became an issue of increasing concern. Over the years, with more and more childhood vaccinations recommended or required, the amount of mercury to which infants and young children are being exposed has signifi- cantly increased. While there were no toxic effects reported in the first study of thimerosal use in humans, published in 1931, the study was not specifically designed to examine toxicity and was flawed in a number of other ways.1 Studies of any potential effects of thimerosal exposure in humans are ongoing and no general scientific consensus currently exists. Questions have particularly arisen around a possible connection between thimerosal and autism. Additionally, research is being conducted into the relationship between mercury exposure and Alzheimer’s disease. In 2004, a statement from the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (EMEA) noted that new toxicity studies demonstrate that ethylmercury is less toxic than methylmercury, the form people ingest by eating some types of fish.2 The following year, the report of the Immunisation Safety Review Committee produced by the US Institute of Medicine found again that reviewed evidence “favours a rejection of a causal relationship between thimerosal-containing vaccines and autism.”3 Yet, others have suggested that new toxicological data shows that there could be a plausible connection between thi- merosal and neurological effects in animals and humans. -
Gamma-Irradiated SARS-Cov-2 Vaccine Candidate, OZG-38.61.3, Confers Protection from SARS-Cov-2 Challenge in Human ACEII-Transgen
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Gamma‑irradiated SARS‑CoV‑2 vaccine candidate, OZG‑38.61.3, confers protection from SARS‑CoV‑2 challenge in human ACEII‑transgenic mice Raife Dilek Turan1,2,19, Cihan Tastan1,3,4,19*, Derya Dilek Kancagi1,19, Bulut Yurtsever1,19, Gozde Sir Karakus1,19, Samed Ozer5, Selen Abanuz1,6, Didem Cakirsoy1,8, Gamze Tumentemur7, Sevda Demir2, Utku Seyis1, Recai Kuzay1, Muhammer Elek1,2, Miyase Ezgi Kocaoglu1, Gurcan Ertop7, Serap Arbak9, Merve Acikel Elmas9, Cansu Hemsinlioglu1, Ozden Hatirnaz Ng10, Sezer Akyoney10,11, Ilayda Sahin8,12, Cavit Kerem Kayhan13, Fatma Tokat14, Gurler Akpinar15, Murat Kasap15, Ayse Sesin Kocagoz16, Ugur Ozbek12, Dilek Telci2, Fikrettin Sahin2, Koray Yalcin1,17, Siret Ratip18, Umit Ince14 & Ercument Ovali1 The SARS‑CoV‑2 virus caused the most severe pandemic around the world, and vaccine development for urgent use became a crucial issue. Inactivated virus formulated vaccines such as Hepatitis A and smallpox proved to be reliable approaches for immunization for prolonged periods. In this study, a gamma‑irradiated inactivated virus vaccine does not require an extra purifcation process, unlike the chemically inactivated vaccines. Hence, the novelty of our vaccine candidate (OZG‑38.61.3) is that it is a non‑adjuvant added, gamma‑irradiated, and intradermally applied inactive viral vaccine. Efciency and safety dose (either 1013 or 1014 viral RNA copy per dose) of OZG‑38.61.3 was initially determined in BALB/c mice. This was followed by testing the immunogenicity and protective efcacy of the vaccine. Human ACE2‑encoding transgenic mice were immunized and then infected with the SARS‑CoV‑2 virus for the challenge test. -
(ACIP) General Best Guidance for Immunization
8. Altered Immunocompetence Updates This section incorporates general content from the Infectious Diseases Society of America policy statement, 2013 IDSA Clinical Practice Guideline for Vaccination of the Immunocompromised Host (1), to which CDC provided input in November 2011. The evidence supporting this guidance is based on expert opinion and arrived at by consensus. General Principles Altered immunocompetence, a term often used synonymously with immunosuppression, immunodeficiency, and immunocompromise, can be classified as primary or secondary. Primary immunodeficiencies generally are inherited and include conditions defined by an inherent absence or quantitative deficiency of cellular, humoral, or both components that provide immunity. Examples include congenital immunodeficiency diseases such as X- linked agammaglobulinemia, SCID, and chronic granulomatous disease. Secondary immunodeficiency is acquired and is defined by loss or qualitative deficiency in cellular or humoral immune components that occurs as a result of a disease process or its therapy. Examples of secondary immunodeficiency include HIV infection, hematopoietic malignancies, treatment with radiation, and treatment with immunosuppressive drugs. The degree to which immunosuppressive drugs cause clinically significant immunodeficiency generally is dose related and varies by drug. Primary and secondary immunodeficiencies might include a combination of deficits in both cellular and humoral immunity. Certain conditions like asplenia and chronic renal disease also can cause altered immunocompetence. Determination of altered immunocompetence is important to the vaccine provider because incidence or severity of some vaccine-preventable diseases is higher in persons with altered immunocompetence; therefore, certain vaccines (e.g., inactivated influenza vaccine, pneumococcal vaccines) are recommended specifically for persons with these diseases (2,3). Administration of live vaccines might need to be deferred until immune function has improved. -
Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP)
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Recommendations and Reports February 8, 2002 / Vol. 51 / No. RR-2 General Recommendations on Immunization Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) INSIDE: Continuing Education Examination Centers for Disease Control and Prevention SAFER • HEALTHIER • PEOPLETM MMWR CONTENTS The MMWR series of publications is published by the Introduction ......................................................................... 1 Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Timing and Spacing of Immunobiologics .............................. 2 General Principles for Vaccine Scheduling ......................... 2 Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Department of Spacing of Multiple Doses of the Same Antigen ................ 2 Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333. Simultaneous Administration ............................................ 4 Nonsimultaneous Administration ...................................... 5 Spacing of Antibody-Containing Products and Vaccines ..... 6 SUGGESTED CITATION Interchangeability of Vaccines from Different Manufacturers 8 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. General Lapsed Vaccination Schedule ............................................ 8 recommendations on immunization: recom- Unknown or Uncertain Vaccination Status ......................... 8 mendations of the Advisory Committee on Contraindications and Precautions ....................................... 8 Immunization Practices and the -
NHSGGC COVID Vaccine Faqs for Health and Social Care Staff Version 06 12/01/21
NHSGGC COVID Vaccine FAQs for Health and Social Care Staff Version 06 12/01/21 Link to Green Book Chapter on COVID Vaccine MHRA vaccine approval JCVI recommendations CMO Letter COVID Vaccination Programme These FAQs relate to the Pzifer/BioNTech and AstraZeneca vaccine COVID-19 vaccine The FAQs will be frequently updated as new information becomes available Any printed version will quickly be outdated, always check the NHSGGC webpage for the most up-to-date advice Sections in this document 1. Vaccine Details 2. Current illness and COVID vaccine 3. Flu Vaccine 4. I am immunosuppressed 5. I have previously had a positive COVID test result 6. I have taken part in a COVID vaccine trial 7. Infection Control 8. Nursing Homes 9. Pregnancy and Breastfeeding 10. Allergies and anaphylaxis and other medications 11. Staff Queries – General 12. COVID Vaccines and other vaccines 13. How to become a vaccinator 14. Appointments NHSGGC COVID Vaccine FAQs for Health and Social Care Staff Version 06 12/01/21 Section 1: Vaccine Details Are they live vaccines? No. Neither the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine nor the AstraZeneca (AZ) vaccine are live vaccines. The AZ vaccine uses an adenovirus, but as it cannot replicate it is not a live vaccine. How is the COVID-19 vaccine given? You will be given an injection in your upper arm. You will need two doses, the second will be offered 12 weeks after the first dose. During your vaccination, strict infection prevention and control measures will be in place. Will a vaccine booster be required? The schedule requires two doses. -
COVID-19 Vaccination Strategy in China: a Case Study
Article COVID-19 Vaccination Strategy in China: A Case Study Marjan Mohamadi 1,†, Yuling Lin 1,*,† ,Mélissa Vuillet Soit Vulliet 1,†, Antoine Flahault 1, Liudmila Rozanova 1 and Guilhem Fabre 2 1 Institute of Global Health, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; [email protected] (M.M.); [email protected] (M.V.S.V.); antoine.fl[email protected] (A.F.); [email protected] (L.R.) 2 Department of Chinese, UFR 2, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, 34199 Montpellier, France; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China was first reported to the World Health Organization on 31 December 2019, after the first cases were officially identified around 8 December 2019. However, the case of an infected patient of 55 years old can probably be traced back on 17 November. The spreading has been rapid and heterogeneous. Economic, political and social impacts have not been long overdue. This paper, based on English, French and Chinese research in national and international databases, aims to study the COVID-19 situation in China through the management of the outbreak and the Chinese response to vaccination strategy. The coronavirus disease pandemic is under control in China through non-pharmaceutical interventions, and the mass vaccination program has been launched to further prevent the disease and progressed steadily with Citation: Mohamadi, M.; Lin, Y.; 483.34 million doses having been administered across the country by 21 May 2021. China is also Vulliet, M.V.S.; Flahault, A.; acting as an important player in the development and production of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. -
