Foundation, Dedication and Consecration in Early Modern Europe Intersections Interdisciplinary Studies in Early Modern Culture General Editor Karl A.E. Enenkel Chair of Medieval and Neo-Latin Literature Westfälische Wilhelmsuniversität Münster e-mail: kenen_01@uni_muenster.de Editorial Board W. van Anrooij (University of Leiden) W. de Boer (Miami University) K.A.E. Enenkel (University of Münster) J.L. de Jong (University of Groningen) W.S. Melion (Emory University) K. Murphy (University of Oxford) W. Neuber (Free University of Berlin) H. Roodenburg (P.J. Meertens Institute) P.J. Smith (University of Leiden) A. Traninger (Free University of Berlin) C. Zittel (Free University of Berlin) Advisory Board K. VAN BERKEL (University of Groningen) – F. EGMOND (Rome) A. GRAFTON (Princeton University) – A. HAMILTON (Warburg Institute) C.L. HEESAKKERS – H.A. HENDRIX (Utrecht University) – F.J. VAN INGEN J.I. ISRAEL (Institute for Advanced Studies, Princeton, N.J.) – M. JACOBS (Free University of Brussels) K.A. OTTENHEYM (Utrecht University) – K. PORTEMAN E.J. SLUIJTER (University of Amsterdam) VOLUME 22 – 2012 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/inte Foundation, Dedication and Consecration in Early Modern Europe Edited by Maarten Delbeke and Minou Schraven LEIDEN • BOSTON 2012 Cover illustrations: Benedetto Briosco, Duke Gian Galeazzo Visconti and his son lay the first stone of the church at the Certosa in Pavia in August 1396. Detail of relief in stone originally placed at the entrance, 1501–1514. Museo della Certosa, Pavia. Medals in the background: Portrait medal of Sigimondo Malatesta with the Castello Sismondo on its reverse. Bears date 1446. Cast bronze, diameter 84mm; portrait medal of Pope Paul II with the Palazzo S. Marco on its reverse. Bears date 1465. Bronze, diameter 33 mm; portrait medal of Pope Sixtus IV with the Ponte Sisto on its reverse. 1473 [bears no date]. Bronze, diameter 40 mm, and portrait medal of Pope Julius II with new St Peter’s on its reverse. 1506 [bears no date]. Bronze, diameter 40 mm. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Foundation, dedication and consecration in early modern Europe / edited by Maarten Delbeke and Minou Schraven. p. cm. — (Intersections : interdisciplinary studies in early modern culture ; 22) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-21757-7 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Architecture and society—Europe— History. 2. Architecture—Human factors—Europe—History. 3. Dedication services—Europe— History. 4. Church dedication—Europe—History. 5. Rites and ceremonies—Europe—History. I. Delbeke, Maarten. II. Schraven, Minou. NA2543.S6F69 2012 394’.4—dc23 2011042154 ISSN 1568-1811 ISBN 978 90 04 21757 7 (hardback) ISBN 978 90 04 22208 3 (e-book) Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. CONTENTS Acknowledgements ............................................................................ ix Notes on the Editors ......................................................................... xi Notes on the Contributors ............................................................... xiii List of Illustrations ............................................................................ xix List of Maps ........................................................................................ xxv Foundation, Dedication and Consecration in Early Modern Europe. An Introduction ............................................................. 1 Maarten Delbeke and Minou Schraven I. FOUNDATION AND THE HUMANIST QUEST FOR ORIGINS Founding an Ideal City in Filarete’s Libro Architettonico .......... 17 Berthold Hub Stepping Out of Brunelleschi’s Shadow: The Consecration of Santa Maria del Fiore as International Statecraft in Medicean Florence ........................................................................ 59 Roger J. Crum Establishing Independence: Leonardo Bruni’s History of the Florentine People and Ritual in Fifteenth-Century Florence ........................................................................................... 79 Brian Jeffrey Maxson Pienza: Relics, Ritual and Architecture in the City of a Renaissance Pope .......................................................................... 99 Susan J. May Founding Rome Anew. Pope Sixtus IV and the Foundation of Ponte Sisto, 1473 ........................................................................... 