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A Revision of the Lower Gondwana Sphenopteris from India

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A Revision of the Lower Gondwana Sphenopteris from India A REVISION OF THE LOWER GONDWANA SPHENOPTERIS FROM INDIA P. Ie MAITI1Y Dirbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lllcknow ABSTRACT Calcutta, and the specimens described by OCCurrence of Sphenopteris Brongn. is long Srivastava (1954), Maheshwari & Gyan known from the Lower Gondwana Formations of Prakash (1965), Kar (1968), Maithy India. Detailed morphological studies of these (1969) and Kulkarni (1970) preserved at fronds have revealed that they differ distinctly the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotanv, from Sphenopteris and represent a new morpho• Lucknow. In addition to this 300 haIid logical type. Hence, a new genus Neomariopteris has been instituted to accommodate these fronds. specimens collected from the Lower Gond• The previous records, Neomariopleris (Sphenop• wana Formations of Raniganj Coalfield, teris) polymorpha (Feistm.) n. comb., N. (5.) hughesi Jharia Coalfield, South Karanpura Coal• (Zeil!.) n. comb. and N. (5.) lobi/olia are redefined and a new species Neomariopteris talchirensis is field, Auranga Coalfield, Daltonganj Coal• instituted. field, Ib-river Coalfield and Tattitola be s (Rajmahal Hills) have been examined. The INTRODUCTION specimens are commonly preserved in form of impressions, however, in many cases a carboniferous crust is preserved. A cellodion wan asfrondsof Indiafromshowingthe Lowerdeep cutGond•or pulls of plant substances often appears FERNlobed habit of the pinna have been brown and translucent under transmitted described under Sphenopteris Brongniart. light. Examination of pull under the micro• Three species of Sphenopteris, viz. S. poly• scope reveals various structural details. morpha Feistmantel (1876, 1881), S. hughcsi Maceration of leaf substances by usual (Feistm.) Zeiller (1902) and S. lobi/alia Schulze's method results complete dissolu• Morris (1845), are known from India. The tion of plant substance, however, in cases first nalfled two species are known from the one gets trace of cuticles. Barakar to the Raniganj Formations, where• as the third species is known only from the Raniganj Formation. DESCRIPTION In some recent collections well-preserved Neomariopteris gen. novo remains of Sphenopteris have been collected from a number of Lower Gondwana Coal• Generic Diagnosis -- Imparipinnate fronds, fields of India. The geological horizons of deeply divided, tripinnate or quadripinnate; these beds range from Barakar to Raniganj rachis winged, pinnules small to medium Formations. A critical study of these fronds size, shape variable, decurrent, attached to suggests that the forms up till now described rachis by broad base, apex variable (acute, under Sphenopteris are morphologically dis• obtuse or broadly rounded), pinnule margin tinct from typical forms of Sphenopteris entire, dentate, crenulate or undulated Brngn. and r~present entirely a new morpho• (lobed); median vein of each pinnule usually logical type. The same is discussed bere gives off simple or bifurcating nervules to• with a revision of previous records from the wards margin of pinnules (sphenopteroid Lower Gondwanas of India and other venation). countries. Genotype - N eomariopteris polymorpha (Feistm.) n. comb. MATERIAL AND METHODS • Generic Description - The shape of the complete frond is a isobilateral triangle, The observations presented in this paper because the petiole is continued as a central are based upon the examination of specimens shaft to the apex and bore its subdivisions earlier described by Feistmantel (1876, 1881, in pinnate manner (Text fig. IB). Near the 1882) and Zeiller (1902) preserved at the apical region the division of pinnule is not Museum of the Geological Survey of India, complete and one can count the number of 70 MAITBY·- REVISION OF THE LOWER GONDWANA SPHENOPTERIS FROM: INDIA 71 pinnules only by the emergence of mid• and then pass either singly or in groups veins laterally from the pinnae rachis. The to the tips or the 10bes of the pinnules." decurrent nature of the pinnules is well marked in all the species. The shape of The type species of Sphenopteris, viz. S. the pinnules and its apex is distinguishable adiantoides Schloth. (=S. elegal1s Brongniart, feature for the different species. Each in Sternberg, 1825) is a typical sphenop• pinnule has one distinct midvein. The teroid frond showing pinnules deeply lobed midvein arises at ± 450, from the point, with cueneate base. Pinnules are laterally where the lower margin of the pinnules joins free, i.e. non-decurrent, though the forms the pinnae rachis. The midvein gives lateral from the Lower Gondwana of India are nervules. The nervules passes to the margin referred to Sphenopteris because of its vena• either simple or