Opinions of Parents Concerning Childhood Vaccine Refusal and Factors Affecting Vaccination in Konya
96 ORIGINAL ARTICLE DOI: 10.4274/gulhane.galenos.2020.1312 Gulhane Med J 2021;63:96-103 Opinions of parents concerning childhood vaccine refusal and factors affecting vaccination in Konya Hüseyin İlter1, Lütfi Saltuk Demir2 1Ministry of Health General Directorate of Public Health, Ankara, Turkey 2Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty Meram of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Konya, Turkey Date submitted: ABSTRACT 04.08.2020 Aims: The purpose of this study was to reveal the opinions, knowledge, and attitudes of parents Date accepted: in Konya, who refuse vaccination, concerning vaccine refusal. 05.10.2020 Online publication date: Methods: The study has a cross-sectional design. The research data were collected in 2019 15.06.2021 using a survey form developed by the researchers. The survey form was filled out by the parents of children in the 0-4 age group who had not been vaccinated in Konya and its districts in 2017. We were able to reach 801 out of 923 children who had not been vaccinated and still Corresponding Author: living in Konya. The parents of 590 children (73.7%) who agreed to participate in the study were Hüseyin İlter, M.D., Ministry of Health interviewed. General Directorate of Public Health, Results: The most commonly refused type of vaccination was hepatitis A, whereas the least Ankara, Turkey was hepatitis B. The most common reasons for vaccine refusal were believing that vaccines were not safe (63.9%), not believing that vaccines were useful and necessary (57.6%), and not ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4452-8902 trusting vaccines because they were produced overseas (47.3%). -
Immunisation How Vaccines Work
Immunisation How vaccines work Dr Fiona Ryan Consultant in Public Health Medicine, Department of Public Health April 2015 Presentation Outline • An understanding of the following principles • Overview of immunity • Different types of vaccines and vaccine contents • Vaccine failures • Time intervals between vaccine doses • Vaccine overload • Adverse reactions • Herd immunity Immunity Immunity • – The ability of the human body to protect itself from infectious disease The immune system • Cells with a protective function in the – bone marrow –thymus – lymphatic system of ducts and nodes – spleen – blood Types of immunity Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunological_memory Natural (innate) immunity Non-specific mechanisms – Physical barriers • skin and mucous membranes – Chemical barriers • gastric and digestive enzymes – Cellular and protein secretions • phagocytes, macrophages, complement system ** No “memory” of protection exists afterwards ** Passive immunity – adaptive mechanisms Natural • maternal transfer of antibodies to infant via placenta Artificial • administration of pre- formed substance to provide immediate but short-term protection (anti- toxin, antibodies) Protection is temporary and wanes with time (usually few months) Active immunity – adaptive mechanisms Natural • following contact with organism Artificial • administration of agent to stimulate immune response (immunisation) Acquired through contact with an micro-organism Protection produced by individual’s own immune system Protection often life-long but may need -
Prospecting for an HIV Vaccine D
Brett-Major et al. Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines (2017) 3:6 DOI 10.1186/s40794-017-0050-4 REVIEW Open Access Prospecting for an HIV vaccine D. M. Brett-Major1,2*, T. A. Crowell1,2 and N. L. Michael1 Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) sets several challenges for the development of a preventative HIV vaccine. Predictable, protective natural immunity against HIV does not occur and so unlike most other diseases for which vaccines exist, there are few guideposts from natural infection. Nonetheless, six vaccine efficacy trials have occurred. One in particular, the Thai trial called RV144, showed partial protective efficacy and potential ways ahead to a better vaccine approach. This coupled with other lessons from studies of acute infections as well as an increasingly complex knowledge of HIV-related vaccine immunology bring hope that a vaccine solution might be reached for this pervasive and deadly pandemic. Keywords: Human immunodeficiency virus vaccine protective efficacy immunology review Background Why not already Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease remains A reasonable person new to the global conversation one of the greatest threats to global public health. about HIV might ask, if an HIV vaccine is so critical and According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in the pandemic known for three decades, why do we not 2014 over one million people died from HIV, nearly already have an HIV vaccine? There is no simple answer thirty-seven million people had chronic infection and to this question, though an easy one is that people do two million people newly acquired infections [1]. Of not develop natural, protective immunity to HIV infec- those persons known to be HIV infected, only 35% tion and disease. -
