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Old Man Banksia Banksia Serrata Old Man Banksia probably typifies the Australian sandstone flora more than any other Australian plant. Wonderful old trees with gnarled, corky bark can be found in scrub and woodland on sandy soils along the east coast of mainland Australia, from Queensland, through New South Wales and Victoria to north-western Tasmania and Flinders Island. And of course, who could forget Banksias as the “Big Bad Banksia Men” of May Gibbs’ “Snugglepot and Cuddlepie”. Banksia serrata was one of the first plants collected by botanist Joseph Banks (later to become Sir Joseph Banks) on the shores of Botany Bay in April, 1770 when Banks accompanied Lieutenant James Cook (later to become Captain James Cook) on the first voyage of exploration to Australia in the Endeavour. In 1782 Banksia was named after Banks by Carolus Linnaeus the Younger, and since Banksia serrata was the first named species in the genus, it is known as the type species. There are approximately 170 species of Banksia, all are endemic to Australia with one exception from New Guinea and a fossil from New Zealand. Banksia belongs to the plant family Proteaceae, a family of Gondwanan origins with main centres of diversity in South Africa and Australia. Other genera in the Proteaceae include: Telopea (Waratah), Grevillea and Hakea from Australia, and Protea, Leucodendron and Leucospermum from South Africa. An illustration of Banksia serrata by Edward Minchen (1862 – 1913) J.H. Maiden 1895 The Flowering Plants and Ferns of New South Wales – Part 3. NSW Government Printing Office Distribution map modified from Australian Native Plant Society: http://anpsa.org.au/b-ser.html Alison Downing, Kevin Downing, Brian Atwell 22nd September 2014 Department of Biological Sciences .

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Pollen Analysis of Samples from the Cooperage Archaeological Site, Darling Square West
Appendix 3: Pollen Report _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Casey & Lowe Archaeological Investigation The Cooperage, South West Plot, Darling Square CHANGES IN THE LANDSCAPE OF DARLING HARBOUR: POLLEN ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES FROM THE COOPERAGE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE, DARLING SQUARE WEST, HAYMARKET Mike Macphail View of estuarine deposits in Area A, Test Trench 7, Cooperage archaeological site Darling Square West (photograph by Sandra Kuiters, Casey & Lowe Pty. Ltd.) Report prepared 2 April 2015 for Casey & Lowe Heritage Consultants Pty. Ltd. (Leichardt) Consultant Palynological Services, 13 Walu Place, Aranda. A.C.T. 2614 Ph. 02-6251-1631/0432-233-230. E-mail [email protected] 1 1. INTRODUCTION Belated recognition (Gammage 2012) that much of the Australian landscape is a cultural landscape has refocused interest in the environments encountered by Europeans at the time of first settlement of Sydney Cove in 1788 – both as evidence for (i) the impact of millennia of skilful burning by Australia's Indigenous inhabitants and (ii) as a bench mark to assess change shaped by c. 225 years of European occupation. As for the Tank Stream Valley (Macphail 2014a), direct evidence of the 1788 environment is mostly limited to observations in early Colonial documents and fossils in late eighteen century or older sediments fortuitously preserved under younger cultural deposits. Redevelopment of the foreshore of Darling Harbour has provided a unique opportunity to reconstruct the pre- and post-European settlement landscapes encompassing Cockle Bay, the most eastern bay in the complex of bays called 'the harbour-within-the harbour' by Stephenson & Kennedy 1980). Unlike the eastern (Sydney CBD ridge) foreshore of Cockle Bay, which was occupied by Europeans in the 1790s, the southwestern (Ultimo-Pyrmont) foreshore was part of a large Colonial Period Estate (Harris Estate) that was quarantined from urban developments into the 1850s (Fitzgerald & Golder 2009).