bifurcating. Course of tion characters. However, the Lower nervules may be straight or flexuosus. Gondwana forms differ from Sphenopteris Comparison--Brongniart (1828) instituted because the pinnules are attached to the Sphenopteris to accommodate fern fronds pinnae rachis by their broad bases and are with the following characters: decurrent in nature. This feature has also " The pinnules contracted at base and been marked by previous workers. Even often attached by short stalks, usually Zeiller (1902, p. 7) while describing Sphenop• small, oval or oblong in outline and lobed teris hughesi has opined "Ces pinnules, or toothed or sometimes cut into narrow quelque peu arquees en faux, prennent acute or obtuse lobes. Midvein is straight alors une grande ressemblance de forme or flexuosus. The lateral veins depart at avec celles de certains Odontopteris du acute angle and dichotomise a few times terrain houiller, de l'Odontopteris minor B A TEXT-FIG. 1 -A'-Branching pattern in Mariopteris Kidston. B. Br"llching pattern in Neornariop• leris gen. novo 72 THE PALAEOBOTANIST Brongniart, notamment, bien que la nerva• tion, totalement differente, ne permette pas de les confondre". Dueto these morphological peculiarities the Indian forms warrant their separation from Sphenopteris. In its decurrent nature of pinnules the Lower Gondwana forms are comparable to Alethopteris Sternberg, Alloiopteris H. Potonie, and M ariopteris Zeiller. Alethop• teris Sternberg' differs from the Gondwana form in possessing a distinct midvein in the pinnules arising at right angle from pinnae rachis and the lateral nervules are also emerging oppositely from midvein at + 90°. These nervules are either simple Or- branched into two. Alloiopteris is charac• terized by very small pinnules alternately arranged, decurrent and more or less united laterally, The veins entering the pinnule branches two or three times and the veinlets TEXT-FIG. 2 - AA complete pinnae of Mariop• teris showing dimorphic nature of pinnules. pass at a steep angle to the apex where they B.A complete pinnae of Neomarioptcris. terminate usually in three more or less prominent teeth., Beside this the fertile kaf ot Alloiopterzs (Corynopterts) is known. The Lower Gondwana forms show a close appearance to frond or narrow winged agreement both in t~e attachment. of t~e giving frail appearance to frond. pinl1ules and vcnatlOns to Marwpterts. 2. Outline of the pinnae: Ovate or lanceo• late or linear or obovate. !Iowever, M ariopter.is has dimorphic pinnul~s, l.e. basal, most pmnule on the postenor 3. Angle of attachment of pinnae to the side of pinnae is distinctly larger than the rachis: Pinnae may be attached at right other pinnules and is prominently bilobed. angles to the rachis or at an angle of 45° or This pinnule also receives two distinct mid• less than 45°. veins. Beside this the branching pattern in 4. Shape of the pinnules: Oblong, lanceo• both the fronds is different. In Mariopteris late, spathulate, ovate or obovate, etc. fronds, the petiole are forked near the top 5. Apex of the pinnules: It may be either into equal branches, which has a second acute, obtuse or broadlv rounded. dichotomy producing four branches int 0 6. Margin of the pirmules: It may be two pairs (Text-fig. 1A)whereas in the present entire, serrate, crenulate or undulated. specimens the petiole is continued as a central 7. Attachment of pinnules to pinnae shaft to the apex and bore its subdivisions rachis: Pinnules are either attached at right in pinnate manner (Text-fig. 1B). angles to pinnae rachis or obliquely to rachis. 8. Shape of terminal pinnule: The termi• MORPHOLOGtCAL CHARACTERS nal pinnule may be either broadly triangular FOR SPECIFIC DELIMITATION in shape or lanceolate shape or linear shape. 9. Course of midvein and lateral veins: The fronds of Neomariopteris show super• Veins may be either straight or flexuosus. ficial resemblances to one another. But a 10. Number of nervules in one pinnule. close and careful study of the morphological details of the fronds recorded in our collec• Neomariopteris polymorpha (Feistm.) tion shows that certain characters are n. comb. variable from one species to another species and they can be well utilized for the identi• PI. 1, Figs. 1-4; Text-fig. 3A fication of species. The following characters are recognized important for specific delimita• Synonymy tion: 1876 - Sphenopteris polymorpha Feistmantel, 1. Nature of rachis: The main rachis may p. 365, pI. XVI, figs. 5-7, pI. XVII, be either broadly winged giving a robust figs. 1-3. MAITHY - REVISION OF niE LOWER GONDWANA SPHENOPTERis FROM INDIA ,~ 1881- Sphenopteris polymorpha Feistmantel, to pinnae rachis more or less at right p. 76-77, pIs. XVA, XVIA, XVIIIA, angle. The terminal pinnule (PI. 1, Fig. 3) fig. 3. is asymmetrical, broadly triangular in shape, 1905 - Sphenopteris polymorpha Arber, bigger than the adjoining
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