129 Minou Schraven vi contents II. (RE)FOUNDATION AS PURIFICATION AND APPROPRIATION A Means for the Projection of ‘Soft Power’: ‘Spanish’ Churches at Rome 1469–1527 .................................................... 155 Piers Baker-Bates Clash of Power and Creed: Cultural (Re)foundations in Northwest Africa ........................................................................... 183 Jorge Correia Building a Sense of Belonging: The Foundation of Valletta in Malta ........................................................................................... 209 Carmelina Gugliuzzo St Ignatius of Loyola’s “Vision at La Storta” and the Foundation of the Society of Jesus ............................................. 225 Alison C. Fleming III. CONSECRATION CEREMONIES AFTER TRENT Consecration and Violation: Preserving the Sacred Landscape in the (Arch)diocese of Cambrai, c. 1550–1570 ...................... 253 Andrew Spicer Foundation Rites in the Southern Netherlands: Constructing a Counter-Reformational Architecture ..................................... 275 Dagmar Germonprez Church Consecration in England 1549–1715: An Unestablished Ceremony ...................................................... 297 Anne-Françoise Morel Ritual and its Negation. ‘Dedicatio Ecclesiae’ and the Reformed First Sermon ................................................................ 315 Almut Pollmer-Schmidt and Bernward Schmidt contents vii IV. NEW BEGINNINGS Midsummer Moderns: The Foundation of the Paris Observatory, 21 June 1667 ........................................................... 335 Indra Kagis McEwen The Importance of Beginning, Over and Over: The Idea of Primitive Germanic Law ......................................................... 363 Colin F. Wilder Index Nominum ................................................................................ 383 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The idea for the present volume on foundations, dedications and con- secrations in early modern culture is rooted in two recent research projects at Leiden and Ghent that developed in parallel and now for- tuitously meet in this rich collection of papers. At Leiden University, Minou Schraven developed a post-doctoral research project “Linking Patrons / Buildings. Portrait Medals and Foundation Ceremonies in Early Modern Italy” as part of a larger NWO funded Vici-research project “Art, Agency and Living Presence”, directed by Caroline van Eck. Meanwhile, Maarten Delbeke supervised two research projects at Ghent University, generously funded by the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO), and the Special Research Fund of Ghent Univer- sity (BOF) aiming to understand how early modern dedication and consecration rituals conferred meaning onto religious buildings in the Southern Netherlands and England. We are very grateful to Bart Verschaffel, Caroline van Eck, Sylvia Van Peteghem and Dirk Sacré, who co-supervised these projects, for their precious input at various stages of these projects. A special word of thanks is due to Lionel Devlieger, who contributed greatly to the writing of the initial propos- als as well to the preliminary research on church consecrations in the Southern Netherlands. We also express our thanks to the board of the Intersections series, especially Karl Enenkel, Jan de Jong and Christine Murphy, for their support and useful input during the project. Ulti- mately, we also would like to express gratitude to our authors both for their contributions and their unstinting willingness to revisit their case studies in order to produce this volume. NOTES ON THE EDITORS Maarten Delbeke is associate professor at the department of Archi- tecture and Urban Planning of Ghent University, where he earned his Ph.D. in 2001. At the LUICD of the University of Leiden he leads the research-project “The Quest for the Legitimacy of Architecture in Europe 1750–1850”, funded by a Vidi-grant from NWO (Dutch Science Foundation). In 2001–2003 he was the Scott Opler fellow in Architectural History at Worcester College (Oxford), and from 2003 until 2009 a postdoctoral research fellow with the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO). He has been teaching at Ghent and the Art History Department of Leiden University since 2005. He has published widely on the topics of the art and artistic theory in early modern Rome, architectural theory and contemporary architecture. With Evonne Levy and Steven Ostrow he edited Bernini’s Biographies. Critical