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Botanic Gardens Banksia General Information ● Genus: Banksia
Botanic Gardens Banksia General Information ● Genus: Banksia. ● Family: Proteaceae. ● Named after: Sir Joseph Banks (1743-1820). ● In 1777, Banks was the first European to collect specimens of the Banksia. ● 173 Banksia Species. ● Archaeological records show Banksia have existed for 61 million years, from a Banksia archaeocarpa fruit fossil found in the Kennedy Range National Park. "The Genus Banksia." Australian Government, n.d. Web. 9 July 2015. <https://www.anbg.gov.au/banksia/>. "Groundbreaking Discovery in Plant Adaptations to Fire." Curtin University. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 July 2015. <http://news.curtin.edu.au/media-releases/groundbreaking-discovery-in-plant-adaptations-to-fire/>. Where is the Banksia Found? ● 172/173 Banksia species endemic to Australia. o Banksia dentata reaches New Guinea. ● Found on the coast throughout Australia, but the south of Western Australia has the greatest diversity. ● Scarcely found in arid regions or eastern Australian rainforests. Source: https://www.anbg.gov.au/banksia/ "The Genus Banksia." Australian Government, n.d. Web. 9 July 2015. <https://www.anbg.gov.au/banksia/>. Banksia Appearance ● Range from small, woody plants to low-branching trees up to 25m tall. ● Tree forms typically have single, irregularly shaped trunk and shrub forms typically have multiple stems at ground level. ● Head made up of hundreds to thousands of small flowers occurring in dense clusters. o Colours: yellow, orange, red pink, violet. ● Most species have long, coarsely toothed leaves, with some having more needle-like foliage. ● Hard and woody follicles grouped to appear as cones. ● Many species have fire-tolerant trunks or stocks Source: https://www.anbg.gov.au/banksia/ called lignotubers formed by either bush fires or heavy pruning with bark at least 1 cm thick.
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Estimating Seed Bank Accumulation and Dynamics in Three Obligate-Seeder Proteaceae Species
1 Estimating seed bank accumulation and dynamics in three obligate-seeder Proteaceae species Meaghan E. Jenkins,1 David A. Morrison,1,2! and Tony D. Auld 3 1 Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Westbourne Street, Gore Hill NSW 2065, Australia 2 Section for Parasitology (SWEPAR), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala 751 89, Sweden; [email protected] 3 Plant Ecology Unit, Climate Change Science Section, Department of Environment & Climate Change (NSW), PO Box 1967, Hurstville NSW 2220, Australia; [email protected] Abstract The seed bank dynamics of the three co-occurring obligate-seeder (i.e. fire-sensitive) Proteaceae species, Banksia ericifolia, Banksia marginata and Petrophile pulchella, were examined at sites of varying time since the most recent fire (i.e. plant age) in the Sydney region. Significant variation among species was found in the number of cones produced, the position of the cones within the canopy, the percentage of barren cones produced (Banksia species only), the number of follicles/bracts produced per cone, and the number of seeds lost/released due to spontaneous fruit rupture. Thus, three different regeneration strategies were observed, highlighting the variation in reproductive strategies of co-occurring Proteaceae species. Ultimately, B. marginata potentially accumulated a seed bank of ~3000 seeds per plant after 20 years, with ~1500 seeds per plant for P. pulchella and ~500 for B. ericifolia. Based on these data, B. marginata and B. ericifolia require a minimum fire-free period of 8–10 years, with 7–8 years for P.
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Ecology of Proteaceae with Special Reference to the Sydney Region
951 Ecology of Proteaceae with special reference to the Sydney region P.J. Myerscough, R.J. Whelan and R.A. Bradstock Myerscough, P.J.1, Whelan, R.J.2, and Bradstock, R.A.3 (1Institute of Wildlife Research, School of Biological Sciences (A08), University of Sydney, NSW 2006; 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522; 3Biodiversity Research and Management Division, NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service, PO Box 1967, Hurstville, NSW 1481) Ecology of Proteaceae with special reference to the Sydney region. Cunninghamia 6(4): 951–1015. In Australia, the Proteaceae are a diverse group of plants. They inhabit a wide range of environments, many of which are low in plant resources. They support a wide range of animals and other organisms, and show distinctive patterns of distribution in relation to soils, climate and geological history. These patterns of distribution, relationships with nutrients and other resources, interactions with animals and other organisms and dynamics of populations in Proteaceae are addressed in this review, particularly for the Sydney region. The Sydney region, with its wide range of environments, offers great opportunities for testing general questions in the ecology of the Proteaceae. For instance, its climate is not mediterranean, unlike the Cape region of South Africa, south- western and southern Australia, where much of the research on plants of Proteaceae growing in infertile habitats has been done. The diversity and abundance of Proteaceae vary in the Sydney region inversely with fertility of habitats. In the region’s rainforest there are few Proteaceae and their populations are sparse, whereas in heaths in the region, Proteaceae are often diverse and may dominate the canopy.
