The Santa Fe to Pojoaque Corridor Testing Project
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MUSEUM OF NEW MEXICO OFFICE OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES THE SANTA FE TO POJOAQUE CORRIDOR TESTING PROJECT: ARCHAEOLOGICAL TESTING RESULTS FROM FIVE SITES AND A DATA RECOVERY PLAN FOR THE PREHISTORIC SITES ALONG U.S. 84/285 NORTH OF SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO edited by Jeffrey L. Boyer and Steven A. Lakatos Contributions by Nancy J. Akins Jeffrey L. Boyer Steven A. Lakatos Pamela McBride James L. Moore Mollie S. Toll C. Dean Wilson Submitted by Timothy D. Maxwell Principal Investigator ARCHAEOLOGY NOTES 265 SANTA FE 2000 NEW MEXICO ADMINISTRATIVE SUMMARY Between September 21 and October 29, 1999, the Office of Archaeological Studies (OAS), Museum of New Mexico, conducted test excavations at archaeological sites LA 388, LA 389, LA 391, LA 835, and LA 3119. These investigations were undertaken at the request of the New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department (NMSHTD) in conjunction with proposed highway improvements and construction along U.S. 84/285 between Santa Fe and Pojoaque, Santa Fe County, New Mexico. Portions of these five previously identified sites extended into the proposed project limits and required evaluation beyond the archaeological survey level of investigation. Prior to field investigations, landowner permission agreements, permits from state and federal agencies, and underground utility locations were obtained. In addition, proposed and existing rights- of-way limits at each site location were identified and staked. Archaeological testing investigations were conducted within existing or proposed rights-of-way. Archaeological testing identified intact surface and subsurface remains within existing and proposed project limits at each site. Additional data recovery investigations are recommended at sites LA 388, LA 389, LA 391, LA 835, and LA 3119. This report presents site descriptions, site histories, testing procedures, results, and recommendations for the five prehistoric sites located within the northern portion of the proposed project area. In addition, this report contains a plan for data recovery investigations at all prehistoric sites within the proposed project area that are or will be recommended for additional investigations. Test excavations and data recovery efforts at all prehistoric sites within the proposed project area are linked to a common research orientation and to common field and laboratory data recovery methods. This research will focus on, but not be limited to, inter- and intraregional social and ideological relationships, community formation, economic and subsistence strategies, and ethnic identities in the Tewa Basin. MNM Project No 41.678 NMSHTD Project MIP-084-6(59)177, CN 2606, CN 2155 NMCRIS Project No. 50208 NMCRIS Activity No. 65471 BIA Permit No. BIA/AAO-99-002. State of New Mexico Excavation Permit No. SE-146. Pueblo of Pojoaque permission granted 8/06/99 Pueblo of Tesuque permission granted 8/12/99 Utility Spot Reference No. 99091413510387, No. 99092412510390. ii CONTENTS ADMINISTRATIVE SUMMARY ................................................ii PART 1: PROJECT INTRODUCTION ............................................ 1 1. INTRODUCTION, Steven A. Lakatos ............................................ 3 2. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, James L. Moore ................................... 7 Physiography and Geology................................................... 7 Climate .................................................................. 8 Soils..................................................................... 9 Flora and Fauna............................................................ 9 3. TESTING FIELD METHODS, James L. Moore ................................... 11 Introduction .............................................................. 11 Preparation for Testing ..................................................... 11 Testing Procedures ........................................................ 11 PART 2: SITE DESCRIPTIONS AND TESTING RESULTS, Steven A. Lakatos ........... 15 4. INTRODUCTION: TESTING GOALS FOR LATE DEVELOPMENTAL PERIOD SITES 17 5. TEST EXCAVATIONS AT LA 388 ............................................ 19 Introduction .............................................................. 19 History of the Site Record................................................... 19 Testing Procedures ........................................................ 19 Testing Results ........................................................... 20 Summary of Testing Results................................................. 26 6. TEST EXCAVATIONS AT LA 389 ............................................ 29 Introduction .............................................................. 29 History of the Site Record................................................... 29 Testing Procedures ........................................................ 29 Testing Results ........................................................... 30 Summary of Testing Results................................................. 32 7. TEST EXCAVATIONS AT LA 391 ............................................ 33 Introduction .............................................................. 33 History of the Site Record................................................... 33 Testing Procedures ........................................................ 33 Testing Results ........................................................... 33 Summary of Testing Results................................................. 38 8. TEST EXCAVATIONS AT LA 835, AREA 6 (THE POJOAQUE GRANT SITE) ....... 39 Introduction .............................................................. 39 History of the Site Record................................................... 39 Testing Procedures ........................................................ 41 Testing Results ........................................................... 41 Summary of Testing Results................................................. 46 iii 9. TEST EXCAVATIONS AT LA 3119 ........................................... 47 Introduction .............................................................. 47 History of the Site Record................................................... 47 Testing Procedures ........................................................ 47 Testing Results ........................................................... 48 Summary of Testing Results................................................. 53 10. RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................... 57 PART 3: A PLAN FOR DATA RECOVERY AT PREHISTORIC SITES ALONG THE U.S. 84/285 SANTA FE TO POJOAQUE CORRIDOR ....................... 59 11. IN SEARCH OF WENDORF AND REED: A FRAMEWORK FOR DATA RECOVERY INVESTIGATIONS, Jeffrey L. Boyer and Steven A. Lakatos ............ 61 Introduction to the Data Recovery Plan ........................................ 61 In Search of Wendorf and Reed .............................................. 61 Regional Chronology, Settlement Patterns, and Material Culture in the Northern Rio Grande ............................................................ 65 The Plan for Data Recovery in the Santa Fe to Pojoaque Corridor.................... 76 12. DEVELOPMENT PERIOD PUEBLOAN COMMUNITIES IN THE NORTHERN RIO GRANDE REGION, Jeffrey L. Boyer ......................... 79 Defining Prehistoric Communities ............................................ 79 Archaeological Evidence: Defining Puebloan Community Structure in the Taos Valley . 80 Ethnographic Evidence: Population and Community Organization at Picuris Pueblo ..... 84 Implications for Defining Simple Puebloan Communities .......................... 86 Studying Puebloan Communities in the Tewa Basin .............................. 88 Conclusions .............................................................90 13. CERAMIC ARTIFACTS: TESTING RESULTS, RESEARCH ISSUES, AND ANALYSIS, C. Dean Wilson.......................................... 91 Introduction .............................................................. 91 Ceramic Categories and Typology ............................................ 91 Testing Results and Research Issues ........................................... 93 14. CHIPPED STONE ARTIFACTS: RESEARCH ISSUES AND ANALYSIS, James L. Moore ........................................................ 115 Introduction ............................................................. 115 Reduction Strategies ...................................................... 115 Research Questions ....................................................... 116 Chipped Stone Analytical Methods ........................................... 117 Summary............................................................... 119 15. GROUND STONE ARTIFACTS: RESEARCH ISSUES AND ANALYSIS, James L. Moore ........................................................ 121 Introduction ............................................................. 121 Theoretical Perspectives ................................................... 121 Ground Stone Analytical Methods ........................................... 124 Summary............................................................... 125 iv 16. BOTANICAL REMAINS: RESEARCH ISSUES AND ANALYSIS, Mollie S. Toll and Pamela McBride ......................................... 127 Research Directions for Floral Studies ........................................ 127 Analysis Methods ........................................................ 127 Botanical Sampling Guidelines.............................................. 128 Flotation Sampling Guidelines .............................................