Michael As a Modern Tragic Hero of Wordsworth’S “Michael”: an Application of the Theory of Modern Tragedy

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MICHAEL AS A MODERN TRAGIC HERO OF WORDSWORTH’S “MICHAEL”: AN APPLICATION OF THE THEORY OF MODERN TRAGEDY

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

COSMAS ANDY IRIANTO BROTO

Student Number: 034214049

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2008

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MICHAEL AS A MODERN TRAGIC HERO OF WORDSWORTH’S “MICHAEL”: AN APPLICATION OF THE THEORY OF MODERN TRAGEDY

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

COSMAS ANDY IRIANTO BROTO

Student Number: 034214049

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2008

i PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

EX ME IPSA RENATA SUM

(From Myself I Reborn)

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This undergraduate thesis is dedicated to

The One and Only Lord in the Kingdom of Heaven

My beloved late father

My beloved mother

My dearest little brother and sister

My dearest late little sister

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Praise to God, finally I finished my thesis. I would like to thank Jesus

Christ for blessing me all my life and for guiding me in writing my undergraduate thesis.

I would like to thank Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka M. Hum, my advisor, especially for his guidance, big patience, suggestions and flexible time during the writing of my thesis. I also thank M. Luluk Artika W., S.S., my co-advisor, for reading my undergraduate thesis and giving me suggestions in order to make it better and Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd., M.Hum as my great examiner. And I also thank all my lecturers for their guidance and their time to share their knowledge during the years of my study, and all staffs of English Letters Department, Sanata

Dharma University library for all the help.

My deepest gratitude also goes to my beloved family for supporting me in everything. I also would like to express my thanks to all of 2003 friends for accompanying and supporting me during my study. It is nice to be your friend. I dedicate special thanks to Michaella, Lintang, Mariae Bee, Lala, Nita, Tio, and

“Adhi Djajan” for their special support. Last but not least, my thank goes to friends in WEDHUZ GOMBLOH Boarding House for giving me happiness and helping me in the writing process of my undergraduate thesis.

Cosmas Andy Irianto Broto

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………… i APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………………………….... ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE …………………………………………………... iii MOTTO PAGE……………………………………………………………… iv DEDICATION PAGE...... v ACKNOWLEGEMENTS …………………………………………………. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………. vii ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………….. ix ABSTRAK ………………………………………………………………… x

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………… 1 A. Background of the Study …………………………..……………… 1 B. Problem Formulation ……………………………………………… 4 C. Objectives of the Study ……………………………………………. 4 D. Definition of Terms…………………………………………………5

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW………………………………… 7 A. Review of Related Studies………………………………………… 7 B. Review on Related Theories………………………………………. 9 1. Theory of Character and Characterization……………………. 9 2. Theories of Modern Tragedy………………………………...... 12 3. Theories of Modern Tragic Hero………………………...……. 14 C. Theoretical Framework……………………………………………. 16

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ………………………………………... 17 A. Object of the Study………………………………………………… 17 B. Approach of the Study……………………………………………... 18 C. Method of the Study……………………………………………….. 19

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ………..………………………………………... 21 A. The Description of the Main Character of the Poem “Michael”……21 B. The Contribution of the Other Characters in Developing the Main Character’s Tragedy ……………………………………………….. 25 1. Isabel…………………………………………………………… 25 2. Luke……………………………………………………………. 27 3. Richard Bateman………………………………………………. 29 C. Michael as the Modern Tragic Hero……………………………….. 30 1. A Common Man ………………………………………………..30 2. Ready to Lay Down his Life to Secure his Sense of Personal Dignity ………………………………………………………….32 3. Accepting the Consequence of his Total Compulsion to Evaluate Himself Justly…………………………………………36 4. Having Fear for Being Displaced ………………………………39 5. Acting against the Scheme of Things Degrading him.………….40

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6. Having a Tragic Flaw………………………………………... 45

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION……………………………………………. 50 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………….. 53 APPENDICES………………………………………………………………. 55 A. Explication of “Michael”...…………………………………..... 55 B. The Poem of “Michael”……………………………………….. 58

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ABSTRACT

COSMAS ANDY IRIANTO BROTO. Michael as the Tragic Hero of Wordsworth’s “Michael”: An Application of the Theory of Modern Tragedy. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2008.

The kind of tragic hero always follows the tragedy which is experienced by the hero. Tragic hero appears in Greek tragedy, Shakespearean tragedy, or Modern tragedy. Tragedy is affected by the background of social status, environment, economy, even the era. Related to the statement above, this analysis will focus on a character inside the poem who becomes modern tragic hero. This character experiences tragedy which is included as modern tragedy and is influenced by the near environment, family members, economical background, and also the unrealized one by one mistake all the time. The objectives of this study are to answer three main problems. First, this study tries to describe and analyze the main character, the main character of the poem. Second, this study tries to find and describe the influence from the other characters in developing Michael’s tragedy. This is also done to differentiate who the real tragic hero is. Third, this study tries to find how Michael fits the modern tragic hero. This study applies the structuralism approach because it analyzes Michael’s tragedy aspects from inside or outside the poem to reveal the tragic hero of the story of the poem. This approach is used to analyze form, structure, content, element, and the outside things of the literary work. This study applies library research as the method of the study in order to collect information and analyze the problem. The result of the analysis shows that Michael is only an old shepherd with many amazing skills. Isabel, Luke, and Richard Bateman become the ‘agent’ to fulfill Michael’s hope and the ‘agent’ of Michael’s tragedy. Michael fits the modern tragic hero categories based on the theory of Arthur Miller. First, he is only an ordinary shepherd and does not have any nobleman blood relation. Second, he is ready to lay down his life to secure his sense of personal dignity. Third, he has the consequence of his total compulsion to evaluate himself justly. Fourth, he has the fear of being displaced. Fifth, he acts against the scheme of things degrading him. Finally, he has a tragic flaw because of his unrealized mistake.

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ABSTRAK

COSMAS ANDY IRIANTO BROTO. Michael as the Tragic Hero of Wordsworth’s “Michael”: An Application of the Theory of Modern Tragedy. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2008.

Jenis pahlawan tragis selalu mengikuti tragedi yang dialami pahlawannya. Tragedi dapat dipengaruhi dari latar belakang status sosial, lingkungan, ekonomi, ataupun zamannya. Pahlawan tragis muncul baik itu dalam tragedi Yunani, tragedi Shakespear, ataupun pada tragedi moderen. Berkaitan dengan pernyataan di atas, analisa ini akan dititik beratkan pada seorang tokoh cerita dalam sebuah puisi yang menjadi seorang pahlawan tragis moderen. Tokoh ini mengalami tragedi yang dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan sekitarnya, anggota keluarga, latar belakang ekonomi, dan juga kesalahan-kesalahan yang tidak disadarinya dibuat satu demi satu seiring dengan berjalannya waktu. Tujuan-tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk menjawab tiga permasalahan utama. Pertama, studi ini mencoba untuk menggambarkan dan menganalisa Michael, tokoh utama dalam puisi. Kedua, studi ini mencoba menggambarkan dan menemukan pengaruh dari karakter-karakter lain dalam membentuk tragedi Michael. Hal ini juga dilakukan untuk membedakan siapa yang sebenarnya menjadi pahlawan tragis. Ketiga, studi ini mencoba untuk menemukan bagaimana Michael memenuhi kriteria sebagai pahlawan tagis pada tagedi moderen. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan strukturalisme karena menganalisa segala aspek tragedi yang dialami Michael dari berbagai segi baik dari dalam maupun di luar puisi untuk mengungkap pahlawan tragis dari cerita dalam puisi. Pendekatan ini digunakan untuk menganalisa bentuk, struktur, isi cerita, elemen, dan hal-hal di luar karya sastra ini. Studi ini juga menggunakan penelitian perpustakaan dalam mengumpulkan informasi dan menganalisa permasalahan yang ada. Hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa Michael hanyalah seorang gembala tua dengan kemampuan yang mengagumkan. Isabel, Luke, dan Richard Bateman menjadi ‘agen’ untuk memenuhi harapan Michael dan menjadi ‘agen’ dari tragedy Michael. Michael memenuhi kriteria sebagai pahlawan tragis pada tragedi moderen menurut teori Arthur Miller. Pertama, Michael hanyalah seorang penggembala biasa tanpa ada keturunan bangsawan. Kedua, dia siap untuk mengorbankan hidupnya untuk mengembalikan kehormatannya. Ketiga, dia mendapat akibat dari semua perbuatannya yang bisa dijadikan refleksi. Keempat, dia mempunyai ketakutan bila disingkirkan. Kelima, dia berusaha menetang semua masalah yang dihadapinya. Terakhir, dia mempunyai urutan dan kisah yang tragis yang disebabkan oleh kesalahan-kesalahan yang tidak disadarinya.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

William Wordsworth is the greatest poet of the nineteenth century. He has left sufficient pure poetry, hearth-searching and beautiful. He is one of the great poets of humanity. His poems are most human and at the same time most himself as poet. The main theme of his poem of incidents in human life is love, the workings of love, its poetry to inflict the deepest wounds and to heal the most irreparable. Love is not as passion in the narrow sense of the word but passionate affection, as seen in “Michael”.

His own experience of life was by far the most important source of his ideas.

“Michael” is one of Wordsworth’s great narrative poems in the last poem to enter the

Lyrical Ballads. In “Michael”, he leaves the autobiographical framework almost completely behind and concerns himself. It is because the story belongs to his boyhood memory. “Michael” may have been conceived that Wordsworth thinking back his youth and composing draft for the poem of his life. “Michael” has a special importance in his life, for it marks the stage when he was led on from the pure passion for nature to feel for passion that was not his own (Mukherjef and Rajender,

2000: 188-186).

He is concerned with the influence of natural object in the aspect in which led him to feel for the affection. Wordsworth called “Michael” as a pastoral poem. It is a poem about shepherd. Wordsworth’s shepherd lives where sheep to have to be

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worked for. “Michael” is simple tale of human suffering of tragedy. The story of

“Michael” touches on a kind of loss and suffering. The universal aspect of the loss suffered by Michael as the main character in the poem is a hope that has attached itself to a person and seems to die with the person. He treats humanity and nature in the same way. In here, he shows man as a part of nature.

The title Michael as the Tragic Hero of Wordsworth’s “Michael”: An

Application of the Theory of Modern Tragedy is chosen to be the topic of this study in order to analyze the main character as the tragic hero of modern tragedy. The tragedy in the poem is built by the tragedy of Michael supported by other characters. The characterization in Michael successfully makes the poem a work of art, which gives dramatic life to the structure of the poem. Wordsworth establish between himself and his main character. The character and circumstances of Luke were taken from a family to who he had belonged, many years before, the house where he lived in at

Town-end, along with some fields and woodlands of the eastern Shore of Grasmere

(Mukherjef and Rajender, 2000: 188-186).

He has the essential quality to communicate the main character’s tragedy through the events of each other character in developing Michael’s tragedy. As the main character in the poem, Michael is the central figure of heroic proportions. The heroic characteristic that he has brought him as a good father, husband, and the leader of the family; but his figure becomes a tragic hero when at last the land is lost, his son does evil act, his wife dies and he dies also. Everything is because of his unrealized mistakes and his great love to his son. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Knowing the importance of Michael in the poem, I choose to focus the study on Michael that later ended in tragedy. Michael’s tragedy is a simple tale of human suffering. The poet has attempted to give a picture of a man, a strong of mind and lively sensibility, agitated by two of the most powerful affections of human hearth, the parental affection and the love of the landed property.