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Recruitment of Banksia Spp. in an Anthropogenically Disturbed Mediterranean Climate Type Woodland in Western Australia
Recruitment of Banksia spp. in an anthropogenically disturbed mediterranean climate type woodland in Western Australia This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Murdoch University 2011 Submitted by Roberto Crosti Bachelor with Honours of Natural Science (University “La Sapienza” Rome Italy) 1 Table of Content DECLARATION 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES 6 ABSTRACT 14 GENERAL SUMMARY OF THE DIFFERENT CHAPTERS OF THE THESIS 17 1 CHAPTER 1: BANKSIA WOODLANDS ON THE SWAN COASTAL PLAIN 24 1.1 INTRODUCTION 25 1.1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF BANKSIA WOODLANDS 26 1.1.2 FLORA OF BANKSIA WOODLANDS 27 1.1.3 THE SOIL SYSTEM 28 1.2 VEGETATION CHANGES IN BANKSIA WOODLANDS 30 1.2.1 IMPACTS WITHIN BANKSIA WOODLAND 31 1.2.2 INTER -RELATED PERTURBATIONS 37 1.3 THE LOCATIONS OF THE STUDY 37 1.3.1 KINGS PARK BUSHLAND (KP) 37 1.3.2 THE OTHER LOCATIONS AT WHICH INVESTIGATIONS WERE UNDERTAKEN 41 1.4 THE INVESTIGATED SPECIES 44 2 CHAPTER 2 THE VEGETATION CHANGES STUDY 46 2.1 INTRODUCTION 47 2.2 AIM 51 2.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 51 2.3.1 THE 1939 MAPPING 52 2.3.2 THE 1999 RE -SURVEYING 52 2.4 RESULTS 56 2.5 DISCUSSION 62 3 CHAPTER 3: SEED PRODUCTION AND DISPERSAL 70 3.1 INTRODUCTION 71 3.2 AIM 73 3.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 73 3.3.1 TAGGED INFLORESCENCES 74 3.3.2 SEED TRAPS 75 3.3.3 QUADRATS USED TO ESTIMATE POST -FIRE SEED FALL 77 3.4 RESULTS 79 3.4.1 TAGGED INFLORESCENCES 79 3.4.2 SEED TRAPS 89 3.4.3 QUADRATS USED TO ESTIMATE POST -FIRE SEED FALL 96 2 3.5 DISCUSSION 98 4 CHAPTER 4: SEED PREDATION 102 4.1 INTRODUCTION 103 4.2 AIM
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Estimating Seed Bank Accumulation and Dynamics in Three Obligate-Seeder Proteaceae Species
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/001867; this version posted January 17, 2014. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 1 Estimating seed bank accumulation and dynamics in three obligate-seeder Proteaceae species Meaghan E. Jenkins,1 David A. Morrison,1,2! and Tony D. Auld 3 1 Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Westbourne Street, Gore Hill NSW 2065, Australia 2 Section for Parasitology (SWEPAR), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala 751 89, Sweden; [email protected] 3 Plant Ecology Unit, Climate Change Science Section, Department of Environment & Climate Change (NSW), PO Box 1967, Hurstville NSW 2220, Australia; [email protected] Abstract The seed bank dynamics of the three co-occurring obligate-seeder (i.e. fire-sensitive) Proteaceae species, Banksia ericifolia, Banksia marginata and Petrophile pulchella, were examined at sites of varying time since the most recent fire (i.e. plant age) in the Sydney region. Significant variation among species was found in the number of cones produced, the position of the cones within the canopy, the percentage of barren cones produced (Banksia species only), the number of follicles/bracts produced per cone, and the number of seeds lost/released due to spontaneous fruit rupture. Thus, three different regeneration strategies were observed, highlighting the variation in reproductive strategies of co-occurring Proteaceae species.
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BANKSIAS, GREVILLEAS and HAKEAS (Proteaceae)
Topics 5 and 20: BANKSIAS, GREVILLEAS and HAKEAS (Proteaceae) Australian Plants Society NORTH SHORE GROUP Ku-ring-gai Wildflower Garden Did you know that, • There are about 900 Proteaceae species in all states of Australia • The Banksia flower spike bears many individual flowers, from hundreds to thousands, but only a few produce seeds. • Grevilleas are often called Spider Flowers • Grevilleas and Hakeas are nectar sources for mammals, birds and insects. • Many new cultivars of grevilleas are produced by specialist propagators. • Banksias do not occur in Central Australia, but Hakeas are more widespread The Proteaceae Family This botanical family contains a diverse group of plants which includes Banksias, Grevilleas, Waratah, Hakeas, Woody Pear, Geebungs and many more. The family existed widely in Gondwana over 50 million years ago. After its breakup, members of the family were still present in South America and South Africa as well as Australia. Members of the family common then were however closer to today’s tropical and sub-tropical rainforest. The ‘Proteaceae’ name comes from the genus Protea, a South African member of the family. Incidentally, African plants of this family are often wrongly included amongst the Australian natives in nurseries or florists. Characteristics and Classification of Banksias, Grevilleas and Hakeas Banksias, Grevilleas and Hakeas are in a Proteaceae sub-family (Grevilleoideae) which has paired flowers, distinctive styles, follicle fruits and cluster roots. This sub-family has a wide range of forms and appearances, nearly all members have a common floral arrangement. 1. Instead of having separate petals and sepals they have four petal-like parts called ‘tepals’.