The Model of “Informed Refusal” for Vaccination: How to Fight Against Anti-Vaccinationist Misinformation Without Disregarding the Principle of Self-Determination
Communication The Model of “Informed Refusal” for Vaccination: How to Fight against Anti-Vaccinationist Misinformation without Disregarding the Principle of Self-Determination Stefano D’Errico 1, Emanuela Turillazzi 2, Martina Zanon 1, Rocco Valerio Viola 3, Paola Frati 3,4 and Vittorio Fineschi 3,4,* 1 Department of Surgery, Medicine and Health, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; [email protected] (S.D.); [email protected] (M.Z.) 2 Department of Surgical Pathology, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; [email protected] 3 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (R.V.V.); [email protected] (P.F.) 4 IRCCS (Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Neuromed Mediterranean Neurological Institute, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39 06 49912722 Abstract: Vaccines are arguably a public health success story as well as an incredibly cost-effective medical resource. Despite this, worldwide concerns about their safety are growing, with the risk of Citation: D’Errico, S.; Turillazzi, E.; increased morbidity and mortality in vaccine-preventable diseases because of vaccine refusal. The Zanon, M.; Viola, R.V.; Frati, P.; global political trend in developed countries is to increasingly reduce mandates and the compulsory Fineschi, V. The Model of “Informed nature of vaccination programs. This is due to strong opposition from anti-vaccination movements Refusal” For Vaccination: How to and groups. While these have existed since the beginnings of vaccinology, they have recently gained Fight Against Anti-Vaccinationist a strong foothold through massive exploitation of the media and especially the internet. -
Meningococcal a Conjugate Vaccine Into the Routine Immunization Programme
GUIDE TO INTRODUCING MENINGOCOCCAL A CONJUGATE VACCINE INTO THE ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION PROGRAMME GUIDE TO INTRODUCING MENINGOCOCCAL A CONJUGATE VACCINE INTO THE ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION PROGRAMME This publication was jointly developed by the WHO Regional Office for Africa and WHO headquarters. Guide to introducing meningococcal A conjugate vaccine into the routine immunization programme ISBN 978-92-4-151686-0 © World Health Organization 2019 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc- sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. Guide to introducing meningococcal A conjugate vaccine into the routine immunization programme. -
Expres2ion Biotech Holding Sponsored Research Initiating Coverage 24 June 2021
ExpreS2ion Biotech Holding Sponsored Research Initiating Coverage 24 June 2021 Rising to the COVID-19 challenge ExpreS2ion Biotech is a contract research organization, which has been founded over 10 years ago. The company specializes in the production of complex proteins using its proprietary protein Target price (SEK) 60 expression platform. More recently, the company has been focusing Share price (SEK) 36 on the development of its pipeline, which includes several vaccine and therapeutic candidates. Out of this group, we regard the Forecast changes ABNCoV2 project (COVID-19 vaccine), carrying the highest near- % 2021e 2022e 2023e term potential. Its partner, Bavarian Nordic, plans to start Phase III Revenues NM NM NM trial later this year, pending funding. We expect an upward EBITDA NM NM NM EBIT adj NM NM NM potential rerating of SEK 50 per share, should the vaccine EPS reported NM NM NM successfully go through clinical development and receive regulatory EPS adj NM NM NM approval. We initiate coverage of ExpreS2ion Biotech with a Buy Source: Pareto rating, target price SEK 60 per share. Ticker EXPRS2.ST, EXPRS2 SS Sector Healthcare COVID-19 vaccine project carries the highest near-term potential Shares fully diluted (m) 27.6 Market cap (SEKm) 988 Despite the rapid success of a number of COVID-19 vaccines, there is Net debt (SEKm) -114 a need for improved vaccines that offer strong immunogenicity as Minority interests (SEKm) 0 well as ease of clinical administration, stability and adaptiveness of Enterprise value 21e (SEKm) 938 platform. Given impressive pre-clinical results, as well as solid interim Free float (%) 83 Phase I safety data, we believe ABNCoV2 has a significant opportunity to succeed through the rest of clinical development.