His life becomes miserable when his son goes to the town to work with his rich relatives there. Firstly, His reception of the news of his son’s disgrace and light does not break him physically. Then it becomes ironic. The strength that had once been his mainstay to exist, now becomes a burden to him. The potency of his parental love was earlier suggested by its power to ‘enforce’ his ‘patient mind’ to ‘acts of tenderness’; now the potency of his grief is implied by its capacity to render his physical strength meaningless. The unfinished sheepfold in desolation becomes a symbol of the ruin of a heroic life and the loss of his hopes. Thus the simple story of silent suffering and heroic fortitude deepens into truly tragic.

The life story of Michael with Michael as the ‘hero’ leads us to the Modern

Tragedy in which the hero or heroine end tragically. Modern Tragedy is chosen to be the basic concept in doing the analysis because the life of Michael is as an ordinary people in modern life. Modern Tragedy focuses on the tragedy of a common man not a noble man like in Greek Tragedy (Walley, 1950: 50-59).

The hero in Shakespearean Tragedy faces his tragic ending mainly caused by his own action. While in Greek Tragedy, the hero is fated to have a tragic ending. In

Modern Tragedy, the hero is the individual attempting to gain his ‘rightful’ position PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

in the society. The hero causes the tragedy to him or to another and it is because of a mistake that sometimes is not realized (Walley, 1950: 54-59).

Further, by doing this analysis, we can prove that the theories on play also can be used in analyzing poem. The theories that are used in this study are taken from the theories on play. The writer adores William Wordsworth so much, especially the poem “Michael”. It is because the story of Michael almost the same as the writer life story. This study is also to appreciate William Wordsworth as a great poet in literary world.

B. Problem Formulation

From the background of the study stated previously, three problems can be formulated as follows:

1. How is the main character described in the poem?

2. What are the contributions of each character in leading the main

character’s tragedy?

3. How does Michael fit the modern tragic hero?

C. Objectives of the Study

Some matters are stated to understand this study. The first is to find and analyze the main character described through the lines in the poem. The second is to find the influences of the other characters in developing Michael’s tragedy. The third is to find how Michael fits the modern tragedy tragic hero revealed from his tragedy. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

D. Definition on Terms

1. Modern Tragedy

According to Aristotle, tragedy is the imitation of an action that is serious

and also, as having magnitude, complete in itself, in the medium of poetic

language, in the manner of dramatic plot, incorporating incidents to arouse

pity and fear wherewith to accomplish the catharsis of such emotion.

Modern tragedy for the lay portrays the life of the person in the modern

time where there is not influenced by the myth of god/goddess or the

social structure (noble man). The basic difference between Modern

Tragedy and Greek Tragedy is that Modern Tragedy tells about the life of

common people unlike Greek tragedy tells about the life of noble people .

Shakespearean Tragedy defines it as a story of exceptional calamity ( great

misfortune and misery) leading to the death of a man in high estate or the

story of human actions producing exceptional calamity and ending in the

death of such a man (Walley, 1950: 54-59).

2. Tragic Hero

In Greek Tragedy, Aristotle defines the main character of a tragedy is the

protagonist or the tragic hero, who through some flaws in his character

brings death or destruction upon himself or upon someone else that he or PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

she loves. The hero is fated to have a tragic ending where god contributes to the downfall of the hero (Walley, 1950: 54-59).

A.C Bradley defines the word tragic hero in the sense of Shakespearean

Tragedy as a person of high estate or having greatness more than common people who experiences suffer conducting to his death by his own action

(Walley, 1950: 54-59).

In modern tragedy, the tragic hero is viewed in his social and moral relationship. Tragic hero on Modern Tragedy tells about the heroic life of a common people. The tragic hero is an ordinary people not a noble man or people in the high estate (Walley, 1950: 54-59).

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. Review of Related Studies

There are many opinions of critics to Wordsworth’s “Michael”. Graham

Hough gave opinion about the theme of “Michael” which is love of father for his son.

It is told in blank verse (unrhymed iambic pentameter) of a rather stiff simplicity and much of it is straight narrative so unelaborated that it treads on the verge of the prosaic. He said that the effect of “Michael” is not immediate. It is more prolonged acquaintance with the poem reveals it as the most characteristic Wordsworthian achievement. A poem where a long familiar emotion, that has been absorbed into the personality and is no longer clamorous or importunate, is evenly diffused throughout

(Mukherjef and Rajender, 2000: 191).

R.O.C Winkler had opinion on the plot of “Michael”, especially the influence of nature. He stated that in “Michael”, nature is something outside the human situation. According to him, Michael as the main character in the poem is part of the natural world himself, and the strength of his body and mind, the birth, growth, and bereavement of his love for Luke, are all enforced in terms of his work among the things of nature. The old man’s feelings with the natural world around him, there is no scope for turning to nature for consolation. The natural word simply endures and the only support that Michael has for his suffering is endurance (Mukherjef and

Rajender, 2000: 192).

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Geoffrey H. Hartman said that the story of “Michael” touches on a kind of loss and suffering which occurs in some form to everyone. The changes wrought by the industrial revolution are only the occasional cause for the disaster. The universal aspect of the loss suffered by Michael is of a hope which has attached itself to a person and seems to die with the person. He also had opinion with the nature in

“Michael”. He said that the nature was essential to human actions and meditations.

His picture of the old man is not simply of suffering or muted despair, but of natural resilience and the habit of fortitude. He clearly shows the symbol or the evidence of

Michael’s tragedy through his opinion:

“Though we are told about the seven years in connection with Michael’s unfinished labors at the sheepfold, there are remains his persistence which suggest an immemorial covenant between man and the land. Michael does not hasten the end and abides his times without abandoning the land even in imagination. Michael dies as he has lined: In the eye of nature. Yet Michael is not an obsolete possibility of the human spirit: the covenant that holds the mind of man to the earth springs only such as him” (Mukherjef and Rajender, 2000: 192-193).

This study is further analyzing the tragedy of Michael where Michael as the tragic hero of modern tragedy. The analysis is going deep into the central character of the poem. The analysis is also using the theme, “father’s love to his son”, to find the elements of Michael’s tragedy. Different with R.O.C Winkler, the writer further analyzes the nature as the ‘unrealized mistakes’ of Michael in supporting his tragedy.

The analysis further develops the opinion of Geoffrey H. Hartman, especially in analyzing Michael as the tragic hero. Besides that, the relation of nature and the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

industrial revolution as the significant aspect in Michael’s tragedy are deeply analyzed.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theories of Character and Characterization

“Michael” is a kind of blank verse poetry which is the standard medium of

English Drama and also a kind of narrative poetry. Narrative poetry is the poetry which the main purpose is to tell a story. The poem of “Michael” has setting, character, plot, and climax as the elements of narrative poetry. It also contains a series of scene in dramatic form which is narrated (Levin, 1960: 131-144). This poem uses non-participant point of view which is omniscient. The narrator relates what the characters do or think. The omniscient narrator can at any time enter the mind of any or all of the characters. The narrator is also neutral. Where the narrator recounts deeds and thoughts but does not judge (Barnet, 1988: 50-52).

Character refers to the relevant behaviors trends that have particular moral and ethical implications. The character of a person reveals from his or her behavior whereas a personality of a person reveals from a social interaction (Sawrey and

Telfrod. 1968: 302). Abrams stated that character is the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work, which are interpreted by the readers as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say, the dialogues, and what they do in action (Abrams, 1981: 20). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

E.M Forster divides character into two terms, flat character and round character. Flat character is build around ‘single idea or quality’ and is presented without much individualizing detail, and therefore can be fairly adequately described in a single phrase or sentence. Round character is complex in temperament and motivation and is presented with subtle particularity (Abrams, 1981: 20).

Koesnosoebroto divided character into two kinds, major or main character and minor character. Main character is the most important character in the story. Minor character is character of less important than those the main. The main character needs other character to make the story more convincing an lifelike (Koesnosoebroto, 1988:

67)

Characterization is the process by which an author or a playwright creates a character. Characterization in literature is the presentation of the attitudes and behaviors of imaginary persons in order to make them credible to the author’s audience. According to Encyclopedia Americana: International Edition, Vol: 6, characterization is a unique feature of such fictional forms as the short story, novel, drama, and narrative poetry (Library of Congress Cataloging Data, 1995: 291).

Oscar Bracket states that characterization can be found in four levels: physical, social, psychological, and moral. Physical is concerned with such basic facts as sex, age, size, and color. Social is included the character’s economic status, profession or trade, religion, family relationship. All those factors are that place him in his environment. Psychological reveals the character’s habitual responses, attitudes, desire, motivations, like and dislikes, the inner working of mind, both PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

emotional and intellectual, which precede action. Moral decision differentiates characters because the choices they make when facing moral crises show whether they are selfish, hypocritical, or person of integrity (Bracket, 1974: 39-40)

Hugh Holman and William Harmon in A Handbook to Literature state that characterization is divided into three fundamental ways. The first is the explicit presentation by the author of the character through direct exposition, either in an introduction or more often throughout the development of the story that is illustrated by actions. The second is the presentation of the character in action with little or no explicit comment by the author, in the expectation that the reader will be able to reduce the attributes of the actor from action. The third is the presentation from within a character, without comment on the character by the author, of the impact of actions and emotions on the character’s inner self, with the expectations that the reader will come to a clear understanding of the attributes of the characters. The three fundamental methods are the basic terms for the author to give characterization toward the characters in the story to be understood by the reader (Holman and

Harmon, 1986: 81-83).

According to Yelland, Jones, and Easton, characterization is the creation of imaginary persons. The writer can reveal certain qualities of its own nature and the writer also can try to keep himself in the background and presents the characters of real people or of imaginary people. Through characterization, the readers will understand why the character does the thing and can be emotionally involved in the story (Yelland, Jones, and Easton, 1950: 30). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Characterization will always be a part of character. Characterization as the part of character is the way an author characterize his or her work. From the theories on character and characterization the writer could conclude that character is a person presented in literary works that has his or her own personalities.

2. Theories of Modern Tragedy

There are many concepts that try to explain the definition or the meaning of tragedy. A tragedy is an unhappy and painful situation which involves death (Kernan

1963: 163). Kernan states that a tragic hero is a person in the rest of his life denies the world around him, but he knows he has to achieve in order to fulfill himself, and he persists in his search while more ordinary men giving in. He commits himself to some curse, which creates conflict with forces whose existence he has not suspected.

Therefore, he stumbles forward into his suffering, and at the end he usually achieves something of value by his struggle.

Aristotle said that a tragedy is an imitation of an action that is serious and also, as having magnitude, complete itself, in language with pleasurable accessories, each kind brought in separately in the parts of the work; in dramatic form; with incident arousing ‘pity and fear’ wherewith to accomplish its catharsis of such emotion. The “language with pleasurable accessories” means that with rhythm and harmony or song superadded. Tragedy is essentially an imitation of action and life, of happiness and misery. All human happiness or misery takes the form of action

(Levin, 1960: 134-151). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The basic difference between Modern Tragedy and Greek Tragedy is that

Modern Tragedy tells about the life of common people unlike Greek tragedy tells about the life of noble people. In the Greek Tragedy god has an essential role of the tragedy. The hero of the Greek Tragedy is fated to have a tragic ending where god contributes to the downfall of the hero. Shakespearean Tragedy defines it as a story of exceptional calamity (great misfortune and misery) leading to the death of a man in high estate or the story of human actions producing exceptional calamity and ending in the death of such a man (Walley, 1950: 54-59).