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Liste Commentée Des Familles Végétales Et Taxons Rencontrés
Figure 73 : Fruit d’Hakea après incendie. Station 22 : sentier dans la forêt. Banksia dallanneyi = Dryandra lindleyana Proteaceae Figure 74 : Repousse en cépées d’Eucalyptus sp. Banksia nobilis = Dryandra nobilis Proteaceae Banksia sphaerocarpa Proteaceae Beaufortia incana Myrtaceae Conostylis sp. Haemodoraceae Dampierra lyndleyi Goodeniaceae 4 - LISte COmmentée deS FAmILLeS Drosera hyperostigma Droseraceae végétALeS et tAxOnS renCOntréS Eucalyptus accedens Myrtaceae Eucalyptus astringens Myrtaceae par Solange Blaise (Myrtaceae et Proteaceae), Gastrolobium calycinum Fabaceae Jean-Marie Dupont et Pierre Begel (Genre Banksia), Grastrolobium spinosum Fabaceae Florence Le Strat (Droseraceae), Marc-André Selosse Grevillea hookeriana Proteaceae (Goodeniacaeae) ; coordination et compléments Florence Hibbertia hemignosta Le Strat & Marc-André Selosse. Isopogon dubius Proteaceae Isopogon teretifolius Proteaceae droseraceae Mirbelia dilatata Fabaceae Persoonia longifolia Proteaceae La famille des Droseraceae (189 espèces) comprend Petrophile brevifolia Myrtaceae 2 genres monospécifiques Dionaea et Aldrovanda, et le genre Drosera très représenté en Australie du Sud-Ouest Pimelea cf. suaveolens Thymelaeaceae avec plus de 70 espèces dont la majorité est endémique Synaphea flabelliformis Proteaceae (Lowrie 1998). Leur carnivorie, liée à des poils collants et sécrétant des protéases, comme chez les espèces euro- péennes, leur donne accès à des ressources azotées et Le dernier lunch est pris sur la route dans un phosphatées animales, et constitue une adaptation aux fast-food, avant l’aéroport, où nous arrivons en fin sols pauvres de la région étudiée : en sorte que si l’on d’après-midi. Décollage à 18h00 pour la France avec peut s’étonner d’une écologie fort différente des tour- une escale à Singapour. L’équipage ne manque pas à bières européennes quant à la disponibilité en eau, il la tradition et souhaite un bon anniversaire à Monique s’agit bien d’une niche écologique semblable en termes Astié.
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Banksia Study
BANKSIA STUDY REPORT 10 BANKSIA STUDY REPORT - NO. 10 ISSN 0728-2893 Published September 1995 Reports are distributed by: Trevor Blake, 2 2 Vista Avenue, Ringwood East, 3 135 Banksia Study Group Leader Editor TABLE OF CONTENTS Cytodemes and Topodemes of Banksia conferta in Eastern Australia .................. 1 Horticultural Research in the Department of Horticulture. Adelaide University .......................................................................................................... 2 Seed Collection ............................................................................................................... 2 The Collection of Eastern Banksias ............................................................................ 3 The Propagation of Banksias ....................................................................................... 6 Growing Banlcsias in Rosewood. Queensland .......................................................... 16 Banksia Growing in Maffra. Victoria ...................................................................... 17 The Basalt Form of Banksia Marginata ................................................................... 18 Growing Banksias in Merricks. Victoria ................................................................18 Growing in Inner Suburban Melbourne ......................................... ................. 19 A Need for Growing Hints ...........................................................................................21 Banksia Study Report 10 Cytodemes and Topodemes of Banksia
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The Banksia Production Manual
Research Library Bulletins 4000 - Research Publications 4-2007 The Banksia production manual Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia Follow this and additional works at: https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/bulletins Part of the Horticulture Commons, and the Plant Biology Commons Recommended Citation Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia. (2007), The Banksia production manual. Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Western Australia, Perth. Bulletin 4710. This bulletin is brought to you for free and open access by the Research Publications at Research Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bulletins 4000 - by an authorized administrator of Research Library. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Bulletin No. 4710 ISSN:ISSN: 1833-7236 1833-7236 April 2007 Bulletin 4710 April 2007 ISSN 1833-7236 THE BANKSIA PRODUCTION MANUAL By officers of the Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia and collaborators from many areas of industry. Innovative Plant Products Project Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia 3 Baron-Hay Court SOUTH PERTH WA 6151 The Banksia Production Manual ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The contribution from the main individual specialists is much appreciated. They are: Kevin Seaton, Max Crowhurst, Gerry Parlevliet, Digby Growns, Aileen Reid, Peter Woods, Bill Wood, Tim Calder and Kim Burke from the Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia. Primary editing was carried out by Julia Berney. The layout of the Manual was carried out in-house by the Document Support Centre. Especially valuable were the contributions by Bettina Gollnow, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, and Joanna Srhoj, Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries.
