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Home , Monetary policy

Notes on Monetary

Monetary is always conducted by ______, and only affects ____ through ______.

If the Fed wants to fight a by increasing the supply, determine the use of the three tools and explain who the increase would happen.

Increase the Open Operations Discount Rate Money Supply… Action by Fed?

How is the money supply change made?

If the Fed wants to fight by decreasing the money supply, determine the use of the three tools and explain who the money supply decrease would happen.

Decrease the Open Market Operations Discount Rate Reserve Requirement Money Supply… Action by Fed?

How is the money supply change made?

Notes on

Monetary is always conducted by the FED, and only affects AD through SPENDING.

If the Fed wants to fight a recession by increasing the money supply, determine the use of the three tools and explain who the money supply increase would happen.

Increase the Open Market Operations Discount Rate Reserve Requirement Money Supply… Action by Fed? Buy government securities Lower discount rate Lower required (T-bills) reserves percentage How is the money When the Fed buys bonds, When the discount rate When the requirement supply change a deposit demand is is lower, can percentage is lower, made? created. Banks can make borrow funds from the banks have more more loans after they set Fed at lower cost. They to aside the required reserves can make more loans make loans and money and the money supply is and money supply is supply is increased. increased. increased.

If the Fed wants to fight inflation by decreasing the money supply, determine the use of the three tools and explain who the money supply decrease would happen.

Decrease the Open Market Operations Discount Rate Reserve Requirement Money Supply… Action by Fed? Sell government securities Raise discount rate Raise required reserves (T-bills) percentage How is the money When the Fed sells bonds, When the discount rate When the requirement supply change buyers use their funds from is higher, banks can percentage is higher, made? a deposit demand. Banks borrow less at a higher banks have fewer have fewer excess reserves cost. They make fewer excess reserves to to lend money and the loans and money make loans and money money supply is decreased. supply is decreased. supply is decreased.

The “The Fed”

The of the US was created in 1913. Dual Mission o o Board of Governors Chairperson (appointed by the President, approved by the Senate) Currently = Famous prior chairpersons = , ,

The Fed distributes though 12 “Fed” Banks: A= B= C= D= E= F= G= H= I= J= K= L=

The Fed also monitors all FDIC banks of the US and acts as a Deposit Institution for Member Banks.

Job #1: ______

Moving cash in and out of the economy through the New York market The Fed BUYS BONDS so that the public has more cash. BB=BB The Fed SELLS BONDS to remove cash from the economy. SB=SB

Job #2: ______

A higher FFR target slows down inter-bank borrowing and therefore public borrowing. A lower FFR target speeds up inter-bank borrowing and therefore public borrowing.

Job #3: ______

A higher DR means that banks pay more to borrow from the Fed. A lower DR means that banks pay less to borrow from the Fed.

Job #4: ______

A high RR means that banks have to hold more in vaults and therefore limit private loans. A low RR means that banks can hold less in vaults and therefore expand private loans.

The Federal Reserve “The Fed”

The Central Bank of the US was created in 1913. Dual Mission o Keep the economy growing o Keep inflation under control Board of Governors Chairperson (appointed by the President, approved by the Senate) Currently = Famous prior chairpersons = Paul Volcker, Alan Greenspan, Ben Bernanke

The Fed distributes currency though 12 “Fed” Banks: A= Boston B= New York C= Philadelphia D= Cleveland E= Richmond F= Atlanta G= Chicago H= St. Louis I= Minneapolis J= Kansas City K= Dallas L= San Francisco

The Fed also monitors all FDIC banks of the US and acts as a Deposit Institution for Member Banks.

Job #1: Open Market Operations

Moving cash in and out of the economy through the New York The Fed BUYS BONDS so that the public has more cash. BB=BB The Fed SELLS BONDS to remove cash from the economy. SB=SB

Job #2: Rate

A higher FFR target slows down inter-bank borrowing and therefore public borrowing. A lower FFR target speeds up inter-bank borrowing and therefore public borrowing.