In modern time, the tragedy pictures more complex live and ideas. The theory of Aristotle has been rejected by many critics. In The Tragic Fallacy, Joseph Wood

Krutch says that tragedy is not the imitation of noble action, for indeed, no one knows what a noble action is or not such a thing as nobility exists in nature apart from the mind of man. As matter of fact, a tragedy is essentially as expression, not of despair but of triumph over despair and of confidence in the value of human life (Levin,

1960: 164).

It is not about gods nor king or noble man anymore. It is about human life, human struggle, human individuality, human egoism, and human social life. Most of modern literatures tend to picture the real condition of human being, and they are written based on the senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and feeling. Then it brings a new kind of recognizable truth to the stage by introducing subjects and characters, which previously is not considered acceptable especially in tragedy (Barranger, 1994:

540). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

“Michael” is considered as a modern tragedy for the play portrays the life in the exact time. It is because modern tragedy tells about the life of common people unlike Greek tragedy tells about the life of noble people influenced by the role of god and otherwise Shakespearean Tragedy defines it as a story of exceptional calamity

(great misfortune and misery) leading to the death of a man in high estate because of his own action (Walley, 1950:54-59).

Michael is just a shepherd or a common man. The tragedy of Michael is also because the influence of the society and environment. That is why in the analysis the writer uses the theories of modern tragedy.

3. Theories of Modern Tragic Hero

In Greek tragedy, Aristotle defined the main character of a tragedy is the protagonist or the tragic hero, who through some flaw in his character brings death or destruction upon himself or upon someone he/she loves. He said that the tragic heroes usually from illustrious families and he is not an ordinary man. The tragic hero must be someone who is highly renowned and prosperous. In Greek and Shakespearean

Tragedy, he is usually a king or prince. In Shakespearean tragedy, it also concerns with a person, leaders of the state, or a member of great houses, who quarrels of public movement (Levin, 1960: 134-151).

Aristotle also said that the tragic hero comes to grief through his hamartia, a term sometimes translated as tragic flaw. The tragic flaw is an erroneous judgment which explains that the protagonist is, although a man of a high rank, imperfect likes PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

other human beings. Most tragic heroes are males. The tragic hero usually goes beyond the standards to which reasonable people adhere; he does some fearful deed which ultimately destroys him (Barnet, 1988: 741).

Arthur Miller states that tragedy is the disaster inherent in being torn away from each person which has chosen image of self and position and that tragedy results when the character’s environment denies the fulfillment of this self-concept.

According to Miller, the tragic hero of modern tragedy is the person with the underlying struggle is that of the individual attempting to gain his ‘rightful’ position in his society. Tragic man, then placed in a universe of irreconcilables, acting in a situation in which he is both innocent and guilty, and peculiarly sensitive to the

‘cursed spite’ of his condition, suffers. Tragic man viewed in his social and moral relationship (Levin, 1960: 171-178).

Miller states that a modern tragic hero has the categories that must be followed. The categories are:

1. The subject must be a common man. He is not a king or a prince. The common

man is as apt a subject for tragedy in its highest sense as kings are.

2. The subject must be ready to lay down his life to secure his sense of personal

dignity. The tragic feeling is evoked in us when we are in the presence of a

character that is ready to lay down his life, if needed be, to secure one thing his

sense of personal dignity.

3. The consequence of his total compulsion to evaluate himself justly. The

destruction is in the attempt to posit a wrong or an evil in his environment. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

4. The subject must have fear of being displaced.

5. The subject acts against the scheme of things degrading him.

6. The subject must have tragic flaw, a failing that is not peculiar to grand or

elevated characters. Nor it is necessarily a weakness (Levin, 1960: 171-178).

C. Theoretical Framework

This study is to solve the problems formulation stated before. There are several theories used to solve the problem formulation. To solve the first problem, the theory of character and characterization are used. This is needed to find and describe the characters in the poem. It is also used in understanding the characteristic of each character because the writer of the poem using various expressions to build the characterization.

The theories on tragedy then are used to find the tragedy in the poem. It is including the elements which support it. The theories of modern tragedy and the theory of tragic hero of modern tragedy are used to analyze Michael’s tragedy and the other characters supports to his tragedy. There are many elements that included in the story which needs to be analyzed as the part of modern tragedy. The theory of modern tragic hero is used to analyze Michael as the central character in the poem and to find how he can become a tragic hero of modern tragedy. The approach is used to analyze the poem in many aspects in, from and outside the text.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The study deals with the poem “Michael” written by William Wordsworth.

The poem was written at Town-end, Grasmere, in 1800. The poem consists of 21 stanzas and 482 lines (Mukherjef and Rajender, 2000: 173-183).

“Michael” is one of Wordsworth’s great narrative poems in the last poem to enter the Lyrical Ballads. It is one of Wordsworth’s great narrative poems. In

“Michael”, he leaves the autobiographical framework almost completely behind and concerns himself. In the poem Wordsworth creates four characters. They are Michael,

Isabel, Luke, and Richard Bateman.

In this study, the writer focuses on the characters, especially Michael as the main character in the poem. Michael is just a shepherd in Grasmere Vale. He is a man with strong mind and lively sensibility. He has a wife, Isabel, and a son, Luke. He teaches everything to Luke with perfect parental affection. His life becomes miserable when his son goes to the town to work with his rich relative there, Richard

Bateman. He makes an unrealized mistake which leads his family into tragedy. The strength which had once been his mainstay becomes a burden to him.

17 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

B. Approach of the Study

In doing this analysis, the writer uses structuralism in order to analyze the tragedy of the main character in the poem in revealing the tragic hero of the poem.

The writer uses the structuralism approach because it refers to the form, structure, theory of tragedy and tragic hero, and the outside things of the literary work.

Guerin in A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature said that structuralism is the study to detect the recurrent pattern not just in the particular work but also throughout literature. Perhaps it is revealing something about the way the human mind works (1979: 282).

According to Peter Barry in Beginning Theory (2002: 39-60), narratology is a branch of structuralism although it has achieved a certain independence from its parent. The essence of structuralism is the belief that things can not be understood in isolation-they have to be seen in the context of the larger structures they are part of. It follows from this that meaning or significance is not a kind of core or essence inside things: rather, meaning is always outside. Structuralism approach takes you further and further away from the text and into large and comparatively abstract question of genre, history, and philosophy. This emphasizes on the intrinsic and also extra-textual features in the analysis of literature.

Thus, in the structuralism approach to literature there is a constant movement away from the individual literary work and a parallel drive towards understanding the larger abstract structures which contain them. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Structuralism is used because this study will discuss the character as the theory of drama (tragedy and tragic hero) with reference to the genre or to its place in the development of the genre. It deals with the tragedy of social life in the industrial revolution in London.

C. Method of the Study

The writer applied a library research as the method of the study. This method is collecting data by reading some books that is useful for the analysis. Two kinds of sources are used to support the study. The primary source was taken from

Wordsworth poem “Michael”. The secondary sources were taken from some books and information from internet browsing.

Doing the analysis, the writer took a few steps. Firstly, the writer read the work thoroughly and also interpreted the characters of the work. After the writer read the poem, some tragedy of the characters was found. The tragedy that happened to

Michael as the main character was very attractive. This made the writer interested to have a character study in the play to analyze the main character in this poem.

Secondly, the writer decided the topic of the thesis and formulated the problem formulation as the base of the thesis.

Thirdly, the writer used the appropriate approach to analyze the poem line by line and makes a library research to find the theories that were related to the character study for the analysis. The theories on character and characterization are used to analyze every character in the poem. The approach is used to analyze every scene or PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

the structure of the poem. It is also used to find another relation with the theory on modern tragedy and another “outside” aspect (industrialism).

After that, the theories and the approach were used in the analysis to analyze the whole work from the first line till the end. After analyzing the characters and the tragedy, the writer searches the tragic hero revealed from the analysis. The tragic hero is revealed from the tragedy of the main character which is supported by other

(minor) characters.

Finally, conclusion is made. The conclusion contains the significant information from the introduction until the analysis. It especially contains the summary of the important points that are obtained for the analysis. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

A. The Description of the Main Character of the Poem “Michael”

Michael is the main character in the poem. The character of Michael is described in two conditions, when he was a boy and when he is old.

As a boy, he is not a clever or smart boy. He is lazy to study. He loves to live freely with the nature.

“… while I was yet a boy careless of books, yet having felt the power of nature , by the gentle agency Of natural objects, led me on to feel For passions that were not my own, and think” (Stanza 1, lines 27-31).

After that, Michael is described as an old man. He is a shepherd in Grasmere

Vale. He lives near the forest. He is described as a strong man and has a keen mind.

He is prompt, stout of heart, and strong of limb. He has the ability to watch the shepherd better than the others. He can know everything which will happen by noticing the nature. He is a cheerful person and so lively. He is kind and skillful as a shepherd. He has many experiences as a shepherd, joy and fear. He has a big responsibility as a shepherd. He can be said as the friend of nature. His age is around eighties.

“Upon the forest-side in Grasmere Vale, thee dwelt a shepherd, Michael was his name… the pleasure which there is in life itself” (Stanza 2, lines 40-77).

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Inside those lines, there are more specific descriptions of Michael. Many of his characteristics reflect the economical power. It is shown by his ability and instinct as a skillful shepherd which can make him prosperous. He is better than the other shepherd and this gives him more ‘natural capital’ to be rich as a shepherd.

“his mind was keen, Intense, and frugal, apt for all affairs, And in his Shepherd's calling he was prompt And watchful more than ordinary men.” (Stanza 2, lines 44-47).

Michael's stout heart may signify one of his minds, which is clearly that of a successful businessperson: "apt for all affairs." He has the capacity to solve many problems and he has the creativity and ideas to control many shepherds’ ‘affairs’. His mind is able to read its ancestral lands like a text but Michael is neither a nature poet, nor a natural theologian, nor a naturalist. He is very close to the nature. Nature is his friend, teacher, master, father, and his worker. The nature is his pleasure and absolutely his life.

“grossly that man errs, who should suppose That the green Valleys, and the Streams and Rocks, Were things indifferent to the Shepherd's thoughts” (Stanza 2, lines 62-65).

The natural setting provides both a necessary backdrop for Michael to perform his acts of heroism and a mnemonic album in which to preserve the memory of these acts, all of which have to do with the dumb animals, which he had saved. He also PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

shows his continuity responsibility to the animal that he saves. He take cares them, seeks them when they are lost, and saves them when they are in trouble. He acts not only as a master or an ordinary shepherd, but also as a hero for the animal.

“So many incidents upon his mind Of hardship, skill of courage, joy or fear; Which, like a book, preserved the memory the dumb animals, whom he had sav'd, Had fed or shelter'd, linking to such acts, So grateful in themselves, the certainty Of honorable gains.” (Stanza 2, lines 68-73).

