Constructing the Natural History of Aleppo1
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Ralph Fitch, England's Pioneer to India and Burma
tn^ W> a-. RALPH FITCH QUEEN ELIZABETH AND HER COUNSELLORS RALPH FITCH flMoneet; to Snfcta anD 3Burma HIS COMPANIONS AND CONTEMPORARIES WITH HIS REMARKABLE NARRATIVE TOLD IN HIS OWN WORDS + -i- BY J. HORTON RYLEY Member of the Hnkhiyt Society LONDON T. FISHER UNWIN PATERNOSTER SQUARE 1899 reserved.'} PREFACE much has been written of recent years of the SOhistory of what is generally known as the East India Company, and so much interesting matter has of late been brought to light from its earliest records, that it seems strange that the first successful English expedition to discover the Indian trade should have been, comparatively speaking, overlooked. Before the first East India Company was formed the Levant Com- pany lived and flourished, largely through the efforts of two London citizens. Sir Edward Osborne, sometime Lord Mayor, and Master Richard Staper, merchant. To these men and their colleagues we owe the incep- tion of our great Eastern enterprise. To the fact that among them there were those who were daring enough, and intelligent enough, to carry their extra- ordinary programme into effect we owe our appear- ance as competitors in the Indian seas almost simultaneously with the Dutch. The beginning of our trade with the East Indies is generally dated from the first voyage of James Lancaster, who sailed from Plymouth in 1591. But, great as his achievement was, , **** 513241 vi PREFACE and immediately pregnant with consequences of a permanent character, he was not the first Englishman to reach India, nor even the first to return with a valuable store of commercial information. -
Annex 1 Iraq – 1583 to 1960
ANNEX 1 IRAQ – 1583 TO 1960 This text, on early British involvement in Iraq, was prepared by Professor Sir Martin Gilbert before he was taken seriously ill in 2012. Sir Martin died on 3 February 2015. The text that follows is a tribute to Sir Martin’s valuable contribution to the work of the Inquiry. The Ottoman years 1. The sources for this survey of British involvement with Iraq from 1583 to 1960 are principally the Admiralty, Cabinet Office, Colonial Office, Foreign Office, India Office, Treasury, War Office, Ministry of Defence and Air Ministry archives at the National Archives. Other sources include the private papers of H.H. Asquith, Winston Churchill and David Lloyd George. Published sources include Special Report: Progress of Iraq, During the period 1920-1931. Colonial Office Paper 58 (His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1931); A.J. Barker, The Neglected War: Mesopotamia, 1914-1918 (Faber and Faber, 1967); Lieutenant-General Sir Aylmer Haldane, The Insurrection in Mesopotamia, 1920 (William Blackwood, 1922); Philip Willard Ireland, Iraq: A Study in Political Development (Jonathan Cape, 1937); and Stephen Hemsley Longrigg, Iraq, 1900 to 1950 (Oxford University Press, 1953); Robert Lyman, Iraq 1941: The Battles for Basra, Habbaniya, Fallujah and Baghdad (Osprey Publishing, 2006); Brigadier-General F.J. Moberly, The Campaign in Mesopotamia, 1914-1918 (4 volumes, Historical Section, Committee of Imperial Defence, 1925); Daniel Silberfarb, The Twilight of British Ascendancy in the Middle East: A Case Study of Iraq, 1941-1950 (St Martin’s Press, 1994); and Peter Sluglett, Britain in Iraq: Contriving King and Country (I.B. Tauris, 2007). -
List of British Consular Officials Turkey
List of British Consular Officials in the Ottoman Empire and its former territories, from the sixteenth century to about 1860 July 2011 Introduction The following list has grown from a set of rough notes compiled by David Wilson while he was helping to catalogue the papers of Sir John Elijah Blunt at the University of Birmingham. The original aim was simply to identify people mentioned in those papers, but it soon became obvious that they were connected by a complicated network of family relationships extending over several generations. A more detailed account of those most closely connected with the Blunt family is being prepared separately, but it is hoped this draft list may be useful for people researching other families or particular consulates, since there does not appear to be a single reliable source of information with such a wide coverage. In preparing this list, it was found that many of the sources are unreliable, incomplete or contradictory; this led to the adoption of a format which tries to show clearly where each piece of information came from. This does produce a rather cluttered effect, with a lot of brackets, but it makes it simple to remove redundant material or insert new as the project develops. Quite a lot of material from earlier drafts has already been removed as the picture became clearer. The aim has been to include all appointments from the foundation of the Levant Company in 1581 up to 1 Jan 1860, although some later appointments are also listed. The end point was chosen as being a time after the Crimean War when the Levant Consular Service had more or less settled down after the various upheavals that followed the transfer from the Levant Company to the Foreign Office. -