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BANKSIAS (Proteaceae)
Australian Plants Society NORTH SHORE GROUP Ku-ring-gai Wildflower Garden Topic 5: BANKSIAS (Proteaceae) Did you know that, • The flower spike bears many individual flowers, from hundreds to thousands. • Only a small number of the flowers produce seeds • Banksias do not occur in Central Australia • Aborigines used banksias for making a sweet drink and as a portable source of fire Banksias belong to the Proteaceae family, a diverse group of plants which includes Grevilleas, Waratah, Hakeas, Woody Pear, Geebungs and many more. The family existed before the Gondwana separation so members of the family are found in South America and South Africa as well as Australia. The ‘Proteaceae’ name comes from the genus Protea, a South African member of the family. Incidentally, proteas are often included – wrongly included(!) - amongst the Australian natives in nurseries.) Characteristics and Classification of the Proteaceae Family How do we recognise Proteaceae? Despite having a wide range of form and appearance nearly all members have a common floral arrangement. 1. Instead of having separate petals and sepals they have four petal-like parts called ‘tepals’. {Collectively these are sometimes called the ‘perianth segment’ as ‘perianth’ is the term used to describe the collection of petals and sepals.) These tepals can be free, joined or partially joined in a tube. 2. Anthers, instead of being free and arising from the receptacle, are attached to the ends of the tepals. (There are exceptions to this character, however.) 3. A long, protruding style. Flower of Banksia ericifolia – a typical member of the Proteaceae family 1 Proteaceae are presently divided into five sub-families, the three found in the Sydney region being as follows: 1.
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Swan Reserve Banksia Bed & Other Proteaceae Species
Swan Reserve Banksia Bed & Other Proteaceae Species This garden bed contains specimens of the Australian Proteaceae plant family. The Proteaceae plant family is ancient and has no close relationship to other present day families. They are thought to have originated from the Gondwana supercontinent where all the southern continents were joined about 125 million years ago. After Gondwana broke up to form the present day continents of Aus- tralia, Africa, India, Antarctica and South America, the plants evolved separately to form the plants that we know today. An example of this are the banksias, hakeas Banksia spinulosa Banksia menziesii Banksia tricuspis Banksia media Banksia speciosa Banksia praemorsa red and grevilleas from Australia and the Hairpin Banksia Menzies Banksia Lesuer Banksia Southern Plains Banksia Showy Banksia Cut-leaf Banksia proteas and leucodendrons from South Africa. Australia has over 1100 species of Proteaceae over 46 genera. This garden bed was established to display some of these plants. The banksia name honours Sir Joseph Banks, botanist on James Cook's ship, the Endeavour and were first collected by him at Botany Bay during Cook's first expedition in 1770. Banksias occur only in Australia (75 species) and New Guinea (1 species). Banksia serrata Banksia baueri Banksia aculeata Hakea clavata Banksia praemorsa yellow Hakea multilineata Funded By Saw Banksia Possum Banksia Prickly Banksia Coastal Hakea Cut-leaf Banksia Grass-leaf Hakea Society for Growing Australian Plants Warrnambool & District Group Inc. Banksia blechnifolia Dryandra formosa Hakea laurina Grevillea flexuosa Grevillea magnifica www.warrnambool.org/sgap Groundcover Banksia Showy Dryandra Pin Cushion Hakea Zig Zag Grevillea Magnificent Grevillea .
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