He has a wife that is 20 years younger than him. Her name is Isabel. Although he is eighties, Isabel is his first and only wife. It is like a ‘late marriage’ for a man. It is a proof that love is unlimited. From the marriage, he has a son that he loved much, more than anything else. His name is Luke.

“His helpmate was commonly matron… of house or field.” (Stanza 3, lines 79-109).

Michael is very old that he is near to the death. He is too old for a shepherd or to stay as a shepherd. He is also described as “an old lamp” which shines his family.

Maybe he is old but he is still a shepherd and still “a light”. Although he is old, he becomes the symbol of the shepherd there. He also becomes the teacher and the

“light” for the shepherd. He is considered as ‘The Evening Star’. The ‘Evening Star’ PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

can also be derived from his habit. He usually works till the evening where the old lamp which accompanies the family can be seen from far.

“To deem that he was old,-in shepherd’s phrase, With one foot in the grave.” (Stanza 2, lines 89-90).

“There by the light of this old lamp they sate,” (Stanza 3, line 124).

Michael also has an old style. His life is with ancient style of a shepherd which is not colorful and monotonous. It happened before the coming of his wife and his son. His life concerns with the nature not with the style of the common people. He cannot be noticed with what happened in the actual culture events, but he cares with the actual nature events in his environment so much.

“Down from the ceiling, by the chimney’s edge, That in our ancient uncouth country style With huge and black projection overbrowed Large space beneath, as duly as the light” (Stanza 3, lines 110-113).

Michael is a hard worker. He does anything for his family. He always tries to do the best he can do. This is also as the habit of his family. Michael usually works from morning till late in the evening. When at home in the night, he still does something useful and he helps his wife.

“Living a life of an eager industry…” (Stanza 3, line 122).

His wife and his son make him always in a high spirit of life. He loves his wife much but his love for Luke is bigger. The presence of Luke is something new PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

for Michael. He has a ‘raw material’ that is needed to be formed. Since the birth of

Luke, he teaches everything that he knew to him. He is the parent which has the responsibility. Luke is the center of his life. Luke is his life. Michael put a big hope on Luke.

“The shepherd, if he loved himself, must need have loved his helpmate; but to Michael’s hearth, this son of his old age yet more dear.” (Stanza 4, lines 141-143).

B. The Contributions of the Other Characters in Developing the Main

Character’s Tragedy

1. Isabel

Isabel is Michael’s wife. She is younger than him. She is a good woman, a good wife for Michael.

“His helpmate was a comely matron, old- Though younger than himself full twenty years. She was a woman of a stirring life, Whose heart was in her house…” (Stanza 3, lines 88-82).

She does not realize that her presence later will lead Michael to the tragedy.

Michael as the tragic hero is started when he meets her. She sacrifices too much for him. She works very hard from morning till late of the night to do the household matters for Michael. She works harder because Michael is too old to do everything.

She is late to meet and in love with him. This is the unrealized mistakes of both of PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

them. She also gives another color in Michael’s life. She comes as a new thing in his life although later it becomes a tragedy because of the late meeting.

“Of day grew dim the Housewife hung a lamp, An aged utensil, when ha performed Service beyond all others of its kind. Early at evening did it burn-and late” (Stanza 3, lines 114-117).

Isabel gives Luke as a beautiful present for him in the beginning. The presence of her and Luke do not be treated well by Michael in the actual environment. She gives Luke as hopes but also as an object of Michel’s obsession.

Luke will be the successor of Michael. She also does not think of Luke’s education because she also works too much.

“Nor cheerful, yet with objects and with hopes, Living a life of eager industry” (Stanza 4, lines 121-122).

She is a good wife for Michael because she does everything to please him and this is not good. Michael becomes the object of her love but he does not show love as that much to her. This is also an unrealized mistake that is never touched by

Isabel. She does not ask for the responsibility of treating her. Michael earns much more care with Luke and nature than with her. In running the family life, she has bigger role.

Another mistake is her decision to agree to send Luke to the city. Her agreement is based on her imagination and her past memory of Richard’s success PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

story. She also thinks shortly and has an equal comparison between Luke and

Richard.

“Thee thoughts, and many others of like sort, Passed quickly through the mind of Isabel, And her face brightened..” (Stanza 12, lines 271-273).

Actually she realizes the tragedy which will happen because of her instinct as a mother and a woman. She realizes that Michael will die without of Luke near present. She does not reveal it to Michael but only to Luke. It is also unrealized mistake because Luke also does nothing with this warning.

“And when they rose at morning she could see That all his hopes were gone. That day at noon She said to Luke, while they two by themselves Were sitting at the door, ‘Thou must not go: We have no other Child but thee to lose, None to remember-do not go away, For if thou leave thy father he will die.’ (Stanza 14, lines 292-301).

2. Luke

Luke is Michael’s only son. His presence is very worthy for Michael but his presence is also late. He comes when Michael is already very old.

“An only Child, who had been born to them When Michael, telling o’er his years, began To deem that he was old,-in shepherd’s phrase, With one fot in the grave.” (Stanza 3, lines 87-90).

Michael pours his life into him. He leads Michael as the tragic hero from the potential nature that he has. He is a good young man and a good shepherd. He is as PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

tough as Michael in front of nature, but not in front of the actual world in the city. He is the copy of Michael as a shepherd. His journey to London is for Michael. This leads Michael to the tragedy of the family. Indirectly, Luke’s fault is from Michael.

The one that should be blamed is Michael. He sends him and gives him the way to

London by promoting him to Richard Bateman. Luke also considers this too easy and he becomes too much proud. He only thinks of his success that he will get.

“Nor was there at that time on English land A prouder heart than Luke’s..” (Stanza 15, lines 314-315).

All of them are Luke’s personal events that lead the family into tragedy. In the end, he takes an evil way in order to be successful as soon as possible to make his father happy. This is then becomes a fault because of the background that he has. His father always teaches him to be honest. If he faces the industrial life, Michael should teach him many tricks to solve many industrial work problems.

In the city then he takes an evil way to get the success instantly and this destroys him and the family. His shame feeling makes him runaway from his mistake because no one can help him.

“…Meantime Luke began To slacken in his duty; and, at length, He in the dissolute city gave himself To evil course: ignominy and shame Fell on him, so that he was driven at last To seek a hiding-place beyond the seas.” (Stanza 19, lines 442-447).

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3. Richard Bateman

He is Michael’s relatives in London. He is a successful businessman. He leads

Michael to his tragedy by receiving Luke as his employee.

“…We have, thou know’st, Another kinsman-he will be our friend In this distress. He is a prosperous man, Thriving in trade-and Luke to him shall go, And with his kinsman’s help and his own thrift He quickly will repair this loss…” (Stanza 11, lines 247-252).

All Michel’s backgrounds are attached in Luke. The background of Michael is not the same as Richard’s background. Michael’s life is running because of the nature, but Richard is a poor boy who becomes rich because of the industrial work in the city. Michael never sends Luke in formal school. He sends him to nature.

Business needs knowledge to explore nature. Richard also does not prepare Luke to face the industrial works.

He accepts him ‘raw’ and never develops him. Luke is just a young foolish boy from village who should face the cruel industrial works. He has the promises to success Luke. He does not have the responsibility of his failed.

“with kind assurances that he would do His utmost for the welfare of the Boy; To which, requests were added, that forthwith He might be sent to him..” (Stanza 15, lines 308-311).

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C. Michael as the Modern Tragic Hero

According to Arthur Miller in Tragedy and the Common Man, the tragic hero has six categories that must be followed. Michael as the main character in Michael fits the pattern that Miller consciously develops (Levin, 1960: 171-180).

1. A common man

Michael is not a king or a prince, he is an ordinary man, and he is just a shepherd. He is a shepherd in Grasmere Vale. In the middle of the society, he also does not have a power to control the society. He does not have any governmental occupation. He is only famous as a skillful shepherd, a local village shepherd. He has the ability to watch shepherd better than the others. He is the picture of a man, of a strong mind and lively sensibility, agitated by two of the most powerful affections of the human hearth, the parental affection, and the love of the property, landed property. He is very close to the nature. He is a friend of nature. He has a wife and a son.

“Upon the forest-side in Grasmere Vale, there dwelt a shepherd, Michael was his name… the pleasure which there is in life itself” (Stanza 2, lines 40-77).

Michael's decision to send Luke to the city to save the family estate from division and sale represents a shifting of roles is the proof that Michael plays God (or

God's agent, as his archangelic name would tend to suggest). In this part, as we PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

remember the Abraham story in the bible, Luke plays as Isaac; and the role of

Abraham, with all of the pathos attaching to the need to make an anguished choice.

Michael's speeches upon learning of the "forfeiture" are revealing. After identifying his God as the God of Genesis by proclaiming, "`And in the open sunshine of God's love / Have we all lived,'" Michael identifies himself with that God as the cause and source of that "sunshine," stating that "the sun itself / Has scarcely been more diligent than I."

“I have been toiling more than seventy years, And in the open sunshine of God’s love Have we all lived; yet if these fields of ours Should pass into a stranger’s hand, I think That I could not lie quiet in my grave. Our lot is a hard lot; the sun himself Has scarcely been more diligent than I; And I have lived to be a fool at last To my own family“ (Stanza 10, lines 228-236).

Not surprisingly, as the one who plays God and hubristically tries on that being's divinely inspired logic, Michael does not get the master's arguments quite right. He considers that the ‘master’ of all is god and then he uses that to make a

‘parameter’ of himself. The ‘parameter’ is that Michael also the ‘god’ of his own land. He says that actually he is more diligent than the ‘sun’. He does more than everything to his land because he considers that he is the ‘master’ or the ‘god’ of his own land. Addressing his wife, Michael proclaims: PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

"Our Luke shall leave us, Isabel; the land Shall not go from us, and it shall be free, He shall possess it free as is the wind That passes over it." (Stanza 11, lines 254-57).

Michael's speech then gives way to tragic irony on the monstrous thing at the end. In that statement, he has the power to decide and the power to control his own family. These all are because the land is as his family ‘identity’ as an ordinary people to survive in the neighborhood or his community. He acts like that he is a king, Isabel is his queen, and Luke is their prince. He likes a king who sends his prince to war to save the patrimonial land. Michael wants the land still belongs to them.

Those lines then becomes true at the end because Luke, "driven at last”. Luke does leave, and the land does not "go from" Michael and Isabel and also does not belong to Luke. Michael and Isabel are buried in it. The land is free of their control

He is seeking a hiding-place across the seas" that is, driven to board a sailing vessel to the New World in order to remain free by evading his creditor .He does not posses the land anymore. He stands in a land as wind up "free as is the wind."

2. Ready to Lay Down His Life to Secure His Sense of Personal Dignity

“Old Michael, while he was a babe in arms, Had done him female service, not alone For pastime and delight, as is the use Of fathers, but with patient mind enforced To acts of tenderness; and he had rocked His cradle, as with a woman’s gentle hand. (Stanza 5, lines 153-158). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

In the beginning of Luke’s life, he is prepared by Michael to become his successor as a shepherd. He is the best shepherd, a man of ‘honorable occupation’ in his neighborhood. He loves his son so much and does everything for him, even doing a “female service” for him. He acts as a woman, if necessary, to take care Luke. He usually take cares animal. This can be the cause that the masculine side of Michael still has a soft side. Everything is done to create his hope in the future in Luke.

