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Fundamentos Antropológicos De La Psicoterapia Según Rudolf Allers

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Fundamentos Antropológicos De La Psicoterapia Según Rudolf Allers Fundamentos antropológicos de la psicoterapia según Rudolf Allers TRABAJO FIN DE GRADO Autor: Oriol Correa Nuño Tutor: Martín F. Echavarría Grado en: Psicología Año: 2018 DECLARACIÓN El que suscribe declara que el material de este documento, que ahora presento, es fruto de mi propio trabajo. Cualquier ayuda recibida de otros ha Sido citada y reconocida dentro de este documento. Hago esta declaración en el conocimiento de que un incumplimiento de las normas relativas a la presentación de trabajos puede llevar a graves consecuencias. Soy consciente de que el documento no será aceptado a menos que esta declaración haya Sido entregada junto al mismo. Firma: Oriol CORREA NUÑO 2 Conoceréis la verdad, y la verdad os hará libres Evangelio de Juan 8, 32 3 4 Resumen Este documento recoge la propuesta antropológica del médico y filósofo austriaco Rudolf Allers como una manera de acercarse al tratamiento psicoterapéutico. En el texto, se aborda un primer apartado sobre las influencias y críticas del autor a las propuestas psicológicas ya existentes, una segunda parte dedicada a su conceptualización antropológica en base a las facultades del conocimiento y la voluntad, y, en último lugar, una explicación acerca del concepto del carácter y del desarrollo de este según la visión del autor. Partiendo de la explicación adleriana acerca de la neurosis y aprovechando los fundamentos aristotélico-tomistas, desarrolló una conceptualización espiritual del vivir humano capaz de superar las limitaciones materialistas de otras propuestas contemporáneas. Resum Aquest document recull la proposta antropològica del metge i filòsof austríac Rudolf Allers com una manera d'acostar-se al tractament psicoterapèutic. En el text, s'aborda un primer apartat sobre les influències i crítiques de l'autor a les propostes psicològiques ja existents, una segona part dedicada a la seva conceptualització antropològica sobre la base de les facultats del coneixement i la voluntat, i, finalment, una explicació sobre el concepte del caràcter i el desenvolupament d'aquest segons la visió de l'autor. Partint de l'explicació adleriana sobre la neurosi i aprofitant els fonaments aristotèlic-tomistes, va desenvolupar una conceptualització espiritual del viure humà capaç de superar les limitacions materialistes d'altres propostes contemporànies. Abstract This document contains the anthropological proposal of the Austrian doctor and philosopher Rudolf Allers as a way of approaching to the psychotherapeutic treatment. Firstly, it includes a chapter about the author’s influences and a critic point of view on the psychological proposals already existing. Secondly, there is another chapter focused on his anthropological conceptualization based on the faculty of the knowledge and the will. Finally, there is an explanation of the concept of the character and its development according to the author’s belief. Regarding the adlerian explanation about neurosis and the aristotelian-thomistic foundations, he developed a spiritual conceptualization of the human being, capable of overcoming the materialist limitations of other contemporary proposals. 5 Palabras claves / Keywords Rudolf Allers – Antropología filosófica–– Psicoterapia – Carácter – Neurosis Rudolf Allers – Philosophic Anthropology –– Psycotherapy – Character – Neurosis 6 Sumario Introducción ................................................................................................................... 9 Capítulo I. Punto de partida......................................................................................... 11 1.1. Contextualización ............................................................................................. 11 1.1.1. Ubicación biográfica .................................................................................. 11 1.1.2. Sus influencias: la Psicología Individual, la Fenomenología (Husserl y Scheler) y la Neoescolástica ............................................................................... 13 1.2. Una Psicología antropológica .......................................................................... 15 1.2.1. Crítica de las posturas reduccionistas en Psicología, y muy especialmente de Freud. ............................................................................................................. 15 1.2.2. Necesidad de desarrollar una Psicología antropológica. ......................... 17 Capítulo II. la Psicología antropológica de Rudolf Allers ........................................... 21 2.1. la primacía del logos ...................................................................................... 21 2.1.1. El lugar del conocimiento en la antropología de Allers ............................ 