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2019 Vimha Tree Diversity and Endemism Pattern in Makutta Wildlife Range, Western Ghats, India

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2019 Vimha Tree Diversity and Endemism Pattern in Makutta Wildlife Range, Western Ghats, India See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336210193 2019 Vimha Tree diversity and Endemism pattern in Makutta Wildlife Range, Western Ghats, India Article · October 2019 CITATIONS READS ePrints@Bangalore University 0 provided by 39 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk CORE brought to you by 1 author: Nagaraja Bc Bangalore University 72 PUBLICATIONS 284 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Shola Forest-Grassland complexes of Karnataka View project All India Coordination Project on Reproductive Biology of Selected RET species, Sponcered by MoEF, GOI View project All content following this page was uploaded by Nagaraja Bc on 02 October 2019. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Indian Forester, 145 (7) : 631-636, 2019 ISSN No. 0019-4816 (Print) http://www.indianforester.co.in ISSN No. 2321-094X (Online) Tree Diversity and Endemism Pattern in Makutta Wildlife Range, Western Ghats, India Species diversity and endemism pattern of the trees along the elevational gradients were studied in the Makutta Wildlife Range of the Western Ghats in Kodagu district. A total of 604 individuals belonging to 68 species, 55 genera and 30 families were identified between 100 to 800 m. Among these, 26 tree species were endemic to the Western Ghats region belonging to 14 families. The species composition varied from 17 species at 800 m to 27 at 400 m. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index scored a maximum value of 3.02 at 400m indicating higher species diversity in this elevation. The overall species richness and endemism showed a hum shaped pattern along the elevational gradients with peaks at two different elevations each. The study indicates the presence of a diverse flora in the Makutta Wildlife Range, hence continued efforts must be made for conservation of these Vegetation areas. composition of Key words: Elevational gradient, Endemic, Species richness, Trees, Western Ghats. Makutta Wildlife Introduction Range, Kodagu. Mountain ecosystems cover about 24% of the global land area and are important biological diversity centres (Price et al., 2011). These ecosystems play a crucial role with around 10% of the world's population depending on them for water, food, minerals and agricultural products (UNCED, 1992). Studies on species richness have been assessed for decades, where diversity and endemism play important roles in the conservation and understanding of the overall biodiversity (Gentry, 1992; Vetaas and Grytness, 2002; Fu et al., 2006). Species diversity is scale dependent and can have higher diversity at lower elevation and lower diversity at higher elevation due to climatic extremes at higher elevations (Oomen and Shanker, 2005; Bhattarai and Vetaas, 2006) whereas species endemism is maximum at higher elevation due to isolation mechanism governed by terrain (Shrestha and Joshi, 1996). The trends in the species richness and endemism VIMHASENO NEIKHA AND also depends on a number of other factors such as topography, B.C. NAGARAJA inclination of slope, aspect and soil types (Shanks and Nooris, 1950; Department of Environmental Science, Mandal and Joshi, 2014), niche width and niche differentiation with Bangalore University, Bangalore respect to light availability and soil resources (Bisht and Bhat, 2013). (Karnataka) Besides climatic and geographic location, species diversity of a given E-mail: [email protected]; forest area also depends on site representativeness, plot dimensions [email protected] and the extent of human interaction in the past and the present (Parthasarathy, 2001). Because of the geographic isolation during the tertiary and subsequent evolutions, the Western Ghats is one of the richest centres of endemism in India (Ramesh et al., 1997). Endemic Received May, 2018 Accepted March, 2019 species if lost from their native habitats will be lost forever and hence they have been in the centre for conservation (Chitale et al., 2014). Studies on distribution pattern of plant species along an elevational gradient is relatively few in the Western Ghats as compared to the studies done in the Eastern and Western Himalayas (Behera and Kushwaha, 2006; Acharya et al., 2011; Khan et al., 2013) and other [July 2019] Tree diversity and endemism pattern in Makutta Wildlife Range, Western Ghats, India parts of the world (Tang et al., 2014; Schmiedel et al., experts and published floras and monographs (Pascal The number of genera was highest at 300m and For endemic species, Dipterocarpaceae with 5 tree 2015; Rezende et al., 2015). Hence, the present study and Ramesh, 1997; Murthy and Yoganarasimhan, 400m each with 24 each. Genera with a high number species (19.23%) dominated the forest canopy aims to understand the tree diversity and endemism 1990; Neginhal, 