“And left, the couple neither gay perhaps Nor cheerful, yet with objects and with hopes, Living a life of eager industry.” (Stanza 4, lines 120-122).

All the members of Michael’s family are so hard working that they have earned an almost proverbial reputation for their incessant work. They have earned a legendary reputation for living with utmost frugality and economy. Michael uses almost his life to do a hard work. Since he was a child, he take cares the animal and the land. He uses almost his whole life to become closer to the nature. When he is married, he still works hard and does not use his time to take a rest and enjoys his life. He still works and works from the morning until the night. He does not use his time to seek luck in the city but every time he deals with the nature. Then this becomes ironic because although he and his family work hard but they do not have a lot of money. They do not have enough saving to pay the debt. They do not have enough goods to sell except the land.

“Some injury done to sickle, flail, or scythe, Or other implement of house or field.” (Stanza 4, lines 108-109). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The presence of Luke makes him work harder and harder. Everything is done to prepare Luke as Michael’s success hope even many accidents or injury sometimes happens again.

When Michael comes to know that he may be forced to sell some of his fields, so that they will not be passed on to his son, all the life is drained out of him.

He even will not be in peace when he dies. His proud, his dignity, his honor, and everything will be loss.

“And in the open sunshine of God’s love Have we all lived; yet if these fields of ours Should pass into a stranger’s hand, I think That I could not lie quiet in my grave. Our lot is a hard lot; the sun himself Has scarcely been more diligent than I; And I have lived to be a fool at last To my own family…” (Stanza 10, lines 229-236).

Although he has to pay the debt because of his brother’s problem, but he shows his dignity by forgiving him and wants to pay the debt. He also shows that he is a gentleman by not denying that he is ‘an evil man’ because of the act in the past.

He shows his responsibility by paying the debt. He has to do that, but he does not want to sacrifice the land.

“An evil man That was, and made an evil choice, if he Were false to us; and if he were not false, There are ten thousand to whom loss like this Had been no sorrow. I forgive him;—but ’Twere better to be dumb than to talk thus.” (Stanza 10, lines 236-241). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The financial failure of Michael's nephew, "a man of an industrious life and ample means," causes the man to default on a covenant of sorts: a contract of guarantee. This default in its turn means that Michael must either, under the terms of the secured note that he has executed, or he must find some way of raising a large amount of money quickly to prevent the "forfeiture."

Michael’s hope to save the land is Luke. He then has an idea to pay the debt from Luke’s occupation.

"Our Luke shall leave us, Isabel; the land Shall not go from us, and it shall be free, He shall possess it free as is the wind That passes over it." (Stanza 11, lines 243-247).

Michael’s struggle is that he is attempting to make Luke, his son, becomes a successful person in London, and not only becomes a shepherd like him. He does everything and he sacrifices everything to make it. Sending Luke to London is the same as sending Michael’s heart far from his body.

Actually Michael cannot be separated with Luke. Later he dies because he loses this hope because of his unrealized mistakes. Because of the mistake, his son,

Luke, takes an evil way that leads them to the tragedy.

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3. The Consequence of His Total Compulsion to Evaluate Himself Justly

“ His days had not been passed in singleness. His Helpmate was a comely matron, old— Though younger than himself full twenty years” (Stanza 3, lines 87-90).

Michael then marries, but actually, he is too old. This can become the consequence because he cares with his land more than everything. This marriage then becomes a tragedy for the whole family. His wife then can be seen stronger than

Michael because she is much younger. Michael evaluates himself that he is not as strong as the nature. He confesses that his wife, Isabel, works more hard than he does.

He also confesses that he is a fool at last and not a good man. He realizes that it is because of his past. When he was a boy, he was lazy to study and he was not a clever or smart boy. He only loves to live freely with the nature. As the result, he realizes that he makes a false choice.

He also confesses that in the past he had a debt to his nephew and he was now called upon to discharge the debt. This bad news stunned the family and damped all the hopes they had cherished.

“From day to day, to Michael’s ear there came Distressful tidings. Long before the time Of which I speak, the Shepherd had been bound In surety for his brother’s son, a man Of an industrious life, and ample means; But unforeseen misfortunes suddenly Had press upon him; and old Michael now Was summoned to discharge the forfeiture” (Stanza 10, lines 208-215).

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His responsibility to his brother then becomes a big burden for him and his family also becomes the victim of his contract with his brother. Michael and his family now get the consequence to pay the debt. This is something ironic because

Isabel and Luke actually keep in touch with the charge indirectly. Isabel and Luke as the part of the family instantly get the responsibility. This is something that out side their minds. Michael as the main person in that debt case becomes stressed and panic.

It is actually not only about the future of his brother but also his future and his family.

“And I have lived to be a fool at last to my own family. An evil man that was, and made an evil choice if he were false to us; and , if he were not false, there were ten thousand to whom loss like this Had been sorrow, I forgive him;- but ‘Twere better to be dumb than to talk thus” (Stanza 10, lines 235-241).

It seems that he can forgive his brother easily. Although the burden is very big, he still has a gentle heart as a good brother. The harder consequence is that

Michael has to “sacrifice” his only son to pay the debt by sending him to London.

This is the only instant way to solve his problem. Michael is not strong enough like when he was young. He also does not have any rich relatives who can give him a lot of loan. He does not have any other capital or asset which can save him.

Michael does not prepare Luke to face the industrial life in London. He only thinks to get a lot of money in a short time from Luke job in the city. Luke himself does not have enough background and skill in the job in the city. The consequence is that Luke then takes an evil way to get money but he is failed. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

“Meantime Luke began To slacken in his duty; and, at length, He in the dissolute city gave himself To evil courses: ignominy and shame Fell on him, so that he was driven at last To seek a hiding-place beyond the seas.” (Stanza 19, lines 442-447).

Luke’s evil act then makes Luke seeking a hiding-place across the seas sailing vessel to the New World in order to remain free by evading his creditors. Luke is taught to be a gentleman in front of the nature but his act is very embarrassing. He runs away and it shows that all the education that he has got is useless. He shows his weakness and proves that he is not a gentle man. It is very different with Michael.

Luke does not show his responsibility as Michael’s dearest son. This makes him lost his family and his patrimonial land. Michael lost his son, his land, his life, and everything. Those big consequences are very tragic. It is started by the loss of physical strength of Michael.

“Years after he had heard this heavy news. His bodily frame had been from youth to age Of an unusual strength” (Stanza 20, lines 453-455).

Michael has unusual strength as an old shepherd. He is very strong. This is very ironic. The strength, which had once been his mainstay, now becomes a burden to him. By the news comes to him, he starts to lose his strength. His heart is broken.

The effect also comes to his physical body. He becomes weak and has no spirit to continue his life because he loses his hope. In here, the physical strength becomes meaningless at the end. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The soul is killed by Luke’s act. His body can breath but he has empty soul.

He has no hope and he has no more goals in his life.

“There, by the Sheepfold, sometimes was he seen Sitting alone, or with his faithful Dog, Then old, beside him, lying at his feet. The length of full seven years, from time to time, He at the building of this Sheepfold wrought, And left the work unfinished when he died. Three years, or little more, did Isabel Survive her Husband: at her death the estate Was sold, and went into a stranger’s hand’’ (Stanza 21, lines 467-475).

Loneliness comes and attacks him until his death. No one or nothing can secure his dying heart. The unfinished sheepfold remains the tragedy of Michael. It reflects a great hope which is never perfectly finished. It becomes a symbol of the ruin of a heroic life.

Michael dies with his tragic heroic life and then Isabel dies in a short time after him. The land, which is defended by his life, then goes to stranger hand. The story of Michael’s patrimonial land is end in his failure.

4. Having Fear for Being Displaced

Michael starts to feel afraid about his family future when he realizes that it happened in a lot of cases. He proves that he is a good man, a good father, but it makes him afraid with his family future. Because of the debt, he has a plan to sell a portion of his patrimonial land but the land has a sentimental value for him. He is afraid that if the land is passed into the hands of some stranger, he will be restless even in his grave. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

“The Shepherd’s sole resource to sell at once A portion of his patrimonial fields. Such was his first resolve; he thought again, And his heart failed him. ‘Isabel,’ said he, Two evenings after he had heard the news, ‘I have been toiling more than seventy years, And in the open sunshine of God’s love Have we all lived; yet if these fields of ours Should pass into a stranger’s hand, I think That I could not lie quiet in my grave.” (Stanza 10, lines 228-232).

Michael is very famous in his neighborhood as a successful shepherd. If the land goes away from him, it will be very ironic. The land also reflects his dignity and his honor in the society.

The land is also very important for the continuous generation of Michael‘s family from the past until to the future. Losing the land means to lose the generation’s symbol. The generations will loss “the monument” of the family. To keep the patrimonial land becomes his responsibility to his ancestors. If he losses to take care, he also losses his proud and his dignity to his ancestor. He is afraid but he is also too old to do something incredible to safe the land. Then he sends Luke to do the work to safe the land and his dignity.

5. Acting Against the Scheme of Things Degrading Him

“His days had not been passed in singleness. His Helpmate was a comely matron, old— Though younger than himself full twenty years.” (Stanza 3, lines 78-80).

Although Michael is very old, he has the courage to get married in his condition. A man of his age may be better to prepare everything before death. He acts PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

against the scheme which is bringing him to death by marriages. His marriage with

Isabel makes him “reborn”. Although he is very old, he gets the new life. He then gets

“the new reason” to still alive. He gets a new hope o beautiful thing in rest of his life.

He is also doing unusual thing by marries a very younger wife which is likely better to be his daughter. This is also can be something that is planned by Michael to continuous the history of his family by giving him a son.

“An only Child, who had been born to them When Michael, telling o’er his years, began To deem that he was old,—in shepherd’s phrase, With one foot in the grave.” (Stanza 3, lines 87-90).

Although he is very old, but Michael has a brave heart to born a son. In his old age he can die every time in an uncertain time and condition. If he dies quickly, the future of his family can be uncertain. Michael acts again this scheme by the born of Luke. With Luke he can attach his dream and continue the future of the family.

The existence of his family in the world still can be continued in Luke. It is also something that is risky because he was too old when bears Luke. The future of

Luke also can be lack of his father accompaniment.

“Our Luke shall leave us, Isabel; the land Shall not go from us, and it shall be free; He shall possess it, free as is the wind That passes over it” (Stanza 11, lines 244-247).

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Michael has to pay the debt. The fact is that Michael does not have anything that can be sold except his land to cover the debt. In the other side, he does not want to lose his patrimonial land. He is against this scheme by sending Luke to the city to get the money to pay the debt. It is because Michael wants Luke to posses the land.

He wants the continuity of his family story still exist. The only way is Luke because

Michael is too old to do a lot of things to get money quickly.

“And thus resumed:—‘Well, Isabel! this scheme These two days, has been meat and drink to me. Far more than we have lost is left us yet.” (Stanza 12, lines 274-276).

The scheme of sending Luke to the city is celebrated by Michael with meat and drink. It is like a farewell party. The condition of the family economic is very bad, but Michael still not saves the capital that he has well. He attaches to much hope for Luke. He makes a celebration before “the war”.