22 2.1.2. los valores ............................................................................................... 27 2.2. la voluntad ....................................................................................................... 31 2.2.1. Naturaleza de la voluntad ......................................................................... 32 2.2.2. ¿Una voluntad inconsciente? ................................................................... 36 2.2.3. Voluntad de poderío y voluntad de comunidad ........................................ 39 Capítulo III. Desarrollo de la personalidad moral ........................................................ 43 3.1. Naturaleza y educación del carácter................................................................ 43 3.1.1. El carácter ................................................................................................. 43 3.1.2. Carácter y fin último .................................................................................. 48 3.2. Desarrollo de la personalidad moral ................................................................ 52 3.2.1. Infancia ..................................................................................................... 53 3.2.2. Adolescencia ............................................................................................. 57 3.2.3. la neurosis ................................................................................................ 62 3.2.4. Madurez del carácter y santidad ............................................................... 68 Conclusión ................................................................................................................... 71 Bibliografía ................................................................................................................... 73 Anexo ........................................................................................................................... 75 7 8 Introducción En el presente trabajo nos proponemos esclarecer los aportes del psicólogo austríaco Rudolf Allers a la fundamentación antropológica de la psicología. Este autor dedica a este tema, a lo largo de su carrera como profesor, investigador y terapeuta, varios de sus escritos, tanto libros como multitud de publicaciones en revistas contemporáneas. Entre ellos se encuentran obras como Naturaleza y educación del carácter (1957, Labor), Pedagogía Sexual. Fundamentos y líneas principales analítico-existenciales (1958, luis Miracle), Self improvement (1939, Roman Catholic Books) y Character education in Adolescence (1940, Joseph F. Wagner, Inc.). Estos son los cuatro libros que hemos utilizado como principal sustento de nuestro trabajo, de manera que la mayoría de las citas utilizadas durante la exposición de los distintos puntos del trabajo son de una de estas cuatro publicaciones. Como sustento a la explicación también hemos recurrido a fuentes de documentación secundaria como algunos de sus comentadores y divulgadores, pero con la intención de reproducir de la manera más fiel posible la interpretación allersiana del hombre hemos buscado fundamentar nuestra argumentación principalmente en el resultado directo de su producción. Respecto a las citas, nos gustaría señalar que, aunque algunas han sido cogidas de textos de idiomas distintos al castellano, todas han sido traducidas a este para facilitar la lectura y comprensión. Consideramos interesante la realización del presente trabajo, porque creemos que los escritos de este autor podrían ayudarnos a reconceptualizar la psicología desde un punto de vista antropológico, puesto que creemos que, a veces, está excesivamente centrada en la sintomatología, circunstancia que la vuelve incapaz de dar explicaciones etiológicas que nos permitan encontrar la causa original del problema y aconsejar de modo conveniente al paciente para librarlo de ese malestar que padece. Entre los aportes principales de nuestro autor vienés, querríamos señalar la importancia de considerar el problema psicológico, descartando todas las patologías del espectro psicótico, como derivado de un carácter neurótico. Este provendría del autoengaño, o “mentira existencial” al que se somete el sujeto que no quiere someterse al orden objetivo de la realidad (Echavarría, 2013b, p. 182) que “mina, por así decirlo, la existencia por la base y la arrastra tarde o temprano hasta un precipicio amenazante, si un aniquilamiento total de la existencia fuese posible” (Allers, 1999b, p. 295). Como respuesta a este plan de trabajo de un modo expositivo más claro lo hemos estructurado en tres partes. El primer capítulo, de carácter introductorio y notablemente breve en comparación con los otros dos, lo hemos dedicado a la presentación de nuestro médico-filósofo, así como a la contextualización de su trabajo 9 en su marco histórico que es
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