2011). Tree endemism was of species include Calophyllum, Diospyros and followed by Lauraceae with 3 tree species (11.53%). along the elevational gradient of the Makutta Wildlife determined by comparing our field information with Hopea with three species each. The number of Dipterocarpaceae represented 21.62% of the total Range of Kodagu district of Karnataka. published literature for Western Ghats (Ramesh et al., individuals was highest for Vepris bilocularis (50) families with 64 trees and dominated the forest stand 1997). Material and Methods followed by Olea dioica (46), Hopea parviflora (30) density wise followed by Rutaceae with 50 trees The vegetation data were analyzed quantitatively and and Myristica malabarica (28). Cinnamomum (16.89%) and Meliaceae with 36 trees (12.16%). The study was carried out in Kodagu (11o55'N-12o50' N tabulated for Density, Frequency and Abundance and riparium, Myristica malabarica and Vepris bilocularis Dipterocarpaceae family was represented by five and 75o20'-76o15' E), which is situated on the eastern Importance Value Index according to Curtis and was found to be common in seven of the eight species, Hopea parviflora with 30 individuals followed slopes of the Western Ghats on the South-West tip of McIntosh (1950). elevations whereas two species were recorded in by Dipterocarpus indicus (21), Hopea ponga (8), Karnataka state of India. It occupies about 4100 Km2 six elevations, nine species recorded in five Vateria indica (4) and Hopea utilis (1). of land in the Western Ghats and has an average The Shannon-Wiener diversity Index (H`) was elevations, five species recorded in four elevations, rainfall of 2725 mm per year (KFD, 2009). Brahmagiri calculated as per Shannon (1948). A total of 604 stems were recorded for the forest stand eleven species recorded in three elevations, eleven Wildlife Sanctuary (BWS) is divided into two wildlife density in the 0.96ha with a mean density of 629 H`=- Σ (Pi)[log (Pi)] species in two elevations and twenty seven species ranges viz., Srimangala Wildlife range and Makutta stems/ha (Table 1). Stand density was highest at in one elevation. Wildlife range and this study was done in Makutta where, Pi = ni / N (ni = number of individuals of a 600m elevation with 850 stems/ha with a basal area of 2 Wildlife Range (MWR) of Kodagu district which species, N = total number of individuals of all species) The number of families was highest at 400m with 21 61.18 m /ha. The basal area was highest at 100m with 2 2 connects to Talacauvery and Pushpagiri Wildlife Simpson's index (D), which measures the probability followed by 700m with 20 families and the least was 112.96 m /ha followed by 500m (107.58 m /ha). The Sanctuary along the Southern and Western that two individuals randomly selected 12 at 200m. The family Anacardiaceae and species diversity (H´) ranged from 2.20 to 3.02. The boundaries of the district. The protected areas in Dipterocarpaceae with 5 tree species each (7.57%) highest species diversity was observed at 400m with from a sample will belong to the same species Kodagu occupy approximately 30% of the area dominated the forest canopy cover followed by 3.02, followed by 500m (2.87) and 2.80 each at 300 (Simpson,1949). (Bhagwat et al., 2005). The study area is located in the Calophyllaceae, Fabaceae, Lauraceae, and 700m. The lowest species diversity was recorded Central Western Ghats region which is one among the at 800m (2.20). The Simpson's diversity index was D = 1- Σ [ni(ni-1) / N (N-1)] Phyllanthaceae and Meliaceae with 4 tree species 34 biodiversity hotspots of the world (Myers et al., each ( 6.06%). Density wise, Rutaceae with 68 trees highest at 400m with 0.95 followed by 100m (0.94) 2000). Natural vegetation in these areas spread Where, ni is the number of individuals of a species, (11.62%) dominated the forest stand followed by and 500m (0.94) indicating high species diversity in across several floristic types ranging from wet and N is the total number of individuals. Dipterocarpaceae with 64 trees (10.94%) and these elevations and 800 m with 0.81 had the lowest evergreen forests to dry woodlands and thickets Results and Discussion Fabaceae with 47 (8.03%). Rutaceae was represented Simpson's diversity index. (Pascal, 1988). However, there has been a massive by Atalantia monophylla and Vepris bilocularis with 18 landscape degradation and biodiversity depletion in A total of 68 tree species belonging to 55 genera and Stand density consistently decreased with increasing the past 30 years in Kodagu district (Garcia et al., 30 families were recorded between 100 to 800m and 50 individuals respectively (Fig. 2a). stem size classes from 30-60 to 180-210cm GBH 2 2007). elevation in the 9600m study area. A total of 26 endemic tree species was recorded with 296 The vegetation plots were laid at every 100m interval individuals belonging to 14 families and 22 genera. as we go along the imaginary transect from the The overall species richness varied along the altitude of 100 to 800m.
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