In those lines, Michael also has considered that in the future he can lose everything. This celebration can be held because he considers that he may not see

Luke again. This celebration is to celebrate Michael’s biggest lost, Luke. It also can be used by Michael to cover his sadness and his fear when loosing Luke. It is been the ‘Last Supper’ for Michael’s family.

“We have enough—I wish indeed that I Were younger;—but this hope is a good hope If he could go, the Boy should go to-night.” (Stanza 13, lines 277-282).

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Michael has a little passion to pay the debt. If he can, he will get money soon.

He realizes that he is too old but he thinks that Luke can do it well. He is forcing

Luke too much to get the money soon. He does not think the process that is needed.

This acts then makes Luke also wants to get the money soon by taking the evil way.

He does not against his old age but he is against Luke’s young age. In Luke’s young age, Michael “makes” him as a “money machine” for the family. He does not think about his education for him. He creates him as a village shepherd but he wants him as soon as possible as a “money machine” in the city.

“Thou must not go: We have no other Child but thee to lose, None to remember—do not go away, For if thou leave thy Father he will die.” (Stanza 14, lines 295-298).

Isabel realizes that Michael will be very sad if Luke is far from him. Michael also realizes this but he more cares with the land. He knows that his life will be miserable when Luke goes to the town to work which the rich relatives there. He has no way out except that. Sending Luke is the best thing because Michael is too old to save the land. Luke still goes away although his mother has told him that it will kill his father. This is the perfect ‘scheme’ to save the land but this is also the perfect

‘scheme’ that murders his father.

He acts against this scheme by continue to send Luke and continue his life by holding on the memory of both of them. Michael’s way to cheat his sadness by keeping the memory actually can make him survive. In the end the memory is broken by the news of Luke’s evil act. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

“To build a Sheepfold; and, before he heard The tidings of his melancholy loss, For this same purpose he had gathered up A heap of stones, which by the streamlet’s edge Lay thrown together, ready for the work.” (Stanza 16, lines 324-328).

Michael’s aim to build the sheepfold is that he wants to make Luke always remember with everything about the family. He tells all about the past. By the sheepfold, he wants him to follow the noble tradition of the forefathers. Also in the sheepfold, he asks Luke to lay the cornerstone as a covenant between them.

By the memory of the sheepfold, Michael wants to prevent Luke from many evil ways. He wants to against every evil way that will attack him and Luke. The sheepfold becomes “the bridge” between them to remember each other. Michael will not lose the memory of Luke although he will be far from him.

“It looks as if it never could endure Another Master. Heaven forgive me, Luke, If I judge ill for thee, but it seems good That thou shouldst go.’ (Stanza 16, lines 380-382).

Michael wants the land not falling to stranger hand. To prevent this thing,

Luke has to go for him and not the land. Between the two choices, Michael thinks to sacrifices Luke for a while. The loss of the land will make him lose everything. The loss of Luke also will make him dying. He has to make a choice for this problem. It is exactly a hard choice for him. The two choices have the same consequence for him.

Loosing one of them will make him die. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

He chooses to send Luke and then he take cares the land by his own hand. He also makes a new sheepfold to keep the memory of Luke. He does this to save the family and the land. He has a hard principal about the land. He also shows his arrogant by telling that the land can not receive another master.

Michael lives in a village outside London. Industrial work needs well knowledge and smart person. Michael educates everything about nature to Luke in order to make Luke become a successful person in London. It is Michael’s unrealized mistake.

The industrial life needs a formal educated people. It is right that because of his education, Luke becomes the best shepherd but not a successful person in the industrial revolution. Michael treats Luke with his best but Luke is not prepared to face the industrial job. As the result, Luke takes an evil way in London and it leads to the family’s tragedy.

6. Having a Tragic Flaw

The universal aspect of the loss suffered by Michael is a hope, which has attached itself to a person and seems to die with that person. All the tragedy in the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

poem, especially for Michael is due to the love for Luke and his unrealized mistakes.

William Wordsworth makes some preview in the lines in the first stanza.

“You will suppose that with an upright path Your feet must struggle; in such bold ascent” (Stanza 1, lines 3-4).

By these lines, there is described that there is a mistake. Something that is unpredictable. The right thing with the right way is not always giving a good result the story oh Michael is just like that. He has the right capital, the right guidance, but end in the wrong event.

This is a preview explanation of Michael’s tragedy that is given by

Wordsworth in the beginning of the poem.

“The mountains have all opened out themselves, And made a hidden valley of their own” (Stanza 1, lines 7-8).

Everything has the risk and everything has the barrier. Mountain is something which is very high but beyond, inside and besides that, the mountain also has the valley. In this story, the city where Luke is working is just like the mountain. The city offers many precious things but also keeps the risk of destruction, “the deep valley of the world”. The mountain, for Michael himself, is also a prison. The mountain makes him can not see the outside world. He is trapped in the “valley” of his life.

“For passions that were not my own, and think (At random and imperfectly indeed) On man, the heart of man, and human life” (Stanza 1, lines 31-33).

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Michael tries to reach something that is outside him. He uses his son to get the advantage from the glamour of the city. It is then becomes a “boomerang” for his family.

The tragic flaw is started when he receives the news from his brother. He ever made an agreement with his brother in the past. Then the misfortune overtakes his brother business. Michael then is called to pay the debt. This news makes him loss his hopes. He does not want to sell his land to pay the charge. The only way out is by sending Luke to earn money in the city. This is the only choice because Michael feels too old.

“Long before the time Of which I speak, the Shepherd had been bound In surety for his brother’s son, a man Of an industrious life, and ample means; But unforeseen misfortunes suddenly Had prest upon him; and old Michael now Was summoned to discharge the forfeiture, A grievous penalty, but little less Than half his substance. This unlooked-for claim, At the first hearing, for a moment took More hope out of his life than he supposed That any old man ever could have lost. As soon as he had armed himself with strength To look his troubles in the face, it seemed The Shepherd’s sole resource to sell at once A portion of his patrimonial fields.” (Stanza 10, lines 209-224).

His life becomes miserable when his son goes to the town to work with his rich relatives there. Actually, Michael cannot be separated from Luke. He has to make a choice between the land and Luke. It is a hard choice and he faces a big PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

dilemma. Michael is also clever by making a new sheepfold to keep the memories of

Luke.

He makes the choice to “sacrifice” his son to pay the debt, better then he loses the land soon. This choice then leads him into his family tragedy. Michael forces

Luke too much to get a lot of money soon. This is a force that makes Luke taking an evil way in the city. Luke’s mentality is not strong enough to face the hard way of industrial life.

Firstly, his reception of the news of his son’s disgrace and flight does not break him physically. Then it becomes ironic. The strength that had once been his mainstay now becomes a burden to him. His mentality is also not strong enough like his body. His dignity as a single gentleman for many years is broken in a short time.

He is often seen going to the sheepfold and is assumed to be finishing his work there.

In the end, Michael dies and then Isabel also dies. Luke seeks a hiding place in foreign land and this is not the end of the tragedy. The land then goes to another master. All of it is not appropriate with Michael previous plan. All the schemes that are built by Michael are broken in his own hand but the effect is to all his family and his land. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

However, it is found out that his work is unfinished when he dies. The unfinished sheepfold in desolation becomes a symbol of the ruin of a heroic life and the loss of his hopes. It is also a ruin of a man mistake which lead into tragedy. It is a ruin of an effect of a man principal to continue the family heritage. Thus are the simple stories of silent suffering and heroic fortitude deepens into truly tragic.

“He at the building of this sheep-fold wrought, and left the work unfinished when he died“ (Stanza 21, lines 471-472).

Based on the analysis, it is proved that Michael, the main character in

Wordsworth’s poem Michael, fits the modern tragic hero’s categories, which is stated by Arthur Miller in Tragedy and the Common Man (Levin, 1960: 171-180). Michael is an ordinary man and he is ready to lay down his life to secure his sense of personal dignity. He has the consequence of his total compulsion to evaluate himself justly. He has the fear of being displaced and he acts against the scheme of things degrading him. He has a tragic flaw because of his unrealized mistake.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

The analysis on Michael is focused on the main character on the story of the poem as a modern tragic hero. Besides focusing on the main character, the other characters, which make Michael as the tragic hero, are also analyzed as the elements of the tragedy. In making a character study, the writer is using the theory on character and characterization. The theory on tragedy and modern tragic hero is used especially to analyze Michael as the main character and also the tragic hero of the modern tragedy in the poem.

Michael is described as an old shepherd in Grasmere Vale. He is a strong man and skillful in shepherd case. He is closest to the nature more than everyone there. He has a wife who is 20 years younger than him. Her name is Isabel. She is a good woman, diligent, and loves Michael so much. They have a son which his name is

Luke. Luke can be said as the copy of Michael. He is also skillful in shepherd case and he is also a friend of the nature. He goes to the city for work to pay the debt that has to be paid by Michael or they will lose the patrimonial land. In the city then Luke takes an evil way that makes him runs away to another land. The other character in the poem is Richard Bateman. He is Michael’s relatives in London and he is a successful businessman. He is the person who take care Luke in the city.

The analysis proves that Michael, the main character in Wordsworth’s poem

“Michael”, fits the modern tragic hero’s categories, which is stated by Arthur Miller

50 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

in Tragedy and the Common Man (Levin, 1960: 171-180). Michael is an ordinary man without any blood relation with any noble man. He is only a shepherd in a little isolated village but he is very important for his family. He has a big struggle to defense the patrimonial land. He likes a king who defenses his kingdom.

He is ready to lay down his life to secure his sense of personal dignity. He sends Luke to the city to save the land and the family. Luke is his dearest son and everything in his life. Luke actually is his life. Actually he can not far from Luke but he does this as the only way because he is too old.

He has the consequence of his total compulsion to evaluate himself justly. He has an agreement with his brother and then he has to pay the debt. He has to sell the land but he will die because of that. Michael confesses that he is false and makes a big mistake in the past. He is late to realize that. Then he sends Luke that he has been prepared to be a shepherd to work in the city. As the result, Luke takes an evil way and the land is lost. Then Michael and Isabel also died because of that.

He has the fear of being displaced. Because he has to pay the debt he has to sell his patrimonial land. He is afraid to do that because the heritage of his family will be lost. The loss of the land also makes him loses the dignity and proud around his social environment.

He acts against the scheme of things degrading him. He has to pay the debt but he is afraid if the land is passed into stranger hand, he will be restless even in his grave. The land is the symbol of his proud and dignity. He then sends Luke to the city PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

to avoid selling the land. He thinks that this is the way to save everything in his life and he will not lose anything.

He has a tragic flaw because of his unrealized mistake. He decides to have a wife and a son in a late age. He has to pay the debt because of his nephew and he sacrifices Luke to solve his problem. In the end he loses Luke, the land, and even himself.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abrams, M.H. A Glossary of Literary terms. New York: Holt, Reinhart and Winston Inc, 1971

Barnet, S., M Breman, Burto W. Literature for Composition: Essay, Fiction, Poetry and Drama. Illinois: Scoot Foreman, 1998.

Barranger, Milly. Understanding Plays. Boston: Boston’s Allyn and Bacon, 1994

Barry, Peter. Beginning theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory, Second Edition. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002.

Bracket, Oscar G. History of the Theatre. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1995.

Guerin, Wilfred L., Earle Labor, Lee Morgan, Jeanne C. Ressman, and John R. Willingham. A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature. New York: Harper and Row Publisher Inc, 1979.