Napoleon and the Cult of Great Men Dissertation
Meteors That Enlighten the Earth: Napoleon and the Cult of Great Men Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Matthew Donald Zarzeczny, M.A. Graduate Program in History 2009 Dissertation Committee: Dale K. Van Kley, Advisor Alice Conklin Nathan Rosenstein Copyright by Matthew Donald Zarzeczny 2009 Abstract Napoleon promoted and honored great men throughout his reign. In addition to comparing himself to various great men, he famously established a Legion of Honor on 19 May 1802 to honor both civilians and soldiers, including non-ethnically French men. Napoleon not only created an Irish Legion in 1803 and later awarded William Lawless and John Tennent the Legion of Honour, he also gave them an Eagle with the inscription “L’Indépendence d’Irlande.” Napoleon awarded twenty-six of his generals the marshal’s baton from 1804 through 1815 and in 1806, he further memorialized his soldiers by deciding to erect a Temple to the Glory of the Great Army modeled on Ancient designs. From 1806 through 1815, Napoleon had more men interred in the Panthéon in Paris than any other French leader before or after him. In works of art depicting himself, Napoleon had his artists allude to Caesar, Charlemagne, and even Moses. Although the Romans had their legions, Pantheon, and temples in Ancient times and the French monarchy had their marshals since at least 1190, Napoleon blended both Roman and French traditions to compare himself to great men who lived in ancient and medieval times and to recognize the achievements of those who lived alongside him in the nineteenth century. -
112 John Eldred of Great Saxham. the Old-Fashioned Early Caroline
112 SUFFOLK INSTITUTE OF ARCHEOLOGY John Eldred of Great Saxham. The old-fashioned early Caroline monument tO John Eldred in Great Saxham church is quite well known (though a popular East Anglian writer sends his readers to see it at Little Saxham—a most interesting church, but not the same 1). A brass inscription says that this rich Elizabethan city merchant had seen Egypt, Arabia, Syria and Babylon, and it ends with the charming, rueful recognition that : Might all my travels me excuse For being dead and lying here. I had my fate or quite outgone Or purchased death's compassion. But riches can no ransome buy Nor travels pass the destiny. The painted bust of him looks out from a circular niche, and agrees with the evidence of the brass effigy in the black marble altar-tomb (now let into the pavement below), that his head was pleasant and capacious, that his dark hair was trimmed short and kept beneath a skull-cap, and that the length of his kindly countenance was emphasised by a beard. (Plate XXII). In the sides and the corners of the marble table, there are brasses with the arms of Eldred and of Rivet (like Sir John Hayward, the contemporary historian, he was connected by marriage to this local family—the Rishangles branch), also the arms of the City of London, and of the Clothworkers, the East India, the Levant, and the Russia Companies. He did extremely well in business, and in 1597 bought the manor and advowson of Great Saxham for 3,000,2 where he built a typical five-gabled mansion of the period. -
Prologue and Argument 1 Thomas Dallam (C.1575–C.1630)
Notes Prologue and Argument 1. Murad III, 1574–95. 2. Mehmed III, 1595–1603. 3. Ahmed I, 1603–17. 4. Koran 51: 28. 5. The biblical Abraham, who destroyed his father’s idols. 6. The Palace gardeners, who were also responsible for policing. 7. Koran 20: 97. 8. Kinzer, Crescent and Star: Turkey between Two Worlds, p. 3. 9. For an excellent and balanced study of the historical and regional complexities, see Goddard, History of Christian–Muslim Relations (2000), and the pioneering essays in Blanks, ed., Images of the Other (1997). 1 Thomas Dallam (c.1575–c.1630) 1. CSPD, 1598–1601, 31 January 1599, p. 156. 2. ‘The family is named after the hamlet of Dallam in Lancashire, now part of Warrington. Thomas was born at nearby Flixton in 1575. There is evidence to show that the Dallams (and later their in-laws, the Harrises) were recusant Catholics, and several suggestions that the family was of noble lineage,’ writes Bicknell, History of the English Organ, p. 72. But see Bak, ‘Who Built the Organ for the Sultan?’ for speculation that Thomas himself did not build the organ. See also Edmonds, ‘The Dallam Family’; Sumner, ‘The Origins of the Dallams’; and Cocheril, ‘The Dallams in Brittany’. 3. See Skilliter, ‘Three Letters’. 4. Chew, The Crescent and the Rose, p. 172. 5. See Prologue to this book, and Necipoglu, Architecture, Ceremonial, and Power, p. 155, citing from the two-volume manuscript copy of the Zubdetu’t-tevarih in the Topkapi Palace Library (Revan 1304) ff. 39r–39v. 6. See Bent, ed., Early Voyages and Travels.