Job #3: Discount Rate

A higher DR means that banks pay more to borrow from the Fed. A lower DR means that banks pay less to borrow from the Fed.

Job #4: Reserve Requirements

A high RR means that banks have to hold more in vaults and therefore limit private loans. A low RR means that banks can hold less in vaults and therefore expand private loans.

The Federal Reserve and Rates Interest Rates affect Gross Investment… Gross Investment is a component of AD/GDP… Interest Rates are manipulated through the Money Supply!

Bond Markets (The Open Market Operations conducted by the Open Market Committee) • The Fed can buy and sell bonds from the public or FDIC banks. • If the Fed sells bonds, the nation gets bond certificates; the Fed gets the cash and thus removes it from the money supply available to the people. • If the Fed buys bonds, the nation gets cash and the Fed gets back the bond certificates. More money supply is given to the public and more money can be spent.

“Targeting” the Fed Fund Rate (FFR) • Banks that belong to the FDIC, must balance their accounts each day. Some days they have extra “cash” and can lend it to other banks, other days they need “cash” and must borrow from other banks. Banks charge each other interest for such loans, and the loans last for 24 hours. This is the “Fed Fund” and banks can negotiate the interest rates collected. • During , the Fed wants banks to be able to borrow more easily and they announce lower “targets” for the FFR. Banks comply. • During inflation, the Fed wants banks to be able to borrow less easily and they announce higher “targets” for the FFR. Banks comply. • The Fed cannot set the FFR, only target what range they prefer. From 2009 to early 2015, the FFR target has been 0.0% to 0.25% for FFR loans. This is the lowest it can be.

Setting the Discount Rate (DR) • Banks that belong to the FDIC can get financial help during local and national emergencies where there might be a of money supply. They go to the nearest Fed Bank “” and borrow cash from the Fed itself. • The Fed will charge an for such a loan. High rates discourage borrowing and thus reduce the money supply. Low rates encourage borrowing and thus increase the money supply.

Reserve Requirement (RR) • Banks must hold a percentage of all private deposits in the vaults (the “reserve”). • This cannot be used for loans. • Raising the Reserve Requirement forces banks to reduce loans. • Lowering the Reserve Requirement allows banks to create more loans.

Acting as a Federal deposit institution for member banks (FDIC) • The 12 Fed banks now allow member banks to deposit funds as the Fed bank and collect interest on the “ accounts”. • High interest payments can push banks to keep the money in the Fed bank and not risk it on loans to the public. This would reduce the money supply. • Low interest payments can push banks to use the money through public loans, thus increasing the national money supply. Interest Rate Basics

Fed Funds Rate FDIC member banks loan each other overnight funds in order to balance deposit accounts each day. The interest rate they use to loan each other this money is the Fed Fund Rate. The Federal Reserve "targets" this rate by suggesting its raising or lowering and uses bonds to accomplish the targets. The Federal Reserve measures the rate in "basis points". 100 basis points = 1%.

(LIBOR) The London Interbank Offered Rate is used worldwide to help establish loans between banking institutions. Being used more in newer texts and functions like an international FFR.

Discount Rate FDIC member banks, and other eligible institutions, may borrow short term loans directly from the Federal Reserve. This is the "discount window", and is set above the Fed Fund Rate. Banks do not like to use the window, since it appears to be a move of "last resort" to have to turn to the federal government for loan funds. The FOMC sets the Discount Rate.

Prime Rate This is the interest rate banks charge their most " worthy" borrowers. Historically, the prime rate, in the US, has been set about 3% above the Fed Fund Rate.

Private Rates These loan rates are set by , the abilities of companies to loan out private monies, and subsidized federal monies. Examples would include car companies "selling" "zero interest" loans, special student rate loans, etc. When companies use these tactics, they hope to regain with time limits to the special rates, less bargaining on the overall product , heavy late payment fees, etc. Any rate below the Fed Fund Rate probably has some kind of financial trick attached to the contract.