Holman, C. Hugh and William Harmon. A hand Book of Literature. New York: Mac Millan Publishing Company, 1986.

Kernan, Alvin B. Character and Conflict. New York: Harcout, Brace, and World, Inc., 1963.

Koesnosoebroto. The Anatomy of Prose Fiction. Jakarta: Dep. P dan K Ditjen Dikti, P2 LPTK, 1988.

Levin, Richard. Tragedy: Plays, Theory, and Criticism. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc, 1960.

Library of Congress Cataloging Data. The Encyclopedia Americana, International Edition Vol. VI. Danbury: Grolier Incorporated, 1995.

Mukherjef, S.K and Paul Rajender. William Wordsworth Selected Poem. New Delhi: Rama Brothers Educational Publisher, 2000.

Rohrberger and Woods. Reading and Writing about Literature. New York: Random House, 1971.

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Walley, Harold R. The Book of the Play: An Introduction to Drama. New York: Charles Scribner’s son, 1950.

Yelland, Jones, and K. S. W Easton. A Handbook of Literary Terms. Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1953.

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APPENDIX A

EXPLICATION

“Michael”

A Pastoral Poem by William Wordsworth

The poem starts with the description of the scene where the story takes place. The setting is a valley around the Greenhead Ghyll. Mountains are surrounding the valley. A heap of stones by the side of the brook arrest the attention of the visitors. It is associated with a simple pastoral story for the fireside or the summer shade. It is the domestic tale which first revealed to the poet grandeur of the life of shepherds who lived in that valley.

Michael, an old shepherd, lived by the forest-side in the valley. He was adept in all the duties of a shepherd. He was deeply influenced valley and the streams and rocks. He has seen many incidents on those hills and they left firm impressions upon his mind. Those fields and hills were very dear to the shepherd as his emotions were strongly attached to them and their memory excited feelings of intense joy.

Michael used to live with his twenty years younger wife. She was an active woman and full of love. She bore a son to Michael when he was sixty. All the members of the family were so hard working to earn money. The shepherd and his wife had earned a legendary reputation for living with utmost frugality and economy. As their cottage was situated on a raised plot of land, the light of

55 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

lamp, with the help of which they pursued their work, could be seen from quite distant places. It was known as The Evening Star.

Michael had a deep and abiding love for Luke, the son of his old age. Luke brought a new life and hope to his aging father. Michael loves Luke so much.

When Luke was a child, he had rocked the cradle softly like a woman. He always keeps Luke in sight whether he was working in the fields or supervising the shearing of the sheep. Luke grew up to be healthy lad, the boy shepherd, tried his best to fulfill his duties. Luke became useful companion to his father.

Long ago Michael had stood for his nephew who was a hardworking man of ample means. They now called upon to discharge the debt. This bad news stunned the old shepherd and damped all the hopes he had cherished till now. He thought that only one way of discharging the debt by selling of a portion of his patrimonial lands. He saw only one way of saving his land. He told his wife Isabel of his resolve to send Luke to a prosperous kinsman who might help the boy to earn the money required for paying off the debt. When Michael discussed the whole things with Isabel, she thought of Richard Bateman, who was a poor parish boy but late became very rich when he was sent to London. It was finally decided that Luke should go to London.

Before the journey to London, Michel took Luke to a place where he had collected many stones. His aim was to build a sheepfold there. The old man told him all about the past. He also told him how he tended him with love and care.

The memory of that moment, so thought Michael, would prevent Luke from PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

falling into evil ways. On the advice of Michael, Luke stopped down and laid the first stone of the sheepfold. The old man pressed his son to his heart and wept.

Luke left for London. The parents received a good report of Luke. They also received loving letter from Luke. The parents read them with rejoicing hearts.

In this way month passed on. Michael went about his daily life with cheerful thoughts. Meanwhile, temptation of the city life corrupted the mind of Luke. He took evil way and manners. Eventually he fled away from England to seek shelter in a foreign country.

Although Michael knew about the unfaithfulness of Luke, we went about doing his duty as usual among the hills. He survived the shock because he derived comfort and strength from the indelible memories of the past life with his son and the associations went to the sheepfold, but he left the work unfinished when he died. Isabel died three years later. The estate was sold to a stranger. Although everything was changed, the oak there was still standing. The unfinished sheepfold still could be seen besides the boisterous brook of Greenhead Ghyll.

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APPENDIX B

“Michael”

A Pastoral Poem

William Wordsworth

IF from the public way you turn your steps Up the tumultuous brook of Greenhead Ghyll, You will suppose that with an upright path Your feet must struggle; in such bold ascent The pastoral mountains front you, face to face. 5 But, courage! for around that boisterous brook The mountains have all opened out themselves, And made a hidden valley of their own. No habitation can be seen; but they Who journey thither find themselves alone 10 With a few sheep, with rocks and stones, and kites That overhead are sailing in the sky. It is in truth an utter solitude; Nor should I have made mention of this Dell But for one object which you might pass by, 15 Might see and notice not. Beside the brook Appears a struggling heap of unhewn stones! And to that simple object appertains A story—unenriched with strange events, Yet not unfit, I deem, for the fireside, 20 Or for the summer shade. It was the first Of those domestic tales that spake to me Of shepherds, dwellers in the valleys, men Whom I already loved;—not verily For their own sakes, but for the fields and hills 25 Where was their occupation and abode. And hence this Tale, while I was yet a Boy Careless of books, yet having felt the power Of Nature, by the gentle agency Of natural objects, led me on to feel 30 For passions that were not my own, and think (At random and imperfectly indeed) On man, the heart of man, and human life. Therefore, although it be a history

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Homely and rude, I will relate the same 35 For the delight of a few natural hearts; And, with yet fonder feeling, for the sake Of youthful Poets, who among these hills Will be my second self when I am gone.

Upon the forest-side in Grasmere Vale 40 There dwelt a Shepherd, Michael was his name; An old man, stout of heart, and strong of limb. His bodily frame had been from youth to age Of an unusual strength: his mind was keen, Intense, and frugal, apt for all affairs, 45 And in his shepherd’s calling he was prompt And watchful more than ordinary men. Hence had he learned the meaning of all winds, Of blasts of every tone; and, oftentimes, When others heeded not, he heard the South 50 Make subterraneous music, like the noise Of bagpipers on distant Highland hills. The Shepherd, at such warning, of his flock Bethought him, and he to himself would say, ‘The winds are now devising work for me!’ 55 And, truly, at all times, the storm, that drives The traveller to a shelter, summoned him Up to the mountains: he had been alone Amid the heart of many thousand mists, That came to him, and left him, on the heights. 60 So lived he till his eightieth year was past. And grossly that man errs, who should suppose That the green valleys, and the streams and rocks, Were things indifferent to the Shepherd’s thoughts. Fields, where with cheerful spirits he had breathed 65 The common air; hills, which with vigorous step He had so often climbed; which had impressed So many incidents upon his mind Of hardship, skill or courage, joy or fear; Which, like a book, preserved the memory 70 Of the dumb animals, whom he had saved, Had fed or sheltered, linking to such acts The certainty of honourable gain; Those fields, those hills—what could they less? had laid Strong hold on his affections, were to him 75 A pleasurable feeling of blind love, The pleasure which there is in life itself.

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His days had not been passed in singleness. His Helpmate was a comely matron, old— Though younger than himself full twenty years. 80 She was a woman of a stirring life, Whose heart was in her house; two wheels she had Of antique form; this large, for spinning wool; That small, for flax; and if one wheel had rest It was because the other was at work. 85 The Pair had but one inmate in their house, An only Child, who had been born to them When Michael, telling o’er his years, began To deem that he was old,—in shepherd’s phrase, With one foot in the grave. This only Son, 90 With two brave sheep-dogs tried in many a storm, The one of an inestimable worth, Made all their household. I may truly say, That they were as a proverb in the vale For endless industry. When day was gone, 95 And from their occupations out of doors The Son and Father were come home, even then, Their labour did not cease; unless when all Turned to the cleanly supper-board, and there, Each with a mess of pottage and skimmed milk, 100 Sat round the basket piled with oaten cakes, And their plain home-made cheese. Yet when the meal Was ended, Luke (for so the son was named) And his old Father both betook themselves To such convenient work as might employ 105 Their hands by the fireside; perhaps to card Wool for the Housewife’s spindle, or repair Some injury done to sickle, flail, or scythe, Or other implement of house or field.

Down from the ceiling, by the chimney’s edge, 110 That in our ancient uncouth country style With huge and black projection overbrowed Large space beneath, as duly as the light Of day grew dim the Housewife hung a lamp; An aged utensil, which had performed 115 Service beyond all others of its kind. Early at evening did it burn—and late, Surviving comrade of uncounted hours, Which, going by from year to year, had found, And left, the couple neither gay perhaps 120 Nor cheerful, yet with objects and with hopes, Living a life of eager industry. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

And now, when Luke had reached his eighteenth year, There by the light of this old lamp they sate, Father and Son, while far into the night 125 The Housewife plied her own peculiar work, Making the cottage through the silent hours Murmur as with the sound of summer flies. This light was famous in its neighbourhood, And was a public symbol of the life 130 That thrifty Pair had lived. For, as it chanced, Their cottage on a plot of rising ground Stood single, with large prospect, north and south, High into Easedale, up to Dunmail-Raise, And westward to the village near the lake; 135 And from this constant light, so regular And so far seen, the House itself, by all Who dwelt within the limits of the vale, Both old and young, was named THE EVENING STAR.

Thus living on through such a length of years, 140 The Shepherd, if he loved himself, must needs Have loved his Helpmate; but to Michael’s heart This son of his old age was yet more dear— Less from instinctive tenderness, the same Fond spirit that blindly works in the blood of all— 145 Than that a child, more than all other gifts That earth can offer to declining man, Brings hope with it, and forward-looking thoughts, And stirrings of inquietude, when they By tendency of nature needs must fail. 150 Exceeding was the love he bare to him, His heart and his heart’s joy! For oftentimes Old Michael, while he was a babe in arms, Had done him female service, not alone For pastime and delight, as is the use 155 Of fathers, but with patient mind enforced To acts of tenderness; and he had rocked His cradle, as with a woman’s gentle hand.

And, in a later time, ere yet the Boy Had put on boy’s attire, did Michael love, 160 Albeit of a stern unbending mind, To have the young-one in his sight, when he Wrought in the field, or on his shepherd’s stool Sate with a fettered sheep before him stretched Under the large old oak, that near his door 165 Stood single, and, from matchless depth of shade, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Chosen for the Shearer’s covert from the sun, Thence in our rustic dialect was called The CLIPPING TREE, a name which yet it bears. There, while they two were sitting in the shade, 170 With others round them, earnest all and blithe, Would Michael exercise his heart with looks Of fond correction and reproof bestowed Upon the Child, if he disturbed the sheep By catching at their legs, or with his shouts 175 Scared them, while they lay still beneath the shears. And when by Heaven’s good grace the boy grew up A healthy Lad, and carried in his cheek Two steady roses that were five years old; Then Michael from a winter coppice cut 180 With his own hand a sapling, which he hooped With iron, making it throughout in all Due requisites a perfect shepherd’s staff, And gave it to the Boy; wherewith equipt He as a watchman oftentimes was placed 185 At gate or gap, to stem or turn the flock; And, to his office prematurely called, There stood the urchin, as you will divine, Something between a hindrance and a help; And for this cause not always, I believe, 190 Receiving from his Father hire of praise; Though nought was left undone which staff, or voice, Or looks, or threatening gestures, could perform.

But soon as Luke, full ten years old, could stand Against the mountain blasts; and to the heights, 195 Not fearing toil, nor length of weary ways, He with his Father daily went, and they Were as companions, why should I relate That objects which the Shepherd loved before Were dearer now? that from the Boy there came 200 Feelings and emanations—things which were Light to the sun and music to the wind; And that the old Man’s heart seemed born again?

Thus in his Father’s sight the Boy grew up: And now, when he had reached his eighteenth year, 205 He was his comfort and his daily hope.

While in this sort the simple household lived From day to day, to Michael’s ear there came Distressful tidings. Long before the time PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Of which I speak, the Shepherd had been bound 210 In surety for his brother’s son, a man Of an industrious life, and ample means; But unforeseen misfortunes suddenly Had prest upon him; and old Michael now Was summoned to discharge the forfeiture, 215 A grievous penalty, but little less Than half his substance. This unlooked-for claim, At the first hearing, for a moment took More hope out of his life than he supposed That any old man ever could have lost. 220 As soon as he had armed himself with strength To look his troubles in the face, it seemed The Shepherd’s sole resource to sell at once A portion of his patrimonial fields. Such was his first resolve; he thought again, 225 And his heart failed him. ‘Isabel,’ said he, Two evenings after he had heard the news, ‘I have been toiling more than seventy years, And in the open sunshine of God’s love Have we all lived; yet if these fields of ours 230 Should pass into a stranger’s hand, I think That I could not lie quiet in my grave. Our lot is a hard lot; the sun himself Has scarcely been more diligent than I; And I have lived to be a fool at last 235 To my own family. An evil man That was, and made an evil choice, if he Were false to us; and if he were not false, There are ten thousand to whom loss like this Had been no sorrow. I forgive him;—but 240 ’Twere better to be dumb than to talk thus.

When I began, my purpose was to speak Of remedies and of a cheerful hope. Our Luke shall leave us, Isabel; the land Shall not go from us, and it shall be free; 245 He shall possess it, free as is the wind That passes over it. We have, thou know’st, Another kinsman—he will be our friend In this distress. He is a prosperous man, Thriving in trade—and Luke to him shall go, 250 And with his kinsman’s help and his own thrift He quickly will repair this loss, and then He may return to us. If here he stay, What can be done? Where every one is poor, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

What can be gained?

At this the old Man paused, 255 And Isabel sat silent, for her mind Was busy, looking back into past times. There’s Richard Bateman, thought she to herself, He was a parish boy—at the church-door

They made a gathering for him, shillings, pence 260 And halfpennies, wherewith the neighbours bought A basket, which they filled with pedlar’s wares; And, with this basket on his arm, the lad Went up to London, found a master there, Who, out of many, chose the trusty boy 265 To go and overlook his merchandise Beyond the seas; where he grew wondrous rich, And left estates and monies to the poor, And, at his birthplace, built a chapel floored With marble which he sent from foreign lands. 270 These thoughts, and many others of like sort, Passed quickly through the mind of Isabel, And her face brightened. The old Man was glad, And thus resumed:—‘Well, Isabel! this scheme These two days, has been meat and drink to me. 275 Far more than we have lost is left us yet. —We have enough—I wish indeed that I Were younger;—but this hope is a good hope. —Make ready Luke’s best garments, of the best Buy for him more, and let us send him forth 280 To-morrow, or the next day, or to-night: —If he could go, the Boy should go to-night.’

Here Michael ceased, and to the fields went forth With a light heart. The Housewife for five days Was restless morn and night, and all day long 285 Wrought on with her best fingers to prepare Things needful for the journey of her son. But Isabel was glad when Sunday came To stop her in her work: for, when she lay By Michael’s side, she through the last two nights 290 Heard him, how he was troubled in his sleep: And when they rose at morning she could see That all his hopes were gone. That day at noon She said to Luke, while they two by themselves

Were sitting at the door, ‘Thou must not go: 295 We have no other Child but thee to lose, None to remember—do not go away, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

For if thou leave thy Father he will die.’ The Youth made answer with a jocund voice; And Isabel, when she had told her fears, 300 Recovered heart. That evening her best fare Did she bring forth, and all together sat Like happy people round a Christmas fire.

With daylight Isabel resumed her work; And all the ensuing week the house appeared 305 As cheerful as a grove in Spring: at length The expected letter from their kinsman came, With kind assurances that he would do His utmost for the welfare of the Boy; To which, requests were added, that forthwith 310 He might be sent to him. Ten times or more The letter was read over; Isabel Went forth to show it to the neighbours round; Nor was there at that time on English land A prouder heart than Luke’s. When Isabel 315 Had to her house returned, the old Man said, ‘He shall depart to-morrow.’ To this word The Housewife answered, talking much of things Which, if at such short notice he should go, Would surely be forgotten. But at length 320 She gave consent, and Michael was at ease. Near the tumultuous brook of Greenhead Ghyll, In that deep valley, Michael had designed To build a Sheepfold; and, before he heard 325 The tidings of his melancholy loss, For this same purpose he had gathered up A heap of stones, which by the streamlet’s edge Lay thrown together, ready for the work. With Luke that evening thitherward he walked; And soon as they had reached the place he stopped. 330 And thus the old Man spake to him:—‘My Son, To-morrow thou wilt leave me: with full heart I look upon thee, for thou art the same That wert a promise to me ere thy birth, And all thy life hast been my daily joy. 335 I will relate to thee some little part Of our two histories; ’twill do thee good When thou art from me, even if I should touch On things thou canst not know of.—After thou First cam’st into the world—as oft befalls 340 To new-born infants—thou didst sleep away Two days, and blessings from thy Father’s tongue PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Then fell upon thee. Day by day passed on, And still I loved thee with increasing love. Never to living ear came sweeter sounds 345 Than when I heard thee by our own fireside First uttering, without words, a natural tune: While thou, a feeding babe, didst in thy joy Sing at thy Mother’s breast. Month followed month, And in the open fields my life was passed 350 And on the mountains; else I think that thou Hadst been brought up upon thy Father’s knees. But we were playmates, Luke: among these hills, As well thou knowest, in us the old and young Have played together, nor with me didst thou 355 Lack any pleasure which a boy can know.’ Luke had a manly heart; but at these words He sobbed aloud. The old Man grasped his hand, And said, ‘Nay, do not take it so—I see That these are things of which I need not speak. 360 —Even to the utmost I have been to thee A kind and a good Father: and herein I but repay a gift which I myself Received at others’ hand; for, though now old Beyond the common life of man, I still 365 Remember them who loved me in my youth. Both of them sleep together; here they lived, As all their Forefathers had done; and when At length their time was come, they were not loth To give their bodies to the family mould. 370 I wished that thou shouldst live the life they lived: But, ’tis a long time to look back, my Son And see so little gained from threescore years. These fields were burthened when they came to me; Till I was forty years of age, not more 375 Than half of my inheritance was mine. I toiled and toiled; God blessed me in my work, And till these three weeks past the land was free. —It looks as if it never could endure Another Master. Heaven forgive me, Luke, 380 If I judge ill for thee, but it seems good That thou shouldst go.’ At this the old Man paused;Then, pointing to the stones near which they stood, Thus, after a short silence, he resumed: ‘This was a work for us; and now, my Son, 385 It is a work for me. But, lay one stone— Here, lay it for me, Luke, with thine own hands. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Nay, Boy, be of good hope;—we both may live To see a better day. At eighty-four I still am strong and hale;—do thou thy part; 390 I will do mine.—I will begin again With many tasks that were resigned to thee: Up to the heights, and in among the storms, Will I without thee go again, and do All works which I was wont to do alone, 395 Before I knew thy face.—Heaven bless thee, Boy! Thy heart these two weeks has been beating fast With many hopes; it should be so—yes—yes— I knew that thou couldst never have a wish To leave me, Luke: thou hast been bound to me 400 Only by links of love: when thou art gone, What will be left to us!—But, I forget My purposes: Lay now the corner-stone, As I requested; and hereafter, Luke, When thou art gone away, should evil men 405 Be thy companions, think of me, my Son, And of this moment; hither turn thy thoughts, And God will strengthen thee: amid all fear And all temptations, Luke, I pray that thou May’st bear in mind the life thy Fathers lived, 410 Who, being innocent, did for that cause Bestir them in good deeds. Now, fare thee well— When thou return’st, thou in this place wilt see A work which is not here: a covenant ’Twill be between us; but, whatever fate 415 Befall thee, I shall love thee to the last, And bear thy memory with me to the grave.’ The Shepherd ended here; and Luke stooped down, And, as his Father had requested, laid The first stone of the Sheepfold. At the sight 420 The old Man’s grief broke from him; to his heart He pressed his Son, he kissed him and wept; And to the house together they returned. —Hushed was that House in peace, or seeming peace, Ere the Night fell:—with morrow’s dawn the Boy 425 Began his journey, and when he had reached The public way, he put on a bold face; And all the neighbours, as he passed their doors, Came forth with wishes and with farewell prayers, That followed him till he was out of sight. 430 A good report did from their kinsman come, Of Luke and his well-doing: and the Boy Wrote loving letters, full of wondrous news, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Which, as the Housewife phrased it, were throughout ‘The prettiest letters that were ever seen.’ 435 Both parents read them with rejoicing hearts. So, many months passed on: and once again The Shepherd went about his daily work With confident and cheerful thoughts; and now Sometimes when he could find a leisure hour 440 He to that valley took his way, and there Wrought at the Sheepfold. Meantime Luke began To slacken in his duty; and, at length, He in the dissolute city gave himself To evil courses: ignominy and shame 445 Fell on him, so that he was driven at last To seek a hiding-place beyond the seas. There is a comfort in the strength of love; ’Twill make a thing endurable, which else Would overset the brain, or break the heart: 450 I have conversed with more than one who well Remember the old Man, and what he was Years after he had heard this heavy news. His bodily frame had been from youth to age Of an unusual strength. Among the rocks 455 He went, and still looked up to sun and cloud, And listened to the wind; and, as before, Performed all kinds of labour for his sheep, And for the land, his small inheritance. And to that hollow dell from time to time 460 Did he repair, to build the Fold of which His flock had need. ’Tis not forgotten yet The pity which was then in every heart For the old Man—and ’tis believed by all That many and many a day he thither went, 465 And never lifted up a single stone. There, by the Sheepfold, sometimes was he seen Sitting alone, or with his faithful Dog, Then old, beside him, lying at his feet. The length of full seven years, from time to time, 470 He at the building of this Sheepfold wrought, And left the work unfinished when he died. Three years, or little more, did Isabel Survive her Husband: at her death the estate Was sold, and went into a stranger’s hand. 475 The Cottage which was named THE EVENING STAR Is gone—the ploughshare has been through the ground On which it stood; great changes have been wrought In all the neighbourhood:—yet the oak is left PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

That grew beside their door; and the remains 480 Of the unfinished Sheepfold may be seen Beside the boisterous brook of Greenhead Ghyll (Mukherjef and Rajender